Multi-family Housing Projects Research Articles

Advancement of the exterior façade measurement method by Jerry Christoff

Acoustical design of façade elements is a key element in architectural acoustics. The assessment is required for multi-family housing projects and environmental projects. In the 1980s, when labs around the US were measuring the transmission loss (TL) of exterior façade elements, it was assumed that measurement of TL with a diffuse sound field method is valid for TL of real facades where a diffuse sound field does not exist. Jerry evaluated how the TL of exterior façade elements change based on the incident angle. In this talk, we will shed some light on the history of the work done by Jerry in the advancement of the exterior façade assessment methods.

The Evolution of Multi-Family Housing Development Standards in the Climate Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Issues

Contemporary problems related to the consequences of climate change and exposure to changing investment and implementation conditions are prompting the development of programmes adapting to climate change. Issues of adaptation and actions in relation to climate change are being discussed in the architectural, urban planning, and governmental communities. Models are being developed for shaping the functional and spatial structure, buildings and infrastructure in the city in relation to the projected climate change. Multi-criteria and interdisciplinary research is being carried out and solutions are being implemented for retaining water, minimising the heat island effect, reducing emissions and environmental impact by analysing the carbon footprint and introducing circular economy principles. The research is focused on the analysis of design and implementation conditions for multi-family housing projects in Poland, and the development of design guidelines enabling adaptation and mitigation of the negative effects of climate change, including heat island effects, smog, overheating, drought, and flooding in housing. Conclusions from the overview of the indicated documents and legal provisions for the implementation of sustainable development principles and adaptation to climate change in the investments under preparation (urban and architectural projects) enable the forecasting of development directions and ideological assumptions for shaping urbanised areas, providing the basis for shaping the resilience of the functional and spatial structure and the natural system in urban areas subject to transformation. Issues of implementing pro-environmental technologies and developing new urban planning standards disseminate the solutions of compact cities in which the development of multifunctional building complexes with public spaces equipped with greenery linked to the buildings are realised.

Principles for adopting offsite construction in design and construction companies focused on multifamily projects in the USA

PurposeThis study focuses on identifying key principles for implementing strategic changes in design and construction companies interested in successfully using offsite construction (OSC) in multifamily housing projects, considering the need for more affordable and sustainable multifamily housing in the United States of America (USA).Design/methodology/approachUsing mixed methods, the study involved three phases of data collection and data analysis: (1) delphi survey, (2) online survey, (3) proposition of principles and validation interviews.FindingsThe key principles identified by the present research are (1) develop product-oriented business model, (2) promote leadership and mindset engagement with OSC principles, (3) engage in partnerships and more innovative contractual models, (4) shift toward digital transformation, (5) develop training and knowledge management strategies, (6) adopt lean construction (LC) practices, (7) develop training and knowledge management strategies and (8) integrate logistics and supply chain management with AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) processes.Practical implicationsThe implementation of the principles and strategic changes identified in this study aims to prepare design and construction companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to embrace the increasing use of OSC in multifamily projects in the USA, which will make them more efficient and resilient and, ultimately, will contribute to the construction of more affordable and sustainable multifamily housing projects in the USA.Originality/valueThis is the first research to address holistic strategies to support design and construction companies in adopting OSC.

장기미집행 도시공원의 특례법에 따른 민간공원사업 특성연구 - 포항시의 사업추진 어려움과 해결방안 -

This is a case study of private sector’s development of long-term unexecuted urban parks in Pohang through a special act, which provides a guideline of 30% of land for non-park while 70% of land for park. The strategy has a lot of validity in many respects along with the urban planning sunset system, but even with the special act it would not easy to be implemented in Pohang, where the guideline has been modified to 20% for non-park, mostly multi-family housing projects while 80% for park. Thus, participation of private companies would be discouraged due to low commercial validity. Also, there would exist various risks because the project would be completed through a long-term decision-making and execution process. Thus, this study argues that it would be better for Pohang to follow the original guideline of the government for better implementation of the projects, along with preparation of a law with which the government be able to recoup excess profits when too much profits would be given to private developers. For the project implemented smoothly, it is also important to understand local housing market and fluctuating economic conditions, and to prepare various incentives for private companies. In addition, to secure publicity, guidelines on the level of publicity of the project should be prepared through negotiation by parties to prevent the project being discouraged too much.

