Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales Research Articles

Recreational Physical Activity and the Mediterranean Diet: Their Effects on Obesity-Related Body Image Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorders.

Obesity is a non-communicable disease that is associated with a number of serious physical and mental health conditions. The present study examines the effect of recreational physical activity and the Mediterranean diet on body image dissatisfaction and propensity for eating disorders. It is based on 1311 participants categorized by body mass index (BMI) into a normal ΒΜΙ group (NBG; N = 513), an overweight and obese ΒΜΙ group (OBG; N = 492), and a control group (CG; N = 309). All participants completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore), and Fitness Evaluation and Fitness Orientation subscales from the original Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the overall prediction of the variables was statistically significant. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) demonstrated the existence of significant interactions between groups and gender across a range of scales. Despite higher body image dissatisfaction in the OBG group, they maintained positive self-esteem and did not exhibit eating disorder tendencies. Notably, women reported greater dissatisfaction than men across all three groups. Our findings have practical implications for public health promotion strategies, policymaking, future research, and clinical practice. Encouraging regular exercise and adherence to the Mediterranean diet could improve body satisfaction and reduce eating disorder risk. Policymakers can advocate for community-based policies promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits.

Effects of Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis on Quality of Life, Body Image, and Spiritual Health in Lymphedema Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Lymphedema is a debilitating condition that significantly affects quality of life due to its chronic nature and visible symptoms. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) has emerged as a promising surgical intervention, yet its effects on body image and spiritual health alongside physical symptoms have not been thoroughly examined. This study evaluates the efficacy of LVA in improving symptoms, quality of life (QOL), body image, and spiritual well-being in lymphedema patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, involving 44 patients with lymphedema undergoing LVA surgery. Evaluations were made pre-surgery, one month post-surgery, and six months post-surgery using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS), and a spiritual health scale. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Significant improvements were observed in lymphedema symptoms and QOL measures at six months post-operation. SF-36 results showed enhanced scores in nearly all domains, particularly in physical functioning and role-physical. The appearance orientation scores from the MBSRQ-AS significantly increased, indicating improved perceptions in some dimensions of body image. LVA surgery significantly enhances physical and psychological outcomes in patients with lymphedema, with marked improvements in symptoms, QOL, and body image perceptions. The findings suggest that while LVA is effective in addressing the physical and psychological aspects of lymphedema, it does not impact spiritual dimensions. This underscores the need for holistic approaches in the management of lymphedema to address all facets of patient well-being.

The relationship between body image perception and eating pattern

<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Perception of body image and eating patterns in adolescents are two very important aspects of their health in their development. Body image reflects an individual's view of their physical appearance, while eating patterns refer to daily food consumption habits that can affect overall health. Adolescents, especially female students in high school (SMA), often experience pressure to meet beauty standards set by social media, peers, and other factors. Eating patterns are the most important behavior that can affect nutritional status. This is because the quantity and quality of food and beverages consumed will affect nutrient intake, thereby affecting individual and community health.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between body image perception and eating patterns among female students of Kesuma Bangsa Londut High School (SMAS).</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was done using a Body Image questionnaire based on the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) theory and a Food Frequency Questionnaire for eating patterns.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The statistical test results showed that the obtained p-value was 0.001 <0.05, indicating that H0 was accepted and Ha was rejected, meaning there is a relationship between body image and eating patterns among female students at SMAS Kesuma Bangsa Londut.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> The majority of teenage girls at SMAS Kesuma Bangsa Londut are 16 years old with negative body image, manifested in the desire to have an ideal body, while eating patterns tend to be poor with certain food consumption more than once a day such as chicken meatballs. A significant relationship was found between body image and eating patterns, where teenage girls with negative body image tend to have poor eating patterns and vice versa.</em></p>

The Correlation between Self-efficacy and Motivation on Elderly's Daily Independence

Background: Changes in body composition during adolescence can affect the self-concept of teenagers, including self-esteem and body image. Physical changes often drive teenagers to strive for an ideal appearance through various means, including make-up. Adolescents preoccupied with physical appearance tend to develop opinions and feelings about their bodies' size, shape, appearance, and abilities. This study aimed to determine the correlations between make-up dependency to self-esteem and body image among female students in the Faculty of Health Sciences at Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. Method: This study utilized a quantitative descriptive approach involving 180 female students aged 18-22, selected through random sampling. Data was collected using DeFleur's makeup dependency questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Statistical data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test (X2). Results: The results revealed that the majority of the female students; obtained a moderate level of makeup dependency, had high self-esteem, showed a positive body image, there was no significant correlation between makeup dependency and self-esteem, with a p-value of 0.764 > 0.05