Multidisciplinary Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic Research Articles

Oral Nutritional Supplement Prescription and Patient-Reported Symptom Burden Among Patients With Late-Stage Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease.

Malnutrition and protein-energy wasting (PEW) are nutritional complications of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) that contribute to morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life. No previous studies have assessed the effect of oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) on patient-reported symptom burden among patients with non-dialysis CKD (CKD-ND) who have or are at risk of malnutrition/PEW. The objective of this study was (1) to quantify the associations between baseline nutritional parameters and patient-reported symptom scores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite and (2) to compare the change in symptom scores among patients prescribed ONS with patients who did not receive ONS in a propensity-score-matched analysis. This study conducted observational cohort analysis using provincial registry data. This study was done in multidisciplinary CKD clinics in British Columbia. Adult patients >18 years of age with CKD-ND entering multidisciplinary CKD clinics between January 1, 2010-July 31, 2019 who had at least 2 Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Revised: Renal (ESASr:Renal) assessments. The measurements include nutrition-related parameters such as body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, serum phosphate, serum bicarbonate, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ESASr:Renal scores (overall and subscores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite). Multivariable linear regression was applied to assess associations between nutritional parameters and ESASr:Renal scores. Propensity-score matching using the greedy method was used to match patients prescribed ONS with those not prescribed ONS using multiple demographic, comorbidity, health care utilization, and temporal factors. Linear regression was used to assess the association between first ONS prescription and change in ESASr:Renal overall score and subscores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite. Of total, 2076 patients were included. Higher baseline serum albumin was associated with lower overall ESASr:Renal score (-0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.40 to -0.01 per 1 g/L increase in albumin), lower subscores for tiredness (-0.04, 95% CI = -0.07 to -0.01), nausea (-0.03, 95% CI = -0.04 to -0.01), and appetite (-0.03, 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.01). Higher BMI was associated with higher overall ESASr:Renal score (0.32, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.48 per 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI), higher symptom subscores for wellbeing (0.02, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.04) and tiredness (0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.07). Higher baseline NLR was associated with higher overall score (0.21, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.39 per 1 unit increase in NLR), higher symptom subscores for wellbeing (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.05) and nausea (0.03, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.05). In the propensity-score-matched analysis, there were no statistically significant associations between ONS prescription and change in overall ESASr:Renal (beta coefficient for change in ESASr:Renal = 0.17, 95% CI = -2.64 to 2.99) or for subscores for appetite, tiredness, nausea, and wellbeing. Possible residual confounding. The ESASr:Renal assessments were obtained routinely only in patients with G5 CKD-ND and/or experiencing significant CKD-related symptoms. This exploratory observational analysis of patients with advanced non-dialysis CKD demonstrated BMI, serum albumin, and NLR were modestly associated with patient-reported symptoms, but we did not observe an association between ONS use and change in ESASr:Renal scores.

Implementing a Formalized Risk-Based Approach to Determine Candidacy for Multidisciplinary CKD Care: A Descriptive Cohort Study.

The kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) can be used to predict progression to end-stage kidney disease in a clinical setting. Evaluate implementation of a formalized risk-based approach in nephrologists' outpatient clinics and multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinics to determine candidacy for multidisciplinary care, and the impact of CKD care selection on clinical outcomes. Population-based descriptive cohort study. Alberta Kidney Care South. Adults attending or considered for a multidisciplinary CKD clinic between April 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. Exposure-The course of CKD care assigned by the nephrologist: management at multidisciplinary CKD clinic; management by a nephrologist or primary care physician. Primary Outcome-CKD progression, defined as commencement of kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Secondary Outcomes-Death, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. We linked operational data from the clinics (available until March 31, 2019) with administrative health and laboratory data (available until March 31, 2020). Comparisons among patient groups, courses of care, and clinical settings with negative binomial regression count models and calculated unadjusted and fully adjusted incidence rate ratios. For the all-cause death outcome, we used Cox survival models to calculate unadjusted and fully adjusted hazard ratios. Of the 1748 patients for whom a KFRE was completed, 1347 (77%) remained in or were admitted to a multidisciplinary CKD clinic, 310 (18%) were managed by a nephrologist only, and 91 (5%) were referred back for management by their primary care physician. There was a much higher kidney failure risk among patients who remained at or were admitted to a multidisciplinary CKD clinic (median 2-year risk of 34.7% compared with 3.6% and 0.8% who remained with a nephrologist or primary care physician, respectively). None of the people managed by their primary care physician alone commenced KRT, while only 2 (0.6%) managed by a nephrologist without multidisciplinary CKD care commenced KRT. The rates of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and death were lower in those assigned to management outside the multidisciplinary CKD clinics when compared with those managed in the multidisciplinary care setting. The follow-up period may not have been long enough to determine outcomes, and potentially limited generalizability given variability of care in multidisciplinary clinics. Our findings indicate that a portion of patients can be directed to less resource-intensive care without a higher risk of adverse events. Not applicable.

