Multidimensional Scaling Techniques Research Articles

Jazz hands and jitters: Exploring valence and arousal dimensions with multidimensional scaling techniques

Utilizing the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal with multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), the current study sought to better understand the structure of affect and the relationship between emotion items. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) is the most frequently applied self-report measure of affect but has been criticized for only including high arousal emotions. A between-subjects, two-part experimental study was conducted. Participants (N = 548) were recruited online and asked to rate the similarity between one of two target words (anger: n = 271; calm: n = 277) and 143 emotion words. Our results provided evidence for the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal, indicating that all four quadrants are important when studying affect. Overall, the current study found support for the activation-arousal theory of affectivity with MDS analyses. Emotion words clustered in all four quadrants of the two-dimensional plane, demonstrating the necessity of an affect measure that encompasses all four quadrants. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the PANAS does not include items in the positive valence/low activation quadrant, however, a newly published measure was found to have increased item dispersion, with items included in all four quadrants of affect. Limitations and proposed future directions are discussed.

Positioning of New Beaches in Bali: The Perspective of Tourist

Beach in Bali are one of the main attractions of the island's tourism. The beauty of Bali's beaches, with their clean white sand, clear sea water, and ideal surfing waves, makes them famous. Each beach has unique characteristics that can be used as a competitive advantage to help tourists choose their destination in Bali. This study uses Multidimensional Scaling and Correspondence Analysis techniques to identify the advantages of each attribute for tourists. The results show that Diamond Beach's position as a tourist destination is similar to Green Bowl Beach. Based on the evaluation of fifteen items by respondents, it is evident that Diamond Beach has a diverse range of positive perceptions. Diamond Beach excels in attributes such as beach safety, sand color, and cleanliness.

Sustainable Marketing Development Strategy of Bakery and Coffee Teaching Factory Politeknik Negeri Jember

Bakery and Coffee Teaching Factory faces challenges in developing their marketing strategy such as marketing range, quality standard with the producer of the same products, and ability to make a product as the customer desired precisely. These will threaten the sustainability dimensions of Tefa Bakery and Coffee Politeknik Negeri Jember. Thorough efforts shall be made to overcome those problems by identifying the sustainability attributes, especially on the social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Later, the efforts shall be synchronized to the policy of the institution to improve the main performance indicator of Politeknik Negeri Jember. The problems of this research include what attributes that become the leverage factors, how the leverage factors related to the strategy, and what policy that could improve the main performance indicator. This research aims to: formulate the marketing development sustainability dimensions and formulate performance improvement priority strategy in developing Tefa. Research method: analysing sustainability through multidimensional scaling technique; processing data by using application R that includes analysis of ordination, leverage, monte carlo, and kite diagram. The targeted output covers: levelled marketing development strategy based on the level of importance and Tefa development policy that combines the bottom-up development strategy and institutional policy. The results showed that the environmental dimension is less sustainable, the social dimension is less sustainable, and the economic dimension is quite sustainable.

Determinants of Tomato Seed Purchasing Decisions among Coimbatore Farmers

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) typically constitutes an essential part of the daily diet and it has great demand round the year. The commercial value of tomato in terms of direct consumption, processing as well as trade has risen substantially in recent years. The top ten major tomato producing countries are China, India, USA, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Spain, Iran, Brazil and Mexico of the world area and production. China ranks first in an area under tomato 10 lakh hectares with annual production of 50 million tonnes fallowed by India ranks second in an area under 8.8 lakh hectare with annual production of 18 million tonnes. Among the tomato cultivation districts, Coimbatore district was purposively selected, which accounted tomato area of 3033 ha. The collected data were analysed with reference to the objectives set forth for the study. The analytical techniques employed in this study are explained by Conventional (Percentage) analysis, Factor analysis, Marko chain analysis, Garrett ranking technique, Multi-dimensional scaling technique. Our study revealed that, nearly 52% of the sample farmers learned about hybrid tomato seeds via dealers, and the majority of the farmers (65%) are aware that hybrid tomato seeds exist in the Coimbatore district. Retail stores make up the majority of places to shop (76 percent). Approximately 60% of farmers favor making purchases with cash. Family members account for 71% of the information that influences a decision to purchase tomato seeds. The purchase of distinct firm seeds is influenced by several key elements, including recommendations from other farmers, prior experience, retailer insistence, advertising campaigns, and demonstrations.

