Multidirectional Water Research Articles

Advective Components Determination of Mass, Heat and Substances Exchange According to Natural Data at the Mouth of the Black River (Sevastopol Region)

Physical and mathematical modeling of nonstationary exchange processes in the zone of interaction of heterogeneous waters at the mouths of rivers remains problematic. Therefore, the paper proposes and tests a method for estimating multidirectional water, heat and salts consumption in this zone based on field data. For this purpose, a program of long-term expeditionary research was developed, full-scale measurements were carried out in 2017–2021, an algorithm and a calculation program were developed and methods for quantifying the components of metabolic processes were tested according to full-scale studies in 2019 at the mouth of the Black river, in the zone of interaction of river water and desalinated water of the Sevastopol Bay. The article provides a methodology and an example of the assessment of water, salt and heat exchange for a representative expedition carried out under average hydrometeorological conditions during the low-water periods. Calculations are made by the analytical method, using standard programs, and by the graphical method, by graphical interpolation and planimetry of areas. The discrepancies between the results obtained by different methods were 2–7 %, which indicates the possibility of using this technique to process long-term data with sufficient accuracy. The proposed method for quantifying the components of exchange processes based on natural data can be used in any formation of different types of river mouths for balance calculations, forecasting possible changes in their state and adjacent parts of the sea under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as for calibration and verification of models.

Modeling of variability of hydrological characteristics of the Tuzla group of lagoons under various variants of their water exchange with the sea

The article is devoted to solving the problem of stabilization of hydrological regime and hydro-ecological conditions of the Tuzla group of lagoons located in the central part of the Danube-Dniester interfluve by ensuring and regulating their water exchange with the open sea through artificially created channels in the barrier beach that separates the water body from the sea.
 The research presents the results of adaptation of the well-known modern numerical hydrodynamic model Delft3D Flow Flexible Mesh to the conditions of the Tuzla group of lagoons, as well as the results of its application to determine the effectiveness of various variants for ensuring water exchange with the sea based on the outcomes of scenario mathematical modeling.
 In particular, the following variants of channels functioning were studied: (1) a relatively narrow connecting channel at the 2nd km of the barrier beach (near the Burnas Lagoon) together with a wide and deep outlet that existed before 2015 at the 24th km of the barrier beach (near the Shagany Lagoon); (2) a wide controllable connecting channel in the Shagany Lagoon placed on the outlet, alongside with the above-mentioned channel in the Burnas Lagoon; (3) an additional (third) narrow channel at the strip of the barrier beach near the Alibey Lagoon.
 The characteristics of the annual cycle of water salinity spatio-temporal variability were used as indicators of the effectiveness of management decisions for ensuring the stability of the lagoons' hydro-ecological conditions.
 Based on the analysis of the scenario modeling results it was concluded that the optimum solution of the problem related to stabilizing the hydro-ecological regime of the water body consists in ensuring the constant multidirectional water exchange with the sea through two artificial connecting channels in the barrier beach (both with bottom marks of minus 1.0 m (Baltic Height System) and 60 m and 15 m wide for the Shagany Lagoon and the Burnas Lagoon respectively) throughout the year. This will deny any salinization of the water body over the long term.
 For the specified variant the time of complete water renewal with sea water for the main lagoons of the Tuzla group would constitute 8 and 12 months for the Shagany Lagoon and the Alibey/Burnas Lagoons respectively.

Metallic zirconium carbide mediated near-infrared driven photocatalysis and photothermal sterilization for multidirectional water purification

Undoubtedly, taking full advantage of near-infrared light (NIR) for the photocatalytic reaction is a promising way to realize the efficient utilization of solar energy. In this work, zirconium carbide (ZrC) has been exploited as a NIR-driven photoactive substance for the simultaneous photodegradation of organic pollutants and photothermal sterilization of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The metallic nature and NIR-responsive localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) behaviors of ZrC are revealed by both experimental evidence and density function theory (DFT) calculations. ZrC exhibits extremely wide spectral absorbance, excellent NIR-triggered photosensitive effect and photothermal conversion efficiency. Activation kinetics was performed with DFT to investigate the activation process of O2 to •O2–. In addition, a possible NIR-mediated photocatalytic mechanism of ZrC was proposed on the basis of above DFT simulation and radical scavenging experiments. Metallic ZrC with NIR-responsive activity provides a new perspective for designing full-spectrum-driven photocatalysts.