MO187: Healthcare Costs based on Risk of Progression in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nephrologists follow patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage G3 and G4 as a homogeneous group with the assumption that everyone had similar rates of progression with scheduled visits and lab investigations based on the stage of the disease. We now recognize that not all patients progress at similar rates to kidney failure and treatment and follow-up needs vary. The Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) identifies patients at different risks of progression to kidney failure (low, medium and high risk) in each stage of the disease. Previous studies had looked at resource utilization of patients based on the stage of the CKD. The purpose of our analysis was to examine resource utilization and associated costs based on the risk of progression by KFRE in the setting of a universal healthcare system. METHOD We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults with CKD G3 and G4 enrolled in multidisciplinary CKD clinics in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Data was collected from January 2004 through December 2012 and patients were followed for 5 years. The predicted risk of kidney failure for each patient was calculated using the 8-variable KFRE. The equation used clinical and routine laboratory data, to stratify patients into three risk categories (low, medium and high risk) of progression. We compared the number and cost of hospital admissions, physician visits and prescription drugs by risk within G3 and G4. Negative binomial regression and generalized linear model were used to compare healthcare utilization and cost between the groups respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS A total of 1003 adults with CKD G3 and G4 were included in the study. In patients with stage G3 CKD, 311 (59%), 150 (28%) and 68 (13%) were in low, medium and high-risk categories, respectively. Amongst patients with CKD stage G4, 275 (58%), 86 (18%) and 113 (24%) were in similar categories respectively. The cost of hospital admissions, physician visits and drug dispensations in stage G4 high risk in comparison to low risk over the 5-year study period was CAD $89 265 versus $48 374 (P = .008), $23 423 versus $11 231 (P < .001) and $21 853 versus $16 757 (P = .01), respectively. In stage G3, the cost of hospital admissions was CAD $55 944 versus $36 740 (P = 0.10), physician visits $13 414 versus $10 370 (P = .08) and prescription drugs $20 394 versus $14 902 (P = .02) in high-risk patients in comparison to low-risk patients (Figure 1). CONCLUSION In patients followed in multidisciplinary clinics with CKD stages G3 and G4, the cost of hospital admissions, physician visits and prescription drugs were higher in high-risk patients compared to patients in low-risk category. In our study, the KFRE, designed to predict the risk of progression to dialysis in patients with CKD, also assisted in identifying patients with higher health resource utilization and healthcare costs compared to those with lower health resource use. We additionally suggest that patients who are in medium and high-risk categories be followed in multidisciplinary clinics rather than individual physician offices to delay the trajectory of decline to kidney failure.

'It's the empathy'-defining a role for peer support among people living with chronic kidney disease: a qualitative study.

ObjectivesPersons with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) have unique support needs associated with managing a chronic yet often silent condition, complex treatment-related decisions and care transitions. The aim of this study was to explore perspectives on how peer support could address CKD support needs and augment care.DesignThis study employed a qualitative descriptive methodology. Data were collected through focus groups (cofacilitated by patient partners) and semistructured interviews.SettingFour multidisciplinary CKD clinics across Southern Alberta, Canada.ParticipantsWe purposively sampled among adult patients with advanced, non-dialysis CKD and their caregivers, as well as trained peer mentors from The Kidney Foundation of Canada’s Kidney Connect programme.AnalysisTranscripts were coded in duplicate, and themes were generated inductively through a thematic analysis approach.ResultsWe conducted seven focus groups with a total of 39 patient and caregiver participants. Seven patients and caregivers who were unable to attend a focus group and 13 peer mentors participated in a telephone interview. Although patients and caregivers had limited awareness of peer support, participants acknowledged its central role in affirming their experiences and enabling confidence to live well with kidney disease. We identified four themes related to the anticipated role of peer support in addressing support needs for people with non-dialysis CKD: (1) creating connection; (2) preparing for uncertainty; (3) adapting to new realities; and (4) responsive peer support delivery. Aligning peer support access with patient readiness and existing CKD management supports can promote optimism, community and pragmatic adaptations to challenges.ConclusionsPatients, caregivers and peer mentors highlighted a unique value in the shared experiences of CKD peers to anticipate and manage disease-related challenges and confidently face a future living with kidney disease.

Healthcare provider perspectives on integrating peer support in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease care: a mixed methods study

BackgroundPeer support complements traditional models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) care through sharing of peer experiences, pragmatic advice, and resources to enhance chronic kidney disease self-management and decision-making. As peer support is variably offered and integrated into multi-disciplinary CKD care, we aimed to characterize healthcare providers’ experiences and views on peer support provision for people with non-dialysis-dependent CKD within Canada.MethodsIn this concurrent mixed methods study, we used a self-administered online survey to collect information from multi-disciplinary CKD clinic providers (e.g., nurses, nephrologists, allied health professionals) on peer support awareness, program characteristics and processes, perceived value, and barriers and facilitators to offering peer support in CKD clinics. Results were analyzed descriptively. We undertook semi-structured interviews with a sample of survey respondents to elaborate on perspectives about peer support in CKD care, which we analyzed using inductive, content analysis.ResultsWe surveyed 113 providers from 49 clinics. Two thirds (66%) were aware of formal peer support programs, of whom 19% offered in-house peer support through their clinic. Peer support awareness differed by role and region, and most referrals were made by social workers. Likert scale responses suggested a high perceived need of peer support for people with CKD. Top cited barriers to offering peer support included lack of peer support access and workload demands, while facilitators included systematic clinic processes for peer support integration and alignment with external programs. Across 18 interviews, we identified themes related to peer support awareness, logistics, and accessibility and highlighted a need for integrated support pathways.ConclusionsOur findings suggest variability in awareness and availability of peer support among Canadian multi-disciplinary CKD clinics. An understanding of the factors influencing peer support delivery will inform strategies to optimize its uptake for people with advanced CKD.