Economic And Regional Impacts of Infrastructure Development Activities for Indonesian’s National Economic Recovery Program (PEN) in Pamekasan Regency, East Java Province

In response to the COVID-19 impact, infrastructure development has become crucial to accelerating economic growth at the municipal level in Indonesia. The Indonesian Government, in 2019-2020, initiated the National Economic Recovery Program (Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional - PEN) in several regions, including Pamekasan Regency in East Java Province. PEN aimed to promote economic growth by some activities of infrastructure development that is urgently required for economic development in each municipality. This study aims to measure the effect of the program on various variables and identify the leverage variables for the of the PEN’s sustainability in Pamekasan Regency. The aimed variables include economic, regional, and demographic development (population) variables. The program’s impact is calculated based on the gap between the conditions before and after the program implemented in each impact area. A Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique, namely Rapfish, is used to identify leverage variables for sustainability. As the result, Economic variables show an average value of 4 for each activity such as improving County Roads & Street Lighting Development, improving Traditional Market Area, and improving Small to Medium-Sized Industrial Area. Regional variables, however, show an average value of 3, indicating constancy across each type of activity. Meanwhile, population variables show an average value of 4, indicating growth for each indicator. According to the Rapfish analysis, the leverage variable for the level of sustainability within the PEN project in Pamekasan Regency is the regional variable with the highest root mean square value, which is 2.48.

Analysis of Sustainability Status and Management of Brown Seaweed Sargassum sp. in the Waters of Ujung Kulon Conservation Area

The potential of seaweed resources in Indonesia has a significant economic value that is quite competitive and useful in the food and non-food sectors. One of the habitats of Sargassum sp. in Indonesia is Ujung Kulon, Banten Province. However, the existence of this species has not been utilized optimally and sustainably by the community. In addition, the problem is the lack of community participation in conservation water areas and sustainable management. The study aimed to determine the resource potential of brown seaweed Sargassum sp. in the location. In addition, it will evaluate the management and utilization, as well as the role of the community in sustainable management. Sustainability analysis was conducted using the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique through the RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) approach reinforced with Monte Carlo and Leverage analyses. The preparation of sustainability attributes is based on ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. The results of this study showed that each dimension's value for the environmental dimension (66.15 entirely) is sustainable. The sustainability index value in the economic dimension (81.68) is sustainable. The results of the ordination analysis show that the sustainability index value in the social dimension (20.97) is not sustainable, institutional (31.92) with less sustainable status, so it needs to be a top priority for improvement on several sensitive attributes as leverage factors. In this case, the economic dimension is the value with the highest index, which aligns with the main livelihoods of the conservation area's people. As for the social and institutional dimensions, appropriate improvements still need to be made to support sustainable development. These results are expected to provide information and illustrations for stakeholders and the community in sustainable management efforts in formulating policy strategies.

Multi-dimensional scaling techniques unveiled gain1q&loss13q co-occurrence in Multiple Myeloma patients with specific genomic, transcriptional and adverse clinical features

The complexity of Multiple Myeloma (MM) is driven by several genomic aberrations, interacting with disease-related and/or -unrelated factors and conditioning patients’ clinical outcome. Patient’s prognosis is hardly predictable, as commonly employed MM risk models do not precisely partition high- from low-risk patients, preventing the reliable recognition of early relapsing/refractory patients. By a dimensionality reduction approach, here we dissect the genomic landscape of a large cohort of newly diagnosed MM patients, modelling all the possible interactions between any MM chromosomal alterations. We highlight the presence of a distinguished cluster of patients in the low-dimensionality space, with unfavorable clinical behavior, whose biology was driven by the co-occurrence of chromosomes 1q CN gain and 13 CN loss. Presence or absence of these alterations define MM patients overexpressing either CCND2 or CCND1, fostering the implementation of biology-based patients’ classification models to describe the different MM clinical behaviors.