A Block in Daqing Saltu Oilfield Study on well network reconstruction of stratigraphic system

A block in Daqing Saltu Oilfield has a large span of formation systems, large permeability grade difference, prominent inter-formation conflicts, low degree of control of multi-directional water drive, large injection and extraction well spacing in thin differential layers, and low degree of utilization, etc. In this regard, based on the existing well network, a study on the reconstruction of the formation system well network is carried out in this area. Longitudinal subdivision of the layer system, narrowing the mining span, the X, Y, Z oil layer mixed mining, adjusted to X oil layer separate mining, Y + Z oil layer mixed mining; at the same time, according to the nature of the oil layer subdivision of mining objects, X oil layer and Y + Z oil layer mining objects adjusted to medium and high permeability layer and low permeability layer. On the plane of optimizing the injection and extraction well spacing, the original 250m well spacing was adjusted to 175m area well network, which eased the development contradiction.

Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Dense Point Contacts for Harvesting Multidirectional Water Wave and Vibration Energy

Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Dense Point Contacts for Harvesting Multidirectional Water Wave and Vibration Energy

Dynamics of hydrological and geomorphological processes in evaporite karst at the eastern Dead Sea – a multidisciplinary study

Abstract. Karst groundwater systems are characterized by the presence of multiple porosity types. Of these, subsurface conduits that facilitate concentrated, heterogeneous flow are challenging to resolve geologically and geophysically. This is especially the case in evaporite karst systems, such as those present on the shores of the Dead Sea, where rapid geomorphological changes are linked to a fall in base level by over 35 m since 1967. Here we combine field observations, remote-sensing analysis, and multiple geophysical surveying methods (shear wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity tomography, ERT, self-potential, SP, and ground-penetrating radar, GPR) to investigate the nature of subsurface groundwater flow and its interaction with hypersaline Dead Sea water on the rapidly retreating eastern shoreline, near Ghor Al-Haditha in Jordan. Remote-sensing data highlight links between the evolution of surface stream channels fed by groundwater springs and the development of surface subsidence patterns over a 25-year period. ERT and SP data from the head of one groundwater-fed channel adjacent to the former lakeshore show anomalies that point to concentrated, multidirectional water flow in conduits located in the shallow subsurface (< 25 m depth). ERT surveys further inland show anomalies that are coincident with the axis of a major depression and that we interpret as representing subsurface water flow. Low-frequency GPR surveys reveal the limit between unsaturated and saturated zones (< 30 m depth) surrounding the main depression area. Shear wave seismic reflection data nearly 1 km further inland reveal buried paleochannels within alluvial fan deposits, which we interpret as pathways for groundwater flow from the main wadi in the area towards the springs feeding the surface streams. Finally, simulations of density-driven flow of hypersaline and undersaturated groundwaters in response to base-level fall perform realistically if they include the generation of karst conduits near the shoreline. The combined approaches lead to a refined conceptual model of the hydrological and geomorphological processes developed at this part of the Dead Sea, whereby matrix flow through the superficial aquifer inland transitions to conduit flow nearer the shore where evaporite deposits are encountered. These conduits play a key role in the development of springs, stream channels and subsidence across the study area.

Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator integrated with power management module for harvesting multidirectional water wave energy

A spherical TENG with a spring-assisted multilayered structure was power-managed to effectively harvest multidirectional water wave energy.

Designing a High Performance Rock Cutting Tool

The design parameters of a rock cutting tool reinforced with diamond hard-alloy plates of PDC type are described in the article. A core bit with mechanical fastening PDC is described. The description of the bit work on the drift is given. The economic efficiency of the bit is achieved due to the fact that worn PDC plates are easily replaced with new ones, and multidirectional water courses allow creating an efficient turbulent flow on the drift, which increases the mechanical drilling speed. A stabilizing drill bit, reinforced with PDC, having calibrated PDC plates located along the helix, is described, which gives it additional roll stability at the drift. A description of a stabilizing two-level bit of a cutting type is given. On the axis of the bit there are long lines having a different frequency and counter-rotation. The design of the bit helps to reduce the torque on the drilling structure, which prevents the occurrence of torsional vibrations that cause PDC breakdown. A description of the stabilizing cutting-shearing type two-level bit with a permanent magnet mounted inside the upper drill string is given. Magnetization helps to improve the quality of the drilling agent. The proposed rock cutting tool allows to increase the mechanical drilling speed by 1.8 times for the core bit and 2.1 times for the bit.