Independent External Validation and Comparison of Death and Kidney Replacement Therapy Prediction Models in Advanced CKD

Rationale & ObjectiveThe Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) is widely used to predict the risk of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) initiation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G3-G5. The new Grams calculator developed for advanced CKD (stage G4+) predicts KRT initiation, cardiovascular events, and death by uniquely incorporating the competing risk of death. We aimed to validate this tool in a stage G4+ cohort for death and KRT.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting & Participants442 patients with CKD stage G4+ (mean ± SD age, 73 ± 12 years; mean ± SD estimated glomerular filtration rate, 20 ± 6.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) who visited the multidisciplinary CKD clinic at Kingston Health Sciences Center in Ontario, Canada.Outcomes & Analytical ApproachDiscrimination and calibration were examined for the outcome of death using the 2- and 4-year Grams scores. The 2- and 5-year KFRE and 2- and 4-year Grams scores were compared in terms of discrimination and calibration for KRT.ResultsThere were 91, 161, and 206 death events and 90, 145, and 159 KRT events in our cohort at 2, 4, and 5 years, respectively. The Grams model demonstrated modest discrimination for death at 4 years (area under the curve [AUC] 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65-0.75) and performed worse at 2 years (AUC, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.57-0.70). It only overpredicted death by approximately 10% across most of the predicted range. Both models had similar discrimination for KRT at 2 years (KFRE AUC, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78-0.88 and Grams AUC, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), 4 years (Grams AUC, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.86), and 5 years (KFRE AUC, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.85). There was excellent calibration for KRT using the 2-year KFRE and Grams values for predicted risk thresholds of ≤15% and using the 5-year KFRE and 4-year Grams values for predicted risk thresholds of ≤20%. At higher risk ranges, KFRE overpredicts and Grams underpredicts the KRT risk.LimitationsThis is a single-center study with a primarily White cohort limited by smaller sample sizes at the higher ranges of the predicted risks, particularly for the Grams calculator.ConclusionsThe Grams model provides moderately accurate death predictions, and consideration should be given to its incorporation into patient education and advanced care planning. Both the Grams and KFRE models remain clinically useful for determining KRT risks in advanced CKD.

Older Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Perspectives on Prognostic Information: a Qualitative Study.

Prognostic information is key to shared decision-making, particularly in life-limiting illness like advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). To understand the prognostic information preferences expressed by older patients with CKD. Qualitative study of 28 consecutively enrolled patients over 65years of age with non-dialysis dependent CKD stages 3b-5, receiving care in a multi-disciplinary CKD clinic. Semi-structured telephone or in-person interviews to explore patients' preference for and perceived value of individualized prognostic information. Interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis. We completed interviews with 28 patients (77.7 ± SD 6.8years, 69% men). Patients varied in their preference for prognostic information and more were interested in their risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) than in life expectancy. Many conflated ESKD risk with risk of death, perceiving a binary choice between dialysis and quick decline and death. Patients expressed that prognostic information would allow them to plan, take care of important business, and think about their treatment options. Patients were accepting of prognostic uncertainty and imagined leveraging it to nurture hope or motivate them to better manage risk factors. They endorsed the desire to receive prognosis of life expectancy even though it may be hard to accept or difficult to talk about but worried it could create helplessness for other patients in their situation. Most, but not all, patients were interested in prognostic information and could see its value in motivating behavior change and allowing planning. Some patients expressed concern that information on life expectancy might cause depression and hopelessness. Therefore, prognostic information is most appropriate as part of a clinical conversation that fosters shared decision-making and helps patients consider treatment risks, benefits, and burdens in context of their lives.