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE HUMAN RESOURCES IN COFFEE BEAN SUPPLY IN THE SATAK COFFEE AGROINDUSTRY, KEDIRI DISTRICT

The supply of coffee beans in Indonesia involves several stakeholders, namely farmers, collectors and KUB (Joint Business Group). Sustainable supply activities are human, economic, social, environmental and technological resource management activities. The aim of this research is to analyze the sustainability performance of human resources in the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia. The data processing stage is identifying the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia. Analysis of identifying the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia, analysis of added value, measurement and assessment of the sustainable supply performance index for coffee beans. The added value of coffee bean supply was analyzed using the Hayami modification. SCOR-AHP (Supply Chain Operations Reference-Analytical Hierarchy Process) is used to measure the sustainability performance of human resources. The supply status of coffee beans is calculated using the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique with R software. The value added ratio for coffee farmers is low (46.58%) compared to collectors with (71.31%) and KUB (86.35% ). Farmers' supply performance is 71.99% lower than collectors with a value of 88.15% and KUB 86.77%. The economic dimension of sustainability is almost sustainable (78.39), the social dimension is sustainable (89.25), the environmental dimension is almost sustainable (79.63) and the technological dimension is almost sustainable (67.68). The aggregate value of sustainable supply shows 78.72% which means almost sustainable. This research recommends a strategy for building partnerships between coffee farmers and coffee cafes to improve performance and sustainability of the supply of coffee beans.

The Well-Being-Related Living Conditions of Elderly People in the European Union—Selected Aspects

One of the main demographic problems is the ageing of populations, especially in European countries. However, this process is not taking place equally in all countries and has a different impact on their socio-economic development. The aim of this research is to assess and compare the well-being-related living conditions of elderly people in European Union countries. We carried out the analysis for the years 2015 and 2020 on the basis of Eurostat data. We assessed the well-being-related living conditions of older people by applying the multidimensional scaling technique. On its basis, we constructed rankings of the EU countries in the two analysed years. In addition, by using the k-means method, we clustered the countries. The disparity between the well-being-related living conditions of elderly people in Western European countries and the post-communist ones has not declined. Six of the nine analysed indicators improved over the five years between 2015 and 2020, while three (the proportion of elderly people at risk of poverty, the disparity between the incomes of the richest and poorest groups of elderly people, and the proportion of elderly people in the total population) worsened. Socio-economic policies should therefore address these indicators to the greatest extent possible.

Do experts and citizens perceive party competition similarly?

Researchers frequently rely on expert surveys to acquire information about political ideology and political parties, which they then use to explore a range of political phenomena such as proximity voting and satisfaction with democracy. Yet it is unclear whether experts and citizens place the parties similarly, which may have important implications for studies that rely on expert data. To what extent do citizens share expert views regarding political party placements? Using original data from Canada, we use multidimensional scaling techniques to examine and compare the responses of academic and journalist experts against a random sample of Canadians to a range of party placement questions. Our results suggest there is considerable variation between citizens and experts, and among specific subgroups of the general population. These findings have important implications for studies of party competition, voting behavior, and government responsiveness.

Understanding the Developments in the Business Perspective of Cloud Computing

Research on cloud computing (CC) has gained a lot of momentum owing to its massive adoption. It has moved beyond the exploration of inherent capabilities to understand its disruptiveness and transformative value. In this vein, the authors conducted a comparative literature review of 101 articles to better understand the developments from previous reviews. This article serves as a replication study to evaluate the growth of the business perspective of CC. The authors identify 126 factors guiding the characteristics, adoption, governance, and business impact of the cloud. Further, they employ a rigorous analysis that situates our review at the intersection of these factors and applies a multidimensional scaling technique. The developed matrix (a) helps to clarify the current state of research, (b) identifies research gaps, and (c) identifies potential further research avenues. Unlike previous reviews, this developed multidimensional view of each article uncovers numerous perspectives that can guide future research.

Air Quality Mapping in Bandung City

One of the most commonly encountered issues in large cities is air pollution. As a major city, Bandung also experiences the same problem. This issue arises due to the increasing levels of human activity. This contributes to elevated levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, which can impact human life and ecosystems. This research is intended to map the regions in Bandung based on their air quality. This study used ambient air quality measurement results from Bandung, which included PM10, PM2.5, dust, SO2, CO, and NO2. This ambient air quality measurement was conducted by the Department of Environment and Hygiene in Bandung. The research methodology utilized in this study was multidimensional scaling analysis. The outcomes of the examination carried out utilizing the multidimensional scaling technique reveal a clustering of regions in Bandung, West Java, based on their air quality. According to the research findings, the locations were grouped into four quadrants, each with different air quality characteristics. Some locations showed high similarity, while others did not exhibit similarity with other groups. These findings can be used for policy-making and improving air quality in Bandung. Conclusions were drawn from the formed groups, where each group had high similarity among its members, but differed from the members of other groups. Among all observed locations in Bandung City, there were areas that were most similar when viewed based on the distance between objects, namely Punclut St. and KPAD Sarijadi; Soekarno Hatta St. (in front of Astra Bizz) and Elang St.; and Buah Batu St. (in front of STSI/ISBI) and Bunderan Cibiru.