Butterfly‐Inspired Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Spring‐Assisted Linkage Structure for Water Wave Energy Harvesting

AbstractThe exploration of water wave energy to generate electric power is a promising and valuable way to solve global energy crisis. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered as one of the most promising approaches for harvesting water wave energy. Here, a butterfly‐inspired triboelectric nanogenerator (B‐TENG) with spring‐assisted four‐bar linkage is fabricated to acquire multidirectional water wave energy from different types of movements generated by the device. The arc‐shaped outer shell can efficiently absorb the impact force of water wave and inner spring‐assisted four‐bar linkage can induce multiple contact–separation motion of TENG module, both of which allow the B‐TENG to harvest energy from different types of low‐frequency waves. The short‐circuit current and open‐circuit voltage of this B‐TENG device can reach 75.35 µA and 707.01 V, while a maximum output power density of 9.559 W m−3 can be achieved and 180 light‐emitting diodes can be directly lightened up by this B‐TENG. The energy generated from this B‐TENG can also be stored in a capacitor and to drive some marine sensor devices, such as an electronic thermometer. This proposed B‐TENG device is specially designed for multidirectional water energy harvesting and it may have good application prospects for ocean information monitoring and power supply to oceanic islands.

Testing heterogeneity in faunal assemblages from archaeological sites. Tumbling and trampling experiments at the early-Middle Pleistocene site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (Israel)

The current paper reports an experimental case study to test the heterogeneity of faunal assemblages from the Early-Middle Pleistocene Layers V-5 and V-6 of the Gesher Benot Ya’aqov Acheulian site (Israel). Tumbling and trampling experiments were initiated to gain qualitative insight into processes of bone modification and to assess the timing of the biostratonomic chronology, as it was assumed that both mechanisms were responsible for the formation of striations documented on the bone surfaces from the site. The tumbling experiments mimicked sediment movement in a calm lacustrine shoreline environment whereas the trampling experiments investigate the role of animal/hominin activities in dry, muddy and wet environments. Models for the internal operational sequence of an abrasional process due to uni- and multidirectional water movement and of a trampling scenario are presented. These models are used for the interpretation of the fauna from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov.

Third-order theory for bichromatic bidirectional water waves partially reflected from vertical breakwaters

To overcome the internal limitation of standing wave forces on vertical breakwaters and describe multichromatic multidirectional water waves in front of the breakwaters, a third-order theory, including the classical solutions of two-dimensional long-crested waves and monochromatic unidirectional short-crested waves, for bichromatic bidirectional water waves partially reflected from the breakwaters is developed. A universal law applicable to a higher-order multichromatic multidirectional wave system is proposed, that is, the even-order frequencies are zero, the numbers of the odd-order frequencies constitute a geometric progression.

Abstract: 1034 USE AND LIMITATIONS OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION TO STUDY ATHEROSCLEROSIS

The current paper reports an experimental case study to test the heterogeneity of faunal assemblages from the Early-Middle Pleistocene Layers V-5 and V-6 of the Gesher Benot Ya’aqov Acheulian site (Israel). Tumbling and trampling experiments were initiated to gain qualitative insight into processes of bone modification and to assess the timing of the biostratonomic chronology, as it was assumed that both mechanisms were responsible for the formation of striations documented on the bone surfaces from the site. The tumbling experiments mimicked sediment movement in a calm lacustrine shoreline environment whereas the trampling experiments investigate the role of animal/hominin activities in dry, muddy and wet environments. Models for the internal operational sequence of an abrasional process due to uni- and multidirectional water movement and of a trampling scenario are presented. These models are used for the interpretation of the fauna from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov.