Death and Dialysis Following Discharge From Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background:Multidisciplinary care is recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). A formalized, risk-based approach to CKD management is being adopted in some jurisdictions. In Ontario, Canada, the eligibility criteria for multidisciplinary CKD care funding were revised between 2016 and 2018 to a 2 year risk of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) greater than 10% calculated by the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE). Implementation of the risk-based approach has led to the discharge of prevalent CKD patients.Objective:The primary objective of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of death and KRT initiation in patients discharged from CKD clinic.Design:Retrospective cohort studySetting:Single center multidisciplinary CKD clinic in Ontario, CanadaPatients:Four hundred and twenty five patients seen at least once in 2013 at the multidisciplinary CKD clinicMeasurements:Outcomes included discharge status, death, re-referral and KRT initiation. Reasons for discharge were recorded.Methods:Outcomes were extracted from available electronic medical records and the provincial death registry between the patient’s initial clinic visit in 2013 and January 1, 2020. KFRE-2 scores were calculated using the 4-variable KFRE equation. The hazard rates of death and KRT after discharge due to stable eGFR/low KFRE were compared to patients who remained in the clinic.Results:Of the 425 CKD patients, 69 (16%) and 19 (4%) were discharged to primary care and general nephrology, respectively. Of those discharged, 7 (8%) were re-referred to nephrology or CKD clinic, while only 2 (2%) discharged patients required subsequent KRT. The hazard of mortality was reduced after discharge from the clinic due to stable eGFR/low KFRE (adjusted HR = 0.45 [95% CI, 0.25-0.78, P = .005]).Limitations:Single center, observational retrospective study design and unknown kidney function over time post discharge for most patientsConclusions:Discharge of low risk patients from multidisciplinary CKD clinic appears feasible and safe, with fewer than 1 in 40 discharged patients subsequently initiated on KRT over the following 7 years.

Barriers to pre-dialysis education in hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: Adequate pre-dialysis education was found to help patients select the best modality at the time dialysis is needed. Objectives: To identify the barriers to pre-dialysis education in the nephrology clinics among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: We did a multi-center, cross-sectional study on 221 patients. A questionnaire was used to collect data about patients’ demographics, the primary cause of renal failure, and barriers to pre-dialysis education in the nephrology clinic. We selected the healthcare providers randomly from the same centers. Results: The leading cause of renal failure was diabetes mellitus (DM) in 24.9% of the Patient participants. About 64.7% were with hemodialysis, and 35.3% had peritoneal dialysis. The distance to the nephrology clinic is more than 50 km, about 63.7%. About 65.2% have followed up in the CKD clinic, and dietitians have seen 64.3% in the clinic. Dialysis educators.s have previously seen 59.7%. About 68.8% of the participants had the chance to understand dialysis modality before the commencement of treatment. The barriers from healthcare participants point out are 43.5 % of participants have no CKD clinic, 74% are without a multidisciplinary team, 61% evaluate more than 15 patients every clinic, and 43.5% assess patients with advanced chronic kidney disease every three months or more. 47.8% found many services in their hospital required to refer patients to another hospital because lack of nephrologists per 74% of participants, and 39% of them indicated no peritoneal dialysis unit. And 47.8% found no sociopsychology services play a role as a barrier. Conclusion: The barriers to pre-dialysis education studied in this paper from patients and healthcare providers points. That included the deficiency of a formal structured multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease clinic, lack of psychosocial support for CKD patients, and patients required to travel between hospitals more than 50 kilometers to get renal services. Key words: barriers, pre-dialysis, education, hemodialysis, ESRD, Saudi Arabia.

78 Literacy and Numeracy Skills Related to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Patients Receiving Care at a Multidisciplinary Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic

78 Literacy and Numeracy Skills Related to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Patients Receiving Care at a Multidisciplinary Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic

SUN-125 NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT USE AMONG PATIENTS WITH NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Undernutrition and protein-energy wasting (PEW) are complications of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) that are associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity. In British Columbia, a Nutritional Supplement Policy is stewarded by renal dietitians and guides prescription of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) for CKD patients of all eGFR levels who have unintentional weight loss >10% in past 6 months, current weight of <90% of desirable body weight, inadequate nutrient intake (<80% of recommended intake), or a hypercatabolic state. Given the paucity of studies assessing ONS use among non-dialysis CKD patients at risk for undernutrition and PEW, we aimed to characterize nutritional status and ONS treatment patterns in this population. This has not been previously evaluated in a Canadian setting. We conducted a retrospective study of non-dialysis CKD patients who entered and were followed at multidisciplinary CKD clinics in the province of British Columbia, Canada between January 2013 and December 2018. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare baseline nutrition and inflammation parameters within 6 months of entry to the CKD clinics between patients with at least one ONS prescription within 1 year of entry, and patients not prescribed ONS. Using descriptive statistics, longitudinal ONS prescription patterns over 3 years were analyzed in the subset of patients who entered the CKD clinics during 2013 to 2015. 15859 patients who entered the CKD clinic during 2013 to 2018 were included in the analysis of nutritional lab parameters. Of these, 1389 patients (9%) were eligible for and prescribed ONS within 1 year of CKD clinic entry. Patients taking ONS had lower eGFR, greater age, lower body mass index, lower serum albumin, higher phosphate, lower bicarbonate, higher ferritin, higher PTH, lower hemoglobin and higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio compared with those who did not receive ONS (see Table). Differences in lab parameters between patients prescribed ONS and patients not prescribed ONS persisted when analyzed by age category and eGFR category. In the longitudinal analysis of ONS prescription patterns (N=7611), overall ONS use in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year of CKD clinic follow-up remained stable (8.3%, 8.0%, 8.9% of patients, respectively), with approximately 40% new ONS users and 60% previous ONS users during the 2nd and 3rd year of follow-up. Among patients who were prescribed ONS within the first year after entry to CKD clinics and who continued follow-up in the subsequent year, 38% discontinued ONS use, 35% received 1-2 ONS prescriptions/year, and 27% received 3+ ONS prescriptions/year. Among non-dialysis CKD patients in British Columbia, 9% of patients received ONS treatment within 1 year of CKD clinic entry. These patients were identified by dietitian assessment as having undernutrition, and their nutritional status was corroborated by anthropometric and lab parameters. ONS prescription patterns demonstrate responsible prescribing and de-prescribing of ONS in a non-dialysis CKD population within a universal health care system. Future analyses will assess the effect of ONS on patient outcomes including progression to end-stage kidney disease and patient-reported symptom burden.

