Multidrug Resistance Pattern Research Articles

Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Groundwater Bacterial Strains: A Community-based Study

Background: The microbial quality of private and community water supply from groundwater is mostly not monitored nor assessed by any established government agencies in Nigeria. Contamination by pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant microbial agent, and the potential of resistant genes transfer from environmental bacteria to human pathogens is a major risk for public health in these water systems. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality and safety in terms of antibiotic resistance bacterial profile of groundwater sources in a typical peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Methodology: Bacterial contaminants were isolated by membrane filtration technique, characterized and analyzed using standard microbiological approach. Results: A total of 22 and 8 Gram negative and positive bacteria respectively were isolated. The isolates comprised 7 bacterial genera with Klebsiella and Enterobacter species having the highest incidence of 20% respectively, followed by Bacillus (17%) and least being Shigella with 7% incidence. All the isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, followed by 76.7% and 73.3% resistant to vancomycin and meropenem respectively. The least resistance of 3.3% was against ciprofloxacin. Resistance in borehole storage tank water was highest (80%) against vancomycin followed by 70% for meropenem, while 75% resistance was against vancomycin and meropenem respectively in the well water, Seventy-three percent (73%) of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern, and a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that groundwater source in the studied community is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and underscores the public health implication and concern for monitoring of groundwater supply in Nigerian communities.

Drug resistance profiling, antimicrobial susceptibility and demographic characteristics of children with acute bacterial meningitis in a Southeastern tertiary health facility

Background: Over the years, varying patterns of bacterial susceptibility and multidrug resistance (MDR) rates have been reported in different settings. Detailed evaluation of the drug profile of the bacterial pathogens implicated in children with invasive bacterial infection helps to reduce the heightened risk of adverse events that could follow poorly managed or complicated cases in resource limited environment like ours. This study therefore, aimed to highlight the antibiotic susceptibility and MDR rate, and establish the relationship if any, between demographic characteristics and positive CSF- bacterial isolates of post neonatal children with suspected acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). The findings would guide practitioners on the empirical antimicrobials to consider in the event of clinical suspicion of ABM pending the availability of CSF isolates' antibiogram. Methods: A prospective review of 100 children with clinical suspicion of ABM from January 2016- December 2020. Descriptive statistics, chi square and regression analysis were used to establish MDR rates, Isolates' susceptibility pattern and the relationship between demographic variables and positive isolates respectively. P<0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: Fluroquinolones, cephalosporins, imipenem and aminoglycosides were susceptible anti-microgram in children with ABM. Sixty-four (85.5%) of the isolates showed MDR pattern, and young children (infants and toddlers) were significantly associated with positive CSF bacterial isolates. Conclusions: ABM should be treated with combination of CNS penetrating empirical antibiotics due to rising rate of MDR pathogens. Young children with febrile illnesses should be thoroughly evaluated for possibility of CNS infection.

Genetic relatedness of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children under five years of age and food animals in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Diarrheal disease remains one of the leading causes of deaths in children below five years of age. The risk factors associated with diarrhea include poor hygiene practices such as open defecation and consumption of contaminated water and food. However, exposure of domestic animal is equally a potential risk factor for diarrhea disease in children. Methodology: We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of households (n=73) by collecting faecal samples from 150 children with diarrhoea and 100 food animals (30 cattle, 30 chicken, 25 goats and 15 pigs). Escherichia coli was isolated from the faecal samples and biochemically confirmed using conventional microbiological techniques. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of each E. coli isolate was extracted and amplified by multiplex PCR to identify three diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. The amplified products were sequenced, and genetic relatedness of the isolates was determined through phylogenetic analysis. Results: We isolated and identified a total of 32 (12.8%) diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) from the 250 faecal samples, 26 (17.3%) of which were from the 150 children with diarrhea while 6 (6.0%) were from the 100 food animals (OR=3.285, 95% CI=1.299-8.305, p=0.011). Three DEC pathotypes were confirmed by PCR in 16 DEC strains, with 9 enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), 2 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 2 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 1 EAEC/ETEC, 1 EAEC/EPEC and 1 ETEC/EPEC mixed strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that 6 DEC isolates had genetic similarity ranging between 31% to 90%. Isolates S04 originating from animal and S02 from a child with diarrhoea of the same household were closely related, with 55% similarity. Moreover, isolate S05 from animal origin and S06 of diarrheic child origin were closely related, with similarity degree as high as 82% even though they were not paired. Twenty four of the 26 (92.3%) DEC isolates from diarrhoeic children showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern to antibiotics but none of the 6 isolates from food animals was multi-drug resistant. Conclusion: The high degree of genetic relationship between DEC isolate S04 and S02 from animal and human origin indicated the high potency of zoonotic transmission. Further studies investigating animal husbandry practices and zoonotic transmission of DEC are needed.

Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: a public health concern

BackgroundThe upsurge of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) among animals constitutes an emerging threat for humans and animals. This study investigated the burden of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing diarrheagenic E. coli among diarrheic foals and its potential public health implications. Rectal swabs were collected from 80 diarrheic foals. These swabs were processed to isolate and identify ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli using a selective culture medium, biochemical tests, phenotypic identification, and molecular identification of ESBL- and pAmpC-encoding genes. Moreover, all ESBL-/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates were examined for different virulence genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes.ResultsOut of 80 examined foals, 26 (32.5%) were confirmed as ESBL-/pAmpC-producing E. coli, of which 14 (17.5%) animals carried only ESBL-producing E. coli, whereas 12 (15%) animals possessed ESBL-pAmpC-producing E. coli. The only detected diarrheagenic pathotype was enterotoxigenic, encoded by the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (ST) with a prevalence rate of 80.8% (21/26). The ST gene was further characterized where STa, STb, and STa + STb were found in one, four, and 16 strains, respectively. Moreover, all enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistance pattern. The phylogenetic analysis of 3 obtained partial STb sequences revealed high genetic relatedness to ETEC isolates retrieved from humans, conferring such sequences' public health significance.ConclusionsThese findings highlight that diarrheic foals could serve as a potential reservoir for multidrug-resistant ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli.

Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal

Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ubiquitous Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacterium that resides in the mucosal surfaces of mammals and the environment such as soil, water, etc. Clinically, it is also associated with many infections and conditions that are aggravated by the acquisition of multidrug-resistant genes. MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted to find out the incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in different clinical samples and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern at B & B Hospital, Lalitpur from 12 June 2022 to 11 September 2022. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, and standard microbiological techniques were used to confirm the presence of K. pneumoniae. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method.ResultsOf the 1967 different clinical samples, culture positivity was observed in 361 samples. Among these, total number of Klebsiella pneumoniae was 150 (41.55%) and from the urine samples exclusively, 63 (42%) Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. The most susceptible and resistant antibiotics were gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively. Among the isolates, 85 (56.66%) isolates were multi-drug resistant in which 69 (87.34%) isolates were resistant to carbapenem.Conclusions The diversified infections with a growing number of multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae present a major public health concern. The limited availability of effective antibiotics emphasizes the prudent use of available antibiotics and the importance of regular national-wide surveillance of multi-drug resistance patterns.

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli from Sinking Creek in Northeast Tennessee.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a critical global health threat exacerbated by complex human-animal-environment interactions. Aquatic environments, particularly surface water systems, can serve as reservoirs and transmission routes for AR bacteria. This study investigated the prevalence of AR E. coli in Sinking Creek, a pathogen-impacted creek in Northeast Tennessee. Water samples were collected monthly from four sites along the creek over a 6-month period. E. coli isolates were cultured, identified, and tested for susceptibility to eight antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and broth disk elution method for colistin. Data were analyzed to determine the prevalence of AR and multidrug resistance (MDR) among isolates. Of the 122 water samples, 89.3% contained E. coli. Among the 177 isolates tested, resistance was highest to ciprofloxacin (64.2%) and nitrofurantoin (62.7%), and lowest to fosfomycin (14.1%) and colistin (6.0%). Significant differences in resistance to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were observed between sampling sites. MDR was prevalent in 47.5% of isolates, with 5.1% resistant to seven antibiotics. The most frequent MDR patterns (6.8%) included three antibiotics: ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. The high prevalence of AR E. coli in Sinking Creek poses a significant public health risk, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and intervention strategies to prevent the spread of AR bacteria.