Earth surface processes, landforms and sediment deposits

Part I. Introduction: 1. Definitions, rationale and scope of the book 2. Overview of the Earth Part II. Production of Sediment at the Earth's Surface: 3. Weathering of rocks, production of terrigenous sediment, and soils 4. Biogenic and chemogenic sediment production Part III. Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, Sediment Transport, Erosion and Deposition: 5. Unidirectional turbulent water flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition 6. Air flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition 7. Multidirectional water flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition 8. Movement of sediment by gravity 9. Generation and movement of volcaniclastic sediment 10. Ice flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition 11. Biogenic and chemogenic depositional structures 12. Post-depositional deformation of soft sediment Part IV. Environments of Erosion and Deposition: 13. Rivers, alluvial plains and fans 14. Lakes 15. Coasts and shallow seas 16. Arid environments 17. Glacial and periglacial environments 18. Deep seas and oceans Part V. Sediment into Rock: Diagenesis: 19. Diagenesis Part VI. Long-term, Large-Scale Processes: Mountains and Sedimentary Basins: 20. Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls on long-term, large-scale erosion and deposition References Index.

Brain Differences Visualized in the Blind using Tensor Manifold Statistics and Diffusion Tensor Imaging.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) reveals the local orientation and integrity of white matter fiber structure based on imaging multidirectional water diffusion. Group differences in DTI images are often computed from single scalar measures, e.g., the Fractional Anisotropy (FA), discarding much of the information in the 6-parameter symmetric diffusion tensor. Here, we compute multivariate 6D tensor statistics to detect brain morphological changes in 12 blind subjects versus 14 sighted controls. After Log-Euclidean tensor denoising, images were fluidly registered to a common template. Fluidly-convected tensor signals were re-oriented by applying the local rotational and translational component of the deformation. Since symmetric, positive-definite matrices form a non-Euclidean manifold, we applied a Riemannian manifold version of the Hotelling's T2 test to the logarithms of the tensors, using a log-Euclidean metric. Statistics on the full 6D tensor-valued images outperformed univariate analysis of scalar images, such as the FA and the geodesic anisotropy (GA).

Brooding and paedomorphosis in the deep-water feather star Comatilia iridometriformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

Adults of Comatilia iridometriformis, A. H. Clark, 1909, a deep-water feather star, retain the following attributes limited chiefly to juveniles of other species in its family, the Comasteridae: small size (maximum arm length about 30 mm), large radial ossicles, incomplete pinnulation, slender cirral ossicles and coarse stereom. This is the only known instance of paedomorphosis (retention of juvenile characters in the adult) among extant crinoids. Observations from the submersible “Alvin” in about 580 m indicate that C. iridometriformis lives associated with ahermatypic, bankforming corals (Lophelia prolifera and Enallopsammia profunda). The crinoids cling to dead coral and other solid substrates, but not to living coral. The crinoids appear to prefer slow, locally variable and multidirectional water movements. Although some other crinoids brood early developmental stages externally or within brood pouches, C. iridometriformis is the only crinoid that appears to brood giant embryos and larvae within the ovarian lumen (although poor histological fixation left some doubt about the exact location). Larvae approaching the cystidean stage were the most advanced brooded forms observed; release from the ovary probably occurs at about this stage. Stalked pentacrinoid larvae are sometimes found on the cirri of the adult crinoids. C. iridometriformis is also peculiar in being the only brooding member of the family Comasteridae and the only internally brooding feather star not found in middle or high southern latitudes. It is suggested that: paedomorphosis in this feather star results from accelerated sexual maturation (progenesis), the potentially unstable habitat may contribute to selection for rapid growth; and neither food nor space may be limiting. Moreover, brooding may be both a design constraint (due to small size) and a way to prevent loss of progeny from a discontinuous habitat where current flow tends to be unidirectional.

The feeding behaviour of the featherstar Antedon bifida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

The ecology and feeding behaviour of Antedon bifida bifida (Pennant) were studied in situ at five sites on the east and west coasts of Ireland. These encompassed a range of different habitats and hydrographic conditions, including currents of varying intensity, oscillations due to wave action, and multidirectional water movements.Unlike other comatulids hitherto studied, this species was found to be relatively unspecialized in its choice of habitat and to display great flexibility of movement in its arms and pinnules which enable it to adapt to and feed in each of the different types of water movements described. Neither diurnal nor tidal feeding rhythms were observed, the animals being found to feed almost continuously. The relatively unspecialized nature of this species is discussed in relation to the almost cosmopolitan distribution of the genus Antedon.