Association Between Sex and Opiate and Benzodiazepine Prescription Among Patients With CKD: Research Letter.

Background:Opiate and benzodiazepine use is associated with increased mortality and poorer transplant outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Objective:To determine the predictors of opiate and benzodiazepine prescription in people with kidney disease.Design:Cross-sectional, observational study.Setting:Outpatient clinics at Kingston Health Sciences Centre or at affiliated sites as of June 2017.Patients:Individuals with CKD being treated at clinics or with various dialysis modalities at Kingston Health Sciences Centre and affiliated sites.Measurements:The total number of regular opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions was recorded for each patient. Patients were stratified based on clinical (eg, dialysis modality) and demographic (sex, age, diabetes mellitus [DM], ethnicity) characteristics, as elicited below.Methods:We evaluated opiate and benzodiazepine use by chart review in the following patient groups: conventional hemodialysis (HD) (n = 359), home hemodialysis (HHD) (n = 21), peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n = 95), patients attending the multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease clinic (MCKDC) (n = 322), and kidney transplant (KT) recipients (n = 176). Opiates and benzodiazepines were classified according to the American Hospital Formulary Service system. Patients were also stratified as white (n = 855), indigenous (n = 66), or all others (n = 48).Results:The mean age was 66.2 ± 14.9 years, 602 (61.9%) were men, and 439 (45.1%) had DM. Opiates were prescribed to 223 patients (22.9%), most frequently to HD (32.3%), followed by MCKDC (20.8%), HHD (19.0%), PD (14.7%), and KT (12.5%) (P < .001). The independent predictors of opiate prescription included DM (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-2.6; P < 0.001), conventional HD (vs all other treatment modalities) (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5; P < .001), and female sex (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9; P = .041) after adjustment for age and ethnicity (R2 = 0.037, P < .001). Benzodiazepines were prescribed to 106 patients (10.9%), most frequently to HD (15.9%), followed by HHD (9.5%), KT (9.1%), MCKDC (7.5%), and PD (7.4%) (P = .005). The independent predictors of benzodiazepine use included female sex (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4; P < .001) and dialysis modality (excluding MCKDC and KT) (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8; P = .006) after adjustment for ethnicity, DM, and age (R2 = 0.027, P < .001).Limitations:We were not able to ascertain the indication for prescription of these drugs or patient adherence.Conclusions:Women with kidney disease are significantly more likely to be prescribed opiates and benzodiazepines than men with kidney disease. Further research is required to determine whether these medications contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in women with kidney disease.Trial Registration:This manuscript does not meet the criteria for requiring registration or a statement of written consent from study participants. The previous submission of this manuscript already made mention of Research Ethics Board approval.

Patient and provider experience and perspectives of a risk-based approach to multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease care: a mixed methods study

BackgroundThe Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) predicts risk of progression to kidney failure and is used to guide clinical decisions for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsThe KFRE was implemented to guide access to multidisciplinary care for CKD patients in Alberta, Canada, based on their 2-year risk of kidney failure. We used a mixed methods approach to investigate patients’ and providers’ perspectives and experiences 1 year following KFRE implementation. We conducted post-implementation interviews with multidisciplinary clinic providers and with low-risk patients who transitioned from multidisciplinary to general nephrology care. We also administered pre- and post-implementation patient care experience surveys, targeting both low-risk patients discharged to general nephrology and high-risk patients who remained in the multidisciplinary clinic, and provider job satisfaction surveys.ResultsTwenty-seven interviews were conducted (9 patients, 1 family member, 17 providers). Five categories were identified among patients and providers: targeted care; access to resources outside the multidisciplinary clinics; self-efficacy; patient reassurance and reduced stress; and transition process for low-risk patients Two additional categories were identified among providers only: anticipated concerns and job satisfaction. Patients and providers reported that the risk-based approach allowed the clinic to target care to those most likely to experience kidney failure and most likely to benefit from multidisciplinary care. While some participants indicated the risk-based model enhanced the sustainability of the clinics, others expressed concern that care for low-risk patients discharged from multidisciplinary care, or those now considered ineligible, may be inadequate.Overall, 413 patients completed the care experience survey and 73 providers completed the workplace satisfaction survey. The majority of patients were satisfied with their care in both periods with no overall differences. When considering the responses “Always” and “Often” together versus not, there were statistically significant improvements in domains of access to care, caring staff, and safety of care. There were no differences in healthcare providers’ job satisfaction following KFRE implementation.ConclusionsPatients and healthcare providers reported that the risk-based approach improved the focus of the multidisciplinary CKD clinics by targeting patients at highest risk, with survey results suggesting no difference in patient care experience or healthcare provider job satisfaction.