Multidrug Resistance in Stray Cats of The North Surabaya Region, East Java, Indonesia

Stray cats survive by getting food or drink that is available in the environment, correspondingly, stray cats have relatively high exposure to antibiotic resistance obtained from resistant bacteria found in the environment. The present study was conducted to determine patterns of multidrug resistance and Escherichia coli resistance in stray cats. A total of 50 stray cat anal swab samples were taken randomly from the previously recorded stray cat population in the Surabaya area, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were brought using buffered peptone water. They were cultured on MacConkay Agar differential selective media, and all suspicious colonies of Escherichia coli were examined by biochemical tests. Isolates were then identified, and susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results of the resistance test indicated that the multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli bacteria taken from cats was 14.6% (7/48). The high antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli bacteria in stray cats, which were resistant to many drugs, provides an early warning of environmental health. Environmental health is closely related to animal and human health, especially antibiotic resistance.

Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Infected Layer Chickens in West Java, Indonesia

Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype A, pose significant threats to poultry farming. The use of antibiotics to treat these infections can lead to antibiotic resistance. The present study aimed to identify Pasteurella multocida from 14 Hisex Brown layer chicken hen farms, with chikens aged 25-55 weeks, in West Java, Indonesia, and to evaluate their resistance to various antibiotics. Three samples from each farm were collected from dead chickens having symptoms of fowl cholera. Initially, the study involved isolating and identifying isolates from liver, heart, and lung organs via polymerase chain reaction. The colony was then tested for antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion method. The results showed that 13 samples were Pasteurella multocida and nine were serotype A. The test results also indicated that all isolates were resistant to colistin (10 µg) and sensitive to tetracycline (30 µg), amoxicillin (25 µg), enrofloxacin (5 µg), sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), lincomycin (109 µg), and ciprofloxacin (5 µg). The study concluded that none of the Pasteurella multocida type A isolates were any longer sensitive to colistin, with some isolates still sensitive to tetracycline, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, and ciprofloxacin, and two isolates showing multidrug resistance patterns. Keywords: Antibiotic, Fowl cholera, Pasteurella multocida, Layer chicken

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Escherichia coli Isolates among Stillbirths and Deceased Under-Five Children in Sierra Leone: Data from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Sites from 2019 to 2022.

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae are associated with most nosocomial infections worldwide. Although gaps remain in the knowledge of their susceptibility patterns, these are in antimicrobial stewardship. This study aimed to describe antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the above organisms isolated from postmortem blood from stillbirths and under-five children enrolled in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) program in Sierra Leone. This was a surveillance study of bacteria isolates from postmortem blood cultures taken within 24 h of death from stillbirths and children aged 0-59 months between March 2019 and February 2022. This was followed by identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing using Becton Dickinson Phoenix M50 (USA). Descriptive analysis was used to characterize the isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Of 367 isolates, K. pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated organism (n = 152; 41.4%), followed by E. coli (n = 40; 10.9%) and E. cloacae (n = 35; 9.5%). Using BACTEC™ FX 40 (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), 367 isolates were identified from blood using bacteriological methods. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was observed in 143 (94.1%) of K. pneumoniae isolates and 27 (65.5%) of E. coli isolates. Carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) were seen in 31 (20.4%) of K. pneumoniae and 5 (12.5%) of E. coli isolates. A multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern was most prevalent in E.cloacae (33/35; 94.3%), followed by K. pneumoniae (138/152; 90.8%). Our study showed a high prevalence of multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates in the catchment areas under surveillance by the CHAMPS sites in Sierra Leone.

Distribution and antibiotic resistance analysis of Gram positive cocci in bloodstream infections in a hospital in Inner Mongolia