Determining the Construction Costs for Basic Type to Estimate the Sale Prices of New Multi-Family Housing Projects

Over the past two decades, the South Korean government has been regulating the supply and prices of multi-family housing (MFH) projects to stabilize the national population. Recently, active research has been conducted on the construction costs for basic type (CCBT) calculation to formulate appropriate policies. However, related previous studies have focused on improving the predictability of the construction cost in early stages based on existing house sale prices. In contrast, the CCBT calculation approach mainly requires policy implementation in practical fields, without considering the requirements of academics. Therefore, it is necessary to academically discuss a different approach for the estimation of sale prices of new MFH in the construction stage. This study aimed to calculate the CCBT to determine the appropriate sale price for new MFH. We selected four sample projects to calculate the CCBT, and a weighted average method was applied to correct regional deviations. Case application, which is a comparison between the CCBT-based sale price and actual case-based sale price, produced cost values in the range of 98–104%, and they included additional expenses. The results of this study demonstrate an extremely high level of cost estimation accuracy according to the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering study. Furthermore, this study can facilitate the stabilization of national housing by determining an appropriate sale price and can contribute to cost management research conducted during the construction phase.

Evaluating the functional performance of the entrance space in apartments of local affordable multi-family housing

Design of the entrance space in the residential apartment requires a set of design parameters and criteria that contribute to improve its functional performance as a transitional space between the interior and the exterior in a manner which achieves the necessary privacy for the dweller. The research focused on evaluating and testing the functional performance of the entrance space in the residential apartments for the local affordable multi-family housing projects in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, to know the extent of the designer’s interest in providing the appropriate area and characteristics to achieve the highest compatibility with the local dweller within the affordable housing and the extent of this compatibility with a number of variables (the space organization of the apartment, Family structure, entrance design characteristics). The research aims to determine a set of design indicators that can be employed to achieve higher satisfaction of the local population with similar projects in the future. To achieve this goal, the Usage post- occupancy evaluation (POE) and a survey of dwellers’ opinions were used in (10) samples of selected apartments from (6) local affordable multi-family housing projects in the cities of Duhok and Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan. The research resulted in a set of conclusions that can enhance the design of the entrance space and increase its functional efficiency.

Measuring the Effect of Gentrification on Displacement: Multifamily Housing and Eviction in Wisconsin's Madison Urban Region

ABSTRACT Gentrification research is often based on aerial units that function as proxies for neighborhoods. Despite the applicability of this approach, the method is susceptible to the modifiable aerial unit problem that obscures sociospatial patterns of interest both within and across units. This research seeks to complement and problematize findings from aerial unit-based approaches to gentrification through the use of georeferenced temporal data representing two specific processes that are generally understood to occur in real estate-led gentrification processes: new multifamily housing development and displacement in the form of recorded eviction filings. Interrupted time series analysis is used to compare two time points in the development process for various types of new multifamily housing projects with different distance thresholds of recorded eviction filings in the City of Madison, Wisconsin. Findings demonstrate that large multifamily housing developments produce increased eviction filings within a small radius (a tenth of a mile).