Multidisciplinary Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic Practices: A Scoping Review.

Background:Multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinics improve patient outcomes but their optimal design is unclear.Objective:To perform a scoping review to identify and describe current practices (structure, function) associated with multidisciplinary CKD clinics.Design:Scoping review.Setting:Databases included Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL.Patients:Patients followed in multidisciplinary CKD clinics globally.Measurements:Multidisciplinary CKD clinic composition, entry criteria, follow-up, and outcomes.Methods:We systematically searched the literature to identify randomized controlled trials, non-randomized interventional studies, or observational studies of multidisciplinary CKD clinics defined by an outpatient setting where two or more allied health members (with or without a nephrologist) provided longitudinal care to 50 or more adult or pediatric patients with CKD. Included studies were from 2002 to present. Searches were completed on August 10, 2018. Title, abstracts, and full texts were screened independently by two reviewers with disagreements resolved by a third. We abstracted data from included studies to summarize multidisciplinary CKD clinic team composition, entry criteria, follow-up, and processes.Results:40 studies (8 randomized controlled trials and 32 non-randomized interventional studies or observational studies) involving 23 230 individuals receiving multidisciplinary CKD care in 12 countries were included. Thirty-eight focused on adults (27 with CKD, 10 incident dialysis patients, one conservative therapy) while two studies focused on adolescents or children with CKD. The multidisciplinary team included a mean of 4.6 (SD 1.5) members consisting of a nephrologist, nurse, dietician, social worker, and pharmacist in 97.4%, 86.8%, 84.2%, 57.9%, and 42.1% of studies respectively. Entry criteria to multidisciplinary CKD clinics ranged from glomerular filtration rates of 20 to 70 mL/min/1.73m2 or CKD stages 1 to 5 without any proteinuria or risk equation-based criteria. Frequency of follow-up was variable by severity of kidney disease. Team member roles and standardized operating procedures were infrequently reported.Limitations:Unstandardized definition of multidisciplinary CKD care, studies limited to CKD defined by glomerular filtration rate, and lack of representation from countries other than Canada, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.Conclusions:There is heterogeneity in multidisciplinary CKD team composition, entry criteria, follow-up, and processes with inadequate reporting of this complex intervention. Additional research is needed to determine the best model for multidisciplinary CKD clinics.Trial registration:Not applicable.

Association of Bone Mineral Density With Fractures Across the Spectrum of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Regina CKD-MBD Study.

Background:Recent studies have demonstrated that measurement of areal bone mineral density by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) predicts fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, whether fracture risk prediction through bone mineral density (BMD) is enhanced due to the assessment of biochemical markers of chronic kidney disease and mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) or clinical risk factors is not clear. We hypothesized that in a select cohort of patients managed in a CKD clinic, that combining T-Scores with biochemical markers would optimize fracture discrimination than using DXA alone.Objective:To examine the relationships among BMD, biochemical markers of CKD-MBD, and fracture risk across Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) categories G3a to G5.Design:Retrospective study.Setting:Patients were recruited from the multidisciplinary CKD clinic, Regina General Hospital, Canada.Patients:A total of 374 patients who received a DXA scan upon initial referral to Regina Multidisciplinary CKD Program from January 31, 2001 to January 31, 2010, were included in this study. The patients were followed for a total of 5 years.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of 374 consecutive patients who underwent DXA imaging at the point of entry into our multidisciplinary CKD program. Areal BMD, T- and Z-Scores were obtained at the lumbar spine, total hip, mean of left and right femoral neck, and the one-third radius. We collected data on demographic, cross-sectional biochemical markers of mineral metabolism and fractures (identified through self-reported questionnaires, hospital electronic medical records, and physician billing records). We were able to gather data on 8/11 variables of Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) tool.Results:In our cohort, 14.3% of GFR categories G3a and G3b, 15.7% of GFR category G4, and 19.7% of GFR category G5 experienced a clinical fracture during the study period. On multivariate analysis, each decline of 1.0 SD in total hip BMD T-Score was associated with a significant increase in the risk of fracture (OR = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.89). Adding CKD-MBD markers and clinical risk factors did not further contribute to the model. Low BMD was the only independent risk factor for fracture in patients with CKD.Limitations:Self-reporting by patients and administrative records were used to identify fractures. We did not perform spine imaging to ascertain morphometric vertebral fractures. We were unable to gather all 11 variables of FRAX score and information on ethnicity. We were unable to capture site of fracture (hips, spine, etc) from billing records. Albumin excretion rates were not collected at baseline. Treatment of the underlying bone disease with pharmacotherapeutic agents may have attenuated patients’ fracture risk and thus underestimated the association between BMD and future fracture.Conclusions:Our findings confirm that BMD predicts fracture. The addition of cross-sectional CKD-MBD parameters and clinical risk factors to BMD did not add to fracture prediction. Prospective studies should investigate the utility of longitudinal biochemical markers on improving fracture risk assessment.