To investigate the strain composition and drug resistance characteristics of G+(Gram positive cocci) cocci causing bloodstream infections in the People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in recent years and provide a basis for the empirical and rational use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of bloodstream infections caused by G+cocci. The strain composition and drug-resistant characteristics of G+cocci isolated from positive blood culture specimens sent to various departments of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and the higher detection rates of Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were examined. MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were comparatively analyzed for resistance. The resistance data were analyzed by Whonet 5.6 statistical software, the significance of difference was analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software, and the resistance rate was compared by χ2 test. The results showed that 1 209 strains of G+cocci, in terms of the composition ratio, from high to low, were mainly human staphylococci (32.5%,393/1 209), Staphylococcus epidermidis (27.8%, 336/1 209), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%,180/1 209) and Enterococcus faecalis (10.6%, 128/1 209). Among them, the detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (42.8%, 77/180) was lower than that of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (MRCNS) (71.5%, 608/850); and among enterococci, the detection rate of Enterococcus faecalis (71.5%, 128/179) was much higher than that of Enterococcus faecalis (28.5%, 51/179). For drug resistance, the resistance rate to five commonly used antimicrobial drugs, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin and tetracycline, was higher in Staphylococcus hominis than in Staphylococcus epidermidis (χ2=7.152-64.080, P<0.05); however, for the aminoglycoside antimicrobial drug gentamicin, the rate of resistance in Staphylococcus humanus was lower than in Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=11.895, P<0.05); no strains resistant to linezolid and vancomycin were found in both. Comparison of the resistance rates to seven antimicrobial drugs, gentamicin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin and tetracycline, was significantly higher in MRSA than in MSSA (χ2=6.169-56.941, P<0.05); however, the resistance rate to cotrimoxazole, MRSA (15.6%, 12/77) was significantly lower than that of MSSA (35.3%, 36/102), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.155, P<0.05); MRSA and MSSA resistant to linezolid and vancomycin were not found. The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis to penicillin G and ampicillin was much higher than that of Enterococcus faecalis, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=22.965, P<0.05), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were not found. In conclusion, for staphylococci, except for individual antibiotics, S.hominis and MRSA were more resistant to most antimicrobial drugs than S. epidermidis and MSSA, showing a multidrug-resistant pattern. For enterococci, except for penicillin G and ampicillin resistance rate, Enterococcus faecalis is much higher than Enterococcus faecalis, the rest of the antimicrobial drugs did not see a significant difference, in addition to vancomycin-resistant enterococci were not detected. Clinicians should pay great attention to the monitoring data of multidrug-resistant G+cocci isolated from blood cultures to provide a basis for empirical and rational use of drugs in the clinic, to effectively prevent and reduce the incidence of bloodstream infections caused by G+cocci.

Prevalence and patterns of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from sputum samples of patients with bacterial pneumonia at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance affects the treatment of several bacterial infections, including pneumonia. This subsequently increased the morbidity and mortality rates of patients with bacterial pneumonia, especially in resource-limited settings. In this study, we aimed to determine the patterns of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from the sputum samples of patients with bacterial pneumonia attending a tertiary hospital in Tanzania.MethodologyA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. It involved reviewing the laboratory sputum data in the laboratory information system at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. The sputum samples were previously processed using standard methods (culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests) to isolate and identify the bacteria. At the same time, antibiogram profiles were determined using antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Bacterial isolates that expressed MDR patterns were identified. Demographic information was collected from patients' medical records. We used the chi-square test to determine factors associated with MDR. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsWe retrieved and analysed 169 laboratory records of patients with a provisional clinical diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia confirmed in the microbiology laboratory. Nearly 98% of the records were from adult patients. The patients’ mean age was 48.3 years and 17.3 standard deviations. About 84% of the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative; the most predominant was Klebsiella pneumoniae (59/142; 41.5%). The predominant Gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus (25/27; 92.6%). Furthermore, 80 out of 169 (47.3%) bacteria were MDR; Klebsiella pneumoniae (32.5%) was predominant. In addition, 50% of Staphylococcus aureus was methicillin resistance. MDR bacterial pneumonia was highly observed in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough our study was limited by variations in the number of bacterial isolates subjected to the same antibiotic drugs and a lack of information on risk factors such as occupation, smoking history, and marital status, we observed that a high proportion of bacterial pneumonia is caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria in our local setting. These results inform the need to improve infection prevention control measures in hospitals to reduce the burden of MDR bacteria in our settings and other similar resource-limited settings.

An exploration of descriptive machine learning approaches for antimicrobial resistance: Multidrug resistance patterns in Salmonella enterica

Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide, with the ability to infect humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and, particularly, multidrug resistance (MDR) among Salmonella enterica poses a risk to human health. Antimicrobial use (AMU) regulations in livestock have been implemented to reduce AMR and MDR in foodborne pathogens. In this study, we used an integrated machine learning approach to investigate Salmonella AMR and MDR patterns before and after the implementation of AMU restrictions in agriculture in the United States. For this purpose, Salmonella isolates from cattle in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) dataset were analysed using three descriptive models consisting of hierarchical clustering, network analysis, and association rule mining. The analysis showed the impact of the United States’ 2012 extra-label cephalosporin regulations on AMR trends and revealed a distinctive MDR pattern in the Dublin serotype. The results also indicated that each descriptive model provides insights on a specific aspect of resistance patterns and, therefore, combining these approaches make it possible to gain a deeper understanding of AMR.