The effect of data science on urban sustainability through the optimization of demand-responsive transportation

The study investigated the viability of implementing a demand-responsive transportation (DRT) system within the premises of Al-Baha University to facilitate the punctual arrival of students to their classes and ensure their convenient departure from the campus. This study aims to demonstrate and elucidate how data mining enhances the efficiency of DRT systems. The case study investigates the potential improvements in DRT operations through the utilization of data mining techniques. The research employs descriptive and prescriptive techniques for mining trip planning data. The database maintained by the Deanship of Admission and Registration et al.-Baha University in Al-Baha City, Saudi Arabia, has identified 50 designated locations for student pick-up. The research establishes a comprehensive database that classifies pick-up points as spatial vectors, incorporating longitude, latitude, and counts of students. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques are employed to minimize travel times and enhance operational efficiency by consolidating pick-up points. A completely adaptable DRT system prioritizes user satisfaction over operational efficiency, facilitating superior flexible services with fewer buses. The University Transport Department can implement Fixed Route systems in regions with significant population density and substantial demand. Conversely, in areas with a lower population, where Fixed Route systems may be less efficient, the department can opt for DRT systems. Additionally, the findings demonstrate the potential cost-saving benefits of implementing a hybrid system that integrates the university and off-campus student housing. The results indicate that providing fully flexible DRT services to students’ harms efficiency and user experience. A comparative analysis between the Fixed route system and the DRT system reveals that the latter has the potential to offer enhanced service to students, utilizing an equivalent number of vehicles while reducing the number of rides required, all while maintaining a higher degree of flexibility in service provision. According to the recommendation of this study, it is advisable to implement a hybrid fixed route and DRT system. However, to assess the feasibility of such a system in a university setting in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive viability analysis to identify any potential challenges or concerns.

The Technique of Inverse Multidimensional Scaling for the Synthesis of Machine Learning Models

The Technique of Inverse Multidimensional Scaling for the Synthesis of Machine Learning Models

Experienced Listeners’ Perception of Timbre Dissimilarity Within and Between Voice Categories

The terms "soprano" and "mezzo-soprano" are frequently used by vocal pedagogues to describe a main category of singing timbre categorization, while the terms "lyric" and "dramatic" are often used to describe sub-categories of "soprano" and "mezzo-soprano". A handful of studies have reported on the perceptual dissimilarity of main voice categories, but few, if any, have focused on within voice category perceptual distinctions such as dramatic and lyric vocal timbre. Using stimuli collected from cisgender female singers of varying voice categories and voice weights across the pitches C4, G4, and F5, this study sought (1) to visualize an experienced listener's perception of vocal timbre dissimilarity within and between voice categories using the statistical technique of multidimensional scaling (MDS), (2) to identify salient acoustic predictors of voice category and voice weight, and (3) to determine any dependencies on pitch for the perception of vocal timbre. For the pitches C4, G4, and F5, experienced listeners (N=18) rated the dissimilarity of pairs of sung vowels produced by classically trained singers classified as follows: six mezzo-sopranos (three lighter and three heavier) and six sopranos (three lighter and three heavier). The resulting dissimilarity data were analyzed using MDS. Backward linear regression was used to see if one or more of the following variables predicted MDS dimensions: spectral centroid from 0 to 5 kHz, spectral centroid from 0 to 2 kHz, spectral centroid from 2 to 5 kHz, frequency vibrato rate, and frequency vibrato extent. Listeners also completed a categorization task where they rated each individual stimulus on two dimensions: voice category and voice weight. Visual analysis of the MDS solutions appears to show that both voice category and voice weight emerged as dimensions at pitches C4 and G4. Discriminant analysis, on the other hand, statistically confirmed both these dimensions at G4, but only voice weight at C4. At pitch F5, only voice weight emerged as a dimension, both visually and statistically. Acoustic predictors of MDS dimensions were highly variable across pitches. At the pitch C4, no MDS dimension was predicted by the acoustic variables. At pitch G4, the dimension associated with voice weight was predicted by spectral centroid from 0 to 2 kHz. At pitch F5, the dimension associated with voice weight was predicted by spectral centroid from 2 to 5 kHz and frequency vibrato rate. In the categorization task, voice category and voice weight were highly correlated at the pitches C4, G4, and when all pitches were presented together, but weakly correlated at the pitch F5. While voice category and sub-category distinctions are commonly used by singing voice professionals to describe the overall timbre of voices, these distinctions may not be able to consistently predict the perceptual difference between any given pair of vocal stimuli, particularly across pitch. Nonetheless, these dimensions do emerge in some fashion when listeners are presented with paired vocal stimuli. On the other hand, when asked to rate stimuli according to the specific labels of mezzo-soprano/soprano and dramatic/lyric, experienced listeners have a very difficult time disentangling voice category from voice weight when presented with a single-note stimulus or even a 3-note stimulus consisting of the pitches C3, G4, and F5.