Central Blood Pressure and Pulse Wave Velocity Changes Post Renal Denervation in Patients With Stages 3 and 4 Chronic Kidney Disease: The Regina RDN Study.

Background:Central aortic blood pressures and arterial stiffness are better indicators of cardiovascular outcomes than brachial blood pressures. However, their response to renal denervation (RDN) in patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not yet been examined.Objective:To evaluate the impact of RDN on central blood pressures (CBP), brachial (office and ambulatory) blood pressures, arterial stiffness, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 24-hour urine protein, and selective cardiac parameters observed on echocardiograms.Design:Single-center, single-arm with pre-/post-RDN follow-up.Setting:Patients were recruited from the multidisciplinary CKD clinic, Regina General Hospital, Canada.Patients:About 25 consecutive patients with Stage 3 or Stage 4 CKD and resistant hypertension, with no radiological or laboratory evidence of secondary causes of hypertension.Measurements:The key measurements were CBP, pulse wave velocity, ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure, office blood pressures on BP Tru, GFR, 24-hour urine protein and sodium, dose and number of blood pressure medication and doses.Methods:The primary outcome measure was the change in CBP from baseline to 6 months post-RDN. Secondary outcome measures included changes in CBP, office blood pressure, 24-hour ambulatory pressures, pulse wave velocity, kidney function (eGFR and 24-hour protein excretion), and the change in the number and dose of medications during the 2-year follow-up period. The primary outcome and the secondary outcomes were evaluated using a Friedman’s analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for changes from post RDN procedure. Bonferroni correction was used to adjust P values for multiple testing. A two-sided alpha of .05 was used.Results:Median central blood pressures (mm Hg) were 127/75 at baseline versus 118/70 at 6 months and 118/67 at 24 months (P = .13). Median office blood pressures (mm Hg) were 148/76 at baseline versus 135/75 at 6 months and 133/75 at 24 months (P ≤ .001). Median ambulatory 24-hour day (mm Hg) was 148/64 at baseline and 146/68 at 6 months and 152/67 at 24 months (P = .60). Median pulse wave velocity (m/s) at baseline was 13.8 at baseline versus 13.3 m/s at 6 months and 12.3 at 12 months’ time (P = .62). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) at baseline was 37, at 6 months was 36 and 34 at 24 months (P = .33).Limitations:Single-center study, with no sham arm.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that there was a significant improvement in office blood pressures from baseline to 6 months, maintained to 24 months. There was a numerical improvement in central pressures, and pulse wave velocity at 6 and 24 months, with no sustained changes noted in 24-hour blood pressure. Kidney function remained at or near baseline throughout the 24 months of observation.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01832233).

Implementation and Evaluation of a Risk-Based Approach to Guide Chronic Kidney Disease Care: Protocol for a Multiphase Mixed-Methods Study.

Background:Risk prediction tools are used in a variety of clinical settings to guide patient care, although their use in chronic kidney disease (CKD) care is limited.Objectives:To assess the association of a risk-based model of CKD care on patient care, satisfaction, outcomes, and cost.Design:Mixed-methods with a pre-post design.Setting:We will use mixed-methods and a pre-post design to evaluate use of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) to guide CKD care. The KFRE will be applied to patients currently followed in nephrology multidisciplinary CKD clinics in Alberta, as well as to new patients being considered for multidisciplinary care.Patients:Patients with a 2-year risk of kidney failure ≥10% or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2 will be recommended care by a multidisciplinary team coordinated by a nurse clinician and nephrologist, with access to other multidisciplinary resources including dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers as required.Measurements/Methods:Focus groups and interviews will be conducted to qualitatively describe patient and provider perspectives of potential barriers and facilitators to implementation of the risk-based approach to CKD care. Patient and provider surveys will also be used to quantify patient and provider satisfaction before and after the intervention. Finally, administrative data will be used to evaluate the association between the risk-based approach to care and outcomes including health care resource use, frequency of testing, modality choice, and death.Conclusions:Use of a risk-based model of care has the potential to increase use of optimal treatments such as the use of home dialysis and preemptive kidney transplantation, while reducing costs and poor outcomes related to processes of care such as unnecessary laboratory testing; however, there is also potential for unintended consequences. Our mixed-methods approach will integrate perceptions and needs from key stakeholders (including patients with CKD, their families, and their providers) to guide implementation and ensure appropriate modifications.