Växjö Municipality’s Planning Strategy to Increase the Construction of Wooden Multi-Family Buildings

Sweden has a housing shortage, which the Swedish authorities expect to continue until 2025. Producers of wooden multi-family buildings have a relatively small market share in comparison to traditional building materials. The limited capacity to fulfil the increased building demand also restricts the possibilities for development towards innovation, bio-economy and sustainability. The municipalities in Sweden have responsibility for the planning of the building development in their region based on their projected requirements and strategies. Combining this with a desire to develop sustainable building solutions based on wood increases the complexity. Currently, public building developments are achieved through the public procurement act or the land allocation activity, dependent on their development strategy. This normally involves the development of local strategies regarding, for example, design, material choice and geographical development. This study aims to identify drivers that will enable improved market activities related to actions in public building initiatives using wood-based solutions, which is conducted by studying a specific building project managed by the Växjö Municipality in Sweden. The result indicates that improved transparency in the land allocation activity generates possibilities for developers to respond successfully to the requests submitted by the municipalities, and thus, increase the possible use of sustainable building methods using wood. This knowledge improves the understanding of the required strategic development for the companies, the government and the municipalities, to increase the use of sustainable building materials in Swedish multi-family housing projects.

르 꼬르뷔제 집합주택의 공·사 공간 개념 및 공간구성 방식 연구

The purpose of this study is to understand Le Corbusier's idea of public and private spaces, and the hierarchical spatial structure in his multi-family housings. It investigates the origin of Le Corbusier's ideology about the public and private spaces in his multi-family housing projects. Precedents those influenced his ideas are two: first, Fourier's ideal community model <TEX>$Phalanst\grave{e}re$</TEX>; second, Monastery of Ema near Florence. In both cases, private and public spaces and intermediate spaces were in clear hierarchy and also in harmony. Le Corbusier focused on the interplay of individual and collective life. This study analyzed the spatial composition of Le Corbusier's three multi-family housing models. They are Immeubles-Villas of Ville contemporaine pour 3 millions d'habitants (1922), Immeubles-Villas at Pavillion of l'Esprit Nouveau (1925), Unite d'habitation at Marseille (1945). The three projects are different according to size and periodical characteristics. However, they followed his basic principle for spatial composition about multy-family housing. His 'method of harmony for public and private space' is as follows: first, the securing of clear personal space; second, the importance of the intermediate space; Third, the essential understanding of communal space. Through this study, it was reaffirmed that the 'multi-family housing is a space where individuals and the whole co-exist'.

Evaluation of Technologies Ensuring Green Performance in Multi-family Housing Projects in Korea

Because the energy consumption of the Korean construction industry accounts for 18.8% of Korea′s entire energy consumption, the construction industry has considered a variety of techniques for enabling energy savings on construction projects. In particular, the construction of multi-family housing projects in Korea is one of the key areas where efforts can be made to reduce energy consumption. Consequently, many Korean construction companies are investing considerable effort toward developing advanced green performance techniques, including heating, cooling and electricity. This study identified the various techniques available to achieve green performance in multi-family housing projects, and surveyed the expert′s perceptions of the techniques identified to suggest established, emerging, and opportunity green techniques to the Korean construction industry. This paper is expected to provide guidelines for developing technologies that can successfully deliver future energy-efficient multi-family housing projects in Korea.

Benchmarks as a tool for free allocation through comparison with similar projects: Focused on multi-family housing complex

A multilateral effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been implemented around the world. In particular, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) emerged as a market-based approach used to control GHG emissions by providing carbon credits (or allowances). One of the most controversial issues in the ETS is the question of how the allowances will be distributed. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a decision support model for establishing benchmarks as a tool for free allocation in the construction industry. It can be used in the pre-design phase to estimate the amount of allowances in a given construction site. In this study, a total of 147 types of data on the reinforced concrete frame in multi-family housing projects in South Korea were collected and used to develop the advanced Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), which can be used to establish benchmarks as a tool for free allocation.Results showed that the prediction performance of the advanced CBR model was superior (prediction accuracy; standard deviation) in all classifications: concrete (93.45%; 6.01), steel bar (94.20%; 4.34), and formwork (94.28%; 4.67). In the case study, a total of 60 possible combinations were evaluated in terms of the economic and environmental impact simultaneously with the retrieved cases. The results of this study could be expanded into other areas including new renewable energy, rehabilitation projects, and demolition projects.