Integrons and multidrug resistance across phylogenetic groups of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli.

This study was aimed to investigate the multidrug resistance patterns in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and their correlation with integrons and phylogenetic groupings. A total of 37 clinical E. coli isolates were evaluated for drug resistance patterns by disk diffusion method. Phylogenetic groupings and the presence of integrons among E. coli were determined by multiplex PCR assays. Multidrug resistance was identified in 84% of the clinical isolates of E. coli with higher resistance found against cephalosporins (94.6%) and fluoroquinolones (83.8%), while lower resistance was observed against polymyxins (24.3%) and carbapenems (29.7%). Metallo-β-lactamases were found in all carbapenem resistant isolates. The phylogenetic group B2 was the most dominant (40.5%), followed by groups A (35.1%), D (13.5%) and B1 (10.8%). Integrons were detected in 25 (67.6%) isolates and intI1, intI2, and intI3 genes were found in 62.2%, 18.9% and 10.8% of isolates respectively. Our results show that phylogenetic classification of E. coli is not relevant with antimicrobial resistance. However, there was strong association between the integron classes and resistance against β-lactam and fluoroquinolones antimicrobials. Additionally, this study highlighted that the presence of integrons plays a crucial role in the development of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli. Most significantly, this is the first report of detection of three classes of integron among clinical isolates of E. coli in Pakistan.

Isolation and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from dogs and cats in Great Cairo regarding status of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern

Background Companion animals; dog and cat are closely associated with the daily life of humans and may be implemented in the transmission of many microorganisms to their adopters. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a suited opportunistic and harsh to treat pathogen due to its rife environmental distribution, unique intrinsic and acquired resistance to numerous antimicrobials’ categories. Objective The current study targeted to survey the existence of P. aeruginosa in laboratory samples obtained from diseased dogs and cats. The study also investigated the susceptibility and resistance of recovered isolates against antimicrobials. Materials and methods A total of 315 samples gathered from veterinary laboratories in Great Cairo governorates; fecal, ear, eye, respiratory, wounds and urine samples were previously collected from diseased dogs and cats. The samples were examined bacteriologically and biochemically to isolate P. aeruginosa. The isolates were assayed for their sensitivity and resistance versus 25 antimicrobials belonging to various categories. Results and conclusion Fifty- eight P. aeruginosa isolates (18.41%) were obtained from 315 dogs (44/233, 18.88%) and cats’ (14/82, 17.07%) clinical swabs. The isolates were confirmed biochemically and via VITEK 2 compact system. All isolates showed alpha-type of hemolysis and pigment production. The obtained P. aeruginosa isolates revealed a multidrug resistance pattern by 70.45% in dog isolates while cat isolates demonstrated a higher ratio 78.57%. P. aeruginosa isolates were highly resistant to cephalosporins, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and intermediate resistant to erythromycin fosfomycin. On the other hand imipenem, amikacin, azithromycin then gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were the most efficient on P. aeruginosa isolates. The study included that P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from canine and feline clinical samples collected from Great Cairo laboratories were characterized by high and intermediate levels of antimicrobial resistance. However, this pattern was directed to some classes of antibiotics, which are not authorized for veterinary use, which could expose an early warning mark and give the need for ongoing monitoring.

Alpha toxin production potential and antibiotic resistance patterns of clostridium perfringens isolates from meat samples.

This research aimed to analyze the prevalence, molecular characteristics, toxinotyping, alpha toxin production potential, and antibiotic resistance pattern of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) isolates in meat samples collected from various sources. Sixty meat samples were screened for alpha toxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, revealing a positivity rate of 13.3%, predominantly in raw poultry meat. Subsequent culturing on Perfringens agar identified nine samples harboring characteristic C. perfringens colonies, primarily isolated from raw poultry meat. Molecular confirmation through 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing authenticated twelve isolates as C. perfringens, with nine strains exhibiting genetic resemblance to locally isolated strains. Toxinotyping assays targeting alpha toxin-specific genes confirmed all nine isolates as type A C. perfringens, with no detection of beta or epsilon toxin genes. Hemolytic assays demonstrated varying alpha toxin production potentials among isolates, with accession number OQ721004.1 displaying the highest production capacity. Moreover, antibiotic resistance profiling revealed multi-drug resistance patterns among the isolates. The study identified distinct clusters within C. perfringens strains, indicating variations. Phylogenetic analysis delineated genetic relatedness among strains, elucidating potential evolutionary paths and divergences. The findings underscore the need for robust surveillance and control measures to mitigate the risk of C. perfringens contamination in meat products, particularly in raw poultry meat. Enhanced monitoring and prudent antimicrobial stewardship practices are warranted in both veterinary and clinical settings to address the observed antibiotic resistance profiles and prevent foodborne outbreaks.