Bibliometric analysis of school improvement research: A century of scholarly contributions

This study aims to comprehensively review the historical development and current status of research in the field of school improvement using a bibliometric analysis approach. Recognizing the vital role of schools in society and the necessity for their constant evolution, it is essential to understand the breadth and depth of scholarly efforts in school improvement. Using the Scopus index, 596 English language journal articles on school improvement published between 1916 and 2023 were identified and analyzed. Utilizing the VOSviewer software, the bibliometric analysis was conducted in two stages: descriptive statistics to understand the trend of document volumes and co-authorship countries, and a multidimensional scaling technique to visualize co-authorship, co-occurrence, and citation networks. The data revealed a consistent rise in publication volume over the years, with a peak in 2020. Despite contributions from 45 countries, the United States and the United Kingdom were the most prolific. However, author collaboration was found to be minimal, suggesting potential for broader partnerships. The study also identified key research themes such as leadership, distributed leadership, and accountability through keyword co-occurrence analysis. The most frequently cited literature emphasized the role of collaboration, instructional program coherence, and school culture in school improvement. The findings underscore the necessity for increased global collaboration, exploration of emerging themes, and enhanced geographical representation in future research to further enrich the knowledge base in this vital educational field.

The Changes in the Perceptions of Women towards the Symbolic Value of Gold: Marketing and Financial Implications

Gold is a sought-after good across the globe, particularly among Asian countries. The demand for gold is influenced by symbolic, utilitarian, and hedonic values. One of the critical values among these is symbolic value, which refers to the meanings associated with a commodity. This study attempts to identify the impact of cultural dynamism on the perceptions of women towards the symbolic value of gold. Cultural dynamism is a definite outcome of globalization; it refers to the changes in cultural beliefs and practices as an outcome of exposure to the elements of other cultures. These cultural changes will have an impact on the consumption of all types of goods, particularly those goods that are demanded due to a region’s culture. The present study attempts to identify the direction of cultural dynamics and its impact on gold in India as an outcome of the economy opening up in 1990. The perceptions of two sets of samples have been compared and contrasted in this study: one is a set of females born and married (this is because marriage has a vital role in determining perceptions towards gold) before the advent of globalization and its impacts in India, and the second set is the daughters (to ensure that other elements, such as socioeconomic aspects, are not affecting the perception) of the first set of customers. This study adopts a multidimensional scaling technique to analyze the data; this is due to the sound method that it is, and also due to the ability to provide a visual depiction of the outcomes. It could reveal evidence of polarization regarding perceptions towards the symbolic value of gold; it opened a research gap. A similar study with which to identify perceptions towards hedonic and symbolic values is suggested as an outcome of the study.

An HLA map of the world: A comparison of HLA frequencies in 200 worldwide populations reveals diverse patterns for class I and class II.

HLA frequencies show widespread variation across human populations. Demographic factors as well as selection are thought to have shaped HLA variation across continents. In this study, a worldwide comparison of HLA class I and class II diversity was carried out. Multidimensional scaling techniques were applied to 50 HLA-A and HLA-B (class I) as well as 13 HLA-DRB1 (class II) first-field frequencies in 200 populations from all continents. Our results confirm a strong effect of geography on the distribution of HLA class I allele groups, with principal coordinates analysis closely resembling geographical location of populations, especially those of Africa-Eurasia. Conversely, class II frequencies stratify populations along a continuum of differentiation less clearly correlated to actual geographic location. Double clustering analysis revealed finer intra-continental sub-clusters (e.g., Northern and Western Europe vs. South East Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia; South and East Africa vs. West Africa), and HLA allele group patterns characteristic of these clusters. Ancient (Austronesian expansion) and more recent (Romani people in Europe) migrations, as well as extreme differentiation (Taiwan indigenous peoples, Native Americans), and interregional gene flow (Sámi, Egyptians) are also reflected by the results. Barrier analysis comparing DST and geographic location identified genetic discontinuities caused by natural barriers or human behavior explaining inter and intra-continental HLA borders for class I and class II. Overall, a progressive reduction in HLA diversity from African to Oceanian and Native American populations is noted. This analysis of HLA frequencies in a unique set of worldwide populations confirms previous findings on the remarkable similarity of class I frequencies to geography, but also shows a more complex development for class II, with implications for both human evolutionary studies and biomedical research.