해외 집합주택의 공유공간 계획특성 연구 - 유럽, 일본, 중미지역사례를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this research is to find applicable design characteristics of communal spaces in multi-family houses. With this goal, international multi-family housing projects are selected and their communal spaces are identified. The purpose of study lies in analyzing on recent 10 years trends of shared space of multi-family houses in Europe, Japan, central America. The design characteristics of the communal spaces are analyzed with a special focus on the four Aspects such as Organization of space, access roads, parking, pedestrian movement In terms of the framework for analysis, community, rest, separability, rambling, territory, distribution, entrance, openness, view, prospect and aesthetic characteristics are reviewed. As a result, the communal space of the analysis are integrated in plans and sections throughout the multi-family houses. Openness and connection with surrounding urban environments are articulated by communal spaces. Communal identities and aesthetics are emphasized by various space for dweller and the other inhabitant. For a further research, it is necessary to combine a design method study with new multi-family houses for the future.

Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Model for Determining Optimum Tender Price in Multifamily Housing Projects

AbstractThis study presents a strategy model for determining the optimum tender price that reflects appropriate profit and risk contingencies in competitive tendering according to the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (BMCMC) model. The BMCMC approach is known to be theoretically optimal for handling tender-price problems. The BMCMC model provides a practical solution that can reflect not only objective information but also subjective experience and knowledge. The BMCMC model allows contractors to estimate the tender price more accurately by reflecting the prior distribution function on key factors. Conclusively, this model was found to improve decision-making processes for setting an optimum tender price. An applied example showed that the proposed methods are feasible.

MRA-based revised CBR model for cost prediction in the early stage of construction projects

Accurate prediction of construction cost in the initial phase of a construction project is critical to the success of the project. Accordingly, many researchers have proposed various methodologies for predicting the cost in the initial phase with the use of limited information. This study was aimed at improving the prediction performance of a cost prediction model based on the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) technique, which has recently become widely used. Toward this end, an improved CBR model that uses the Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) technique in the revision phase of the CBR technique was developed. To verify the prediction performance of the proposed model, a case study was performed on 41 business facilities and 99 multi-family housing projects. The results showed that the prediction performance of the revised CBR model for business facilities and multi-family housings improved by 17.23% and 4.39%, respectively, compared to that of the existing CBR model. The proposed MRA-based revised CBR model is expected to be useful in estimating the construction cost in the initial phase of a project.

Analysis of Development Cost Based on Planning Characteristics of Multifamily Housing Development Projects

When conducting a feasibility analysis for multifamily housing development plans, changes in key cost elements in the financial analysis, such as construction costs or land values, can be analyzed using simple financial analysis. To conduct a quantitative analysis of key planning elements influencing the feasibility analysis, such as the floor-area ratio, a design must be created on the basis of related laws followed by the financial analysis. Few methods have been presented on the analysis of the more general effects of such planning elements rather than on the conditions of specific land values and construction costs. If these problems can be overcome, the development cost of multifamily housing projects under random conditions may be quantitatively explained with a few input variables, such as key cost elements and key planning elements before the design stage. Therefore, this study developed a standardized financial analysis model using simulation analysis and the varying coefficient model. The develo...

The development of a construction cost prediction model with improved prediction capacity using the advanced CBR approach

Decision-making in the early stages of a construction project will have a significant impact on the project. Limited and uncertain information, however, makes it difficult to accurately predict constriction costs. To solve this problem, this study developed the advanced case-based reasoning (CBR) model with 101 cases of multi-family housing projects. The advanced CBR model was developed to integrate the advantages of prediction methodologies such as CBR, multiple regression analysis (MRA), and artificial neural networks (ANN), and the optimization process using a genetic algorithm. This study defined four optimization parameters, as follows: (i) the minimum criterion for scoring the attribute similarity, (ii) the range of attribute weight, (iii) the range of case selection and (iv) the tolerance range of cross range between MRA and ANN. Since the system was developed using the Microsoft-Excel-based Visual Basic Application (VBA) for ease of use, it is expected that the model supports the stakeholders in charge of predicting and managing a construction cost in the early stages of a construction project to get more accurate result from historical cases as a reference.