Perspectives on optimizing care of patients in multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease clinics.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize a jointly held symposium by the Canadian Society of Nephrology (CSN), the Canadian Association of Nephrology Administrators (CANA), and the Canadian Kidney Knowledge Translation and Generation Network (CANN-NET) entitled “Perspectives on Optimizing Care of Patients in Multidisciplinary Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Clinics” that was held on April 24, 2015, in Montreal, Quebec.Sources of informationThe panel consisted of a variety of members from across Canada including a multidisciplinary CKD clinic patient (Randall Russell), nephrology fellow (Dr. David Collister), geriatrician (Dr. Josee Verdon), and nephrologists (Dr. Monica Beaulieu, Dr. Adeera Levin).FindingsThe objectives of the symposium were (1) to gain an understanding of the goals of care for CKD patients, (2) to gain an appreciation of different perspectives regarding optimal care for patients with CKD, (3) to examine the components required for optimal care including education strategies, structures, and tools, and (4) to describe a framework and metrics for CKD care which respect patient and system needs. This article summarizes the key concepts discussed at the symposium from a patient and physician perspectives. Key messages include (1) understanding patient values and preferences is important as it provides a framework as to what to prioritize in multidisciplinary CKD clinic and provincial renal program models, (2) barriers to effective communication and education are common in the elderly, and adaptive strategies to limit their influence are critical to improve adherence and facilitate shared decision-making, (3) the use of standardized operating procedures (SOPs) improves efficiency and minimizes practice variability among health care practitioners, and (4) CKD scorecards with standardized system processes are useful in approaching variability as well as measuring and improving patient outcomes.LimitationsThe perspectives provided may not be applicable across centers given the differences in patient populations including age, ethnicity, culture, language, socioeconomic status, education, and multidisciplinary CKD clinic structure and function.ImplicationsKnowledge transmission by collaborative interprovincial and interprofessional networks may play a role in facilitating optimal CKD care. Validation of system and clinic models that improve outcomes is needed prior to disseminating these best practices.

Factors Associated with Unplanned Dialysis Starts in Patients followed by Nephrologists: A Retropective Cohort Study.

The number of patients starting dialysis is increasing world wide. Unplanned dialysis starts (patients urgently starting dialysis in hospital) is associated with increased costs and high morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for starting dialysis urgently in hospital have not been well studied. The primary objective of this study was to identify risk factors for unplanned dialysis starts in patients followed in a multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinic. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 649 advanced CKD patients followed in a multidisciplinary CKD clinic at a tertiary care hospital from January 01, 2010 to April 30, 2013. Patients were classified as unplanned start (in hospital) or elective start. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with unplanned dialysis initiation. 184 patients (28.4%) initiated dialysis, of which 76 patients (41.3%) initiated dialysis in an unplanned fashion and 108 (58.7%) starting electively. Unplanned start patients were more likely to have diabetes (68.4% versus 51.9%; p = 0.04), CAD (42.1% versus 24.1%; p = 0.02), congestive heart failure (36.8% versus 17.6%; p = 0.01), and were less likely to receive modality education (64.5% vs 89.8%; p < 0.01) or be assessed by a surgeon for access creation (40.8% vesrus78.7% p < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, higher body mass index (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02, 1.13), and a history of congestive heart failure (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.09, 5.41) were independently associated with an unplanned start. Unplanned dialysis initiation is common among advanced CKD patients, even if they are followed in a multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease clinic. Timely education and access creation in patients at risk may lead to lower costs and less morbidity and mortality.

Patients with chronic kidney disease and their intent to use electronic personal health records.

BackgroundElectronic personal health records (ePHRs) provide patients with access to their personal health information, aiming to inform them about their health, enhance self-management, and improve outcomes. Although they have been associated with improved health outcomes in several chronic diseases, the potential impact of ePHR use in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown.ObjectivesWe sought to understand perceptions of CKD patients about ePHRs, and describe characteristics associated with their expressed intent to use an ePHR.DesignSelf-administered paper based survey.SettingThe study was conducted in Calgary, Alberta, Canada at a multidisciplinary CKD clinic from November 2013 to January 2014.ParticipantsPatients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD.MeasurementsDemographics, perceived benefits, and drawbacks of ePHRs were obtained. A univariate analysis was used to assess for an association with the expressed intention to use an ePHR.MethodsA patient survey was used to determine perceptions of ePHRs, and to identify factors that were associated with intention to use an ePHR.ResultsOverall 63 patients with CKD (76.2 % male, 55.6 % ≥65 years old) completed the survey. The majority (69.8 %) expressed their intent to use an ePHR. CKD patients over the age of 65 were less likely to intend to use an ePHR as compared to those aged <65 years (OR 0.22, 95 % CI: [0.06, 0.78]). Those with post-secondary education (OR 3.31, 95 % CI: [1.06, 10.41]) and Internet access (OR 5.70, 95 % CI: [1.64, 19.81]) were more likely to express their intent to use an ePHR. Perceived benefits of ePHR use included greater involvement in their own care (50.0 % indicated this), better access to lab results (75.8 %), and access to health information (56.5 %). Although 41.9 % reported concerns about privacy of health information, there was no association between these concerns and the intent to use an ePHR.LimitationsOur results are limited by small study size and single centre location.ConclusionsWe found that patients with CKD expressed their intention to use ePHRs, and perceive benefits such as personal involvement in their health care and better access to lab results. Studies of CKD patients using ePHRs are needed to determine whether ePHR use improves patient outcomes.