Awareness, Preferences, Perception, and Satisfaction about the Over-The-Top (OTT) Platforms/Players in Anand City, Gujarat, India

Background: Movies and other audio and visual media have traditionally been consumed through outlets like theatres and television. The development of VHS, DVDs, Blu-rays, and disc rental services made technology readily available at home and whenever needed. Furthermore, Co-axial and fibre optic cables were used by cable television to provide the material. Direct-to-home (DTH) technology through satellite and dish communication, which offered high-quality broadcast and on-demand material straight to the consumer, emerged as another improved offering. With the advent of online streaming and Video on Demand (VoD) services, watching movies and TV shows has become more convenient. VoD refers to the streaming of video content via Over-The-Top (OTT) applications over the Internet (OTT). Any Internet-connected device, including a smartphone, smart TV, tablet, desktop computer, laptop, etc., can be used by viewers to access video content via OTT apps. Contrary to traditional media, streaming services present a variety of tales without censorship, box office, or audience restrictions. If the viewers have a reliable Internet connection, it provides a viewing experience with much-increased sound and visual quality [1].
 Methodology: The article presents data obtained through personal interviews with help of a semi-structured Schedule from individual respondents of Anand city for OTT players. The present study finds out the awareness and preferences for the purchase of OTT players and understands the perceptual map with the help of the Multi-Dimensional Scaling technique (MDS) of OTT players on different parameters like multiple devices and resolution of the video, and Price and subscription plan. This study also tries to find the out satisfaction of respondents towards different OTT players.
 Results: The majority of the respondents were male, belonged to the age group of 15 to 25 years, represent nuclear family, and the majority of the respondents were students by an occupation. The majority of the respondents had an income between 30k to 40k. Out of 200 respondents, most of the respondents were aware of the OTT. Friends and relatives were the most common source of awareness for OTT platforms. OTT players like Netflix, Amazon Prime, Disney+Hotstar, YouTube Premium, MX Player, Zee 5, and Sony Liv had high awareness in the study area, and also the majority of respondents were preferring Amazon Prime, Disney+Hotstar, and Netflix for purchase because of their various services like multiple content categorization, multiple user account, and multiple subtitles, and video quality. The perceptual map also represents the perception of the respondents on the basis of different parameters like multiple devices and resolution of the video, and Price and subscription plan. Respondents were satisfied with the Quality of the video content of OTT, followed by their Multiple content and Language, Price, Downloading Speed, and multiple device support.

Characterizing the Potato Growing Regions in India Using Meteorological Parameters.

Currently, the multi-location testing of advanced hybrids in India is carried out at 25 centers under the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Potato (AICRP-P), which is spread across the country. These centres have been chosen to represent different potato growing regions based on soil and agronomic features. However, the reliable deployment of the newly bred varieties in different regions requires a scientific delineation of potato growing zones with homogenous climates. The present study was undertaken to develop homogenous zones in the Indian sub-continent based on the environmental parameters of the potato growing season. A total of 1253 locations were identified across the country as having a plausible potato growing season of at least 70 days with suitable thermal limits. Six variables including five meteorological parameters including Physiological days (P days), Growing degree days (GDD), Mean daily temperature, Mean night temperature and Mean daily incident solar radiation, together with altitude as the sixth variable, were used for Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and the Principal Component Analysis by Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) technique to derive identical classes. The thematic map of the classes was overlaid on potato growing districts of India using ArcGIS 9.1 software. The study clearly depicted that the clustering technique can effectively delineate the target population of environments (TPE) for potato genotypes performing well at different testing environments in India. The study also identifies target locations for future focus on breeding strategies, especially the high night temperature class having a large expanse in India. This is also vital in view of the impending climate change situation.