Regional differences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection and multidrug resistance epidemic in Luoyang

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health event of great concern, however epidemic data on TB covering entire areas during the special period of the COVID-19 epidemic have rarely been reported. We compared the dissemination and multidrug-resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in the main urban area of Luoyang City, China (including six municipal jurisdictions) and nine county and township areas under its jurisdiction, aimed to establish the epidemiology of TB in this region and to provide reference for precision anti-TB in places with similar settings.MethodsFrom 2020 to 2022, sputum samples were collected from 18,504 patients with confirmed, suspected and unexcluded TB in 10 designated TB medical institutions. Insertion sequence 6110 was amplified by PCR (rpoB gene detection if necessary) to confirm the presence of MTBC. PCR-positive specimens were analyzed by multicolor melting curve analysis to detect multidrug resistance.ResultsAmong the 18,504 specimens, 2675 (14.5%) were MTBC positive. The positive rate was higher in the main urban area than in the county and township areas (29.8% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). Male, re-treated and smear-positive groups were high-burden carriers of MTBC. Individuals aged > 60 years were the largest group infected with MTBC in the main urban area, compared with individuals aged < 61 years in the county and township areas. The detection of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was higher in the main urban area than in the county and township areas (13.9% vs. 7.8%, p < 0.001). In all areas, MDR-TB groups were dominated by males, patients with a history of TB treatment, and patients aged < 61 years. Stratified analysis of MDR-TB epidemiology showed that MDR4 (INH þ RIF þ EMB þ SM) was predominant in the main urban area, while MDR3 (INH þ RIF þ SM) was predominant in the county and township areas. MDR-TB detection rate and epidemiology differed among the county and township areas.ConclusionsFor local TB control, it is necessary to plan more appropriate and accurate prevention and control strategies according to the regional distribution of MTBC infection.

Exploring of spectrum beta lactamase producing multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars in goat meat markets of Bangladesh

The emergence of Salmonella enterica serovars that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and exhibit multi-drug resistance (MDR) poses a substantial global threat, contributing to widespread foodborne illnesses and presenting an alarming issue for public health. This study specifically concentrated on the isolation and identification of ESBL-resistant genes (blaTEM,blaSHV,blaCTX-M1,blaCTX-M2,blaCTX-M9,MultiCaseACC,MultiCaseMOX,MultiCaseDHA,blaOXA) and the antibiogram profiling of Salmonella enterica serovars found in goat meat samples procured from retail outlets in Bangladesh. During the research in the Sylhet district of Bangladesh, researchers gathered a total of 210 samples of goat meat from 13 different Upazilas. Primarily, cultural and biochemical methods were used for isolation of bacteria from the selected samples. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, along with three ESBL-resistant genes, were identified through polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The disk diffusion test was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibilities. Out of 210 samples analysed, Salmonella spp. was detected in 18.10 % (38 out of 210), with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium found in 9.05 % (19 out of 210) and 5.24 % (11 out of 210) of the samples, respectively. A total of 72.73 % (8/11) of S. Enteritidis and 100 % (19/19) of S. Typhimurium isolates were positive by Multidrug-resistant patterns. The positive outcomes were found of S. Typhimurium tested 63.16 % (12 out of 19) for the blaTEM gene and 21.05 % (4/19) for the blaSHV, gene. The study proposes that the retail goat meat market channel could be a prominent transmission way of ESBL-producing MDR Salmonella enterica serovars, representing a significant public health hazard.

One Health Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Virginia between 2007-2021.