The concept of desired value as a stimulus for change in social housing in Brazil

User satisfaction has been studied extensively in social housing, but this has not had a significant impact on design factors in many cases. In recent years, such studies have included the assessment of values relating to design attributes. This paper presents a discussion on the concept of desired value in social housing, based on results of a study conducted in the region of the city of Campinas, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. End-users of four multi-family social housing projects, based on five storey walk-up apartment blocks were asked to identify aspects of housing design, which are most valued. The research method was based on the concept of stated preferences, where approximately 200 respondents organized a list of design attributes in order of their desired values. The investigation tool was based on the analogy of a deck of cards. Data was statistically analyzed and a general importance index was created for each of the value attributes. Results showed that security was the main preference aspect. Analysis of general results indicates a list of possible improvements to projects with regard to value delivery to end-users at little or no costs. To contribute towards a process of incremental improvements to social housing models in the State of São Paulo, the results of the case study can be applied by agents of the local housing provision system, in conjunction with a conceptual framework of data on housing quality indicators.

CBR Revision Model for Improving Cost Prediction Accuracy in Multifamily Housing Projects

For any construction project to succeed, it is very important to accurately estimate the construction cost during the project’s initial stage. This is why there has been much interest lately in cost prediction models that use case-based reasoning (CBR). It has been pointed out, however, that existing CBR-based cost prediction models may yield inaccurate results even though they could survey optimal similar cases, if the number of cases in the case base is not enough. As opposed to the existing CBR-based construction cost prediction models, this study developed a CBR revision model that reflects the “revise” phase of the CBR cycle (retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain) based on nine multifamily housing projects executed recently by “A” Housing Corporation. To verify the developed model, a case study was performed using three case projects completed by “B” and “C” Housing Corporations. The result showed that the prediction error ratio after the Revise (I) phase decreased from 97.44 to 22.58%. This model can be effective when there are insufficient established cases in the case base.

CBR-based cost prediction model-II of the design phase for multi-family housing projects

Predicting adequate construction cost is an important factor in effective investment because owners must set the most appropriate budget for their projects. Unlike the existing cost prediction models, the variables that have an interrelation with construction cost were selected as attributes using correlation analysis based on 786 cases. In selecting the attribute weight, the cost prediction model-II for construction projects was developed using the genetic algorithm. The developed cost prediction model-II was verified with four project cases. The result of the verification showed error ratios of −2.57%, −4.25%, 5.25%, and 4.59%, respectively. The developed cost prediction model-II can predict construction cost that corresponds with the project characteristics. It can also be expected that the developed model is effective in design management and cost management since the construction cost can be predicted before the completion of a project’s design stage.

A CBR-based hybrid model for predicting a construction duration and cost based on project characteristics in multi-family housing projects

Decision-making in the early stage of a project has a significant impact on the project. However, limited and uncertain information on the project and a complex correlation among various factors that affect the project’s construction duration and cost, make it difficult to predict and manage the project. Therefore, this study developed a case-based reasoning (CBR)-based hybrid model with which to predict the construction duration and cost of a project in its early stage. One hundred and one cases among multi-family housing projects that were completed between 2000 and 2005 were used. The CBR-based hybrid model developed in this study is the result of integrating the advantages of (i) prediction methodologies, such as case-based reasoning, multiple regression analysis, and artificial neural networks, (ii) the optimization process using a genetic algorithm, and (iii) the probability distribution and the analysis process of outlier using Monte-Carlo simulation. The results of this study are expected to support the owners and managers who are in charge of estimating budget and construction duration in both public and private sectors, in predicting accurately the construction duration and cost at the business planning or early stage of a project.