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria has become a critical global One Health issue, mainly attributed to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in human and agricultural settings. Regional and local AMR surveillance data is essential for implementing awareness and mitigation strategies. This article assesses AMR frequency in 1604 bacterial isolates consisting of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. isolated from diverse sources in Virginia, including farm animals, wildlife, environment, and food samples from 2007 to 2021. The results are based on the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assessment method of susceptibility to select antimicrobial agents, spanning nine distinct categories approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. Streptomycin (STR) and tetracycline (TCY) exhibited the highest frequency of resistance in E. coli (39.1%) and Salmonella (25.2%), respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was evident in 6.6% of E. coli and 10.9% of Salmonella isolates. Notably, 51% of E. coli and 36% of Salmonella isolates demonstrated resistance to more than one antimicrobial. None of the tested antimicrobials guaranteed effectiveness against the bacteria isolated from the surveyed sources and regions. The study found heightened MDR and distinct AMR patterns in bacteria isolated from food products compared to other sampled sources. These findings are vital for comprehending the current AMR landscape, prompting the development of strategies to mitigate the emergence of AMR bacteria, and advocating prudent antimicrobial use from a One Health perspective.

Study pattern of antibiotic resistance on staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitals in AL-najaf city

Due to the improper use of antimicrobial drugs, rates of morbidity and mortality from antimicrobial resistance have been rising globally. Consequently, increasing our knowledge of and data on antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings makes it feasible to treat patients with more selective antimicrobial medications and lower the likelihood of resistance. Of the 100 isolates, 45 were female and 55 were male. Only 46 isolates have ability to growth on mannitol agar and only 21 isolates detect as S. aureus by Vitek-2, the study revealed that approximately S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius and S. sciuri with probability of 45.6 % and 34.7%, 19% respectively. For every S. aureus isolate, an antimicrobial susceptibility test against eleven antibiotics was conducted. should look into the pattern of multidrug resistance and the best course of treatment for this kind of bacteria. The susceptibility test was conducted using the antibiotic disc diffusion method, all isolate resistance to penicillin (100%), all S. aureus isolated was resistant to Tetracycline, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, and Chloramphenicol with percentages of 95%, 88%, 75%, 64%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. The result showed the sensitive rate of S. aureus to Trimethoprim\Sulphamethoxazole and Trimethoprim and Rifampicin, Norfloxacin was 85%, 74%, 95%, 90%, it the most effective drugs used in the present study and which showed the lowest rates of resistance. The aim of this study is to study the resistance pattern of s. aureus bacteria isolated from patients suffering from skin diseases, including diabetic foot, burns, and others, collected from hospitals in the city of Najaf.

Bacteriological Profile and Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Isolates from Sputum of Adults with Community Acquired Pneumonia in Diobu, Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study

Community acquired pneumonia is a major global public health concern given its substantial contribution to the mortality and morbidity associated with infectious diseases, the huge losses in human and economic resources and the increasing challenges in treatment due to multidrug resistance (MDR). This retrospective cross sectional descriptive study reviewed laboratory records of adults clinically diagnosed with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022. A total of 308 sputum specimens meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed and yielded 135 (43.8%) bacterial strains. The 135 bacterial strains spread across 9 species had Streptococcus pneumoniae as the dominant species with 41(30.4%); followed by Staphylococcus aureus 21(15.6%), Escherichia coli 16(11.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 16(11.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12(8.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes 12(8.9%), Proteus mirabilis 10(7.4%), Enterobacter cloacae 5(3.7%) and Acinetobacter baumannii 2(1.5%). The cumulative resistance profile was 45.7%; the most resistant bacterial specie was Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a resistance profile of 50%; followed by Staphylococcus aureus (48.6%), Enterobacter cloacae (48.0%), Streptococcus pyogenes 47.5%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 47.3%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 45.6%, Proteus mirabilis 42.0%, Escherichia coli 40.0% and Acinetobacter baumannii 35.0%. The MDR prevalence was 85.9% including 36.3% extensively resistant strains; but no pan-drug resistant trains; while 14.1% were non-multidrug resistant. This study has contributed to the data on bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns in aetiological agents of community acquired pneumonia in Port Harcourt. The high prevalence of drug resistance implies that many people are likely to be infected, while most of the antibiotics are losing potency against the bacterial pathogens. It is advised that regulatory laws on drug control be revised as it pertains antibiotics, the regulatory agencies should be compelled to perform their statutory duties while there is need to sensitize the populace on the dangers of antibiotic abuse and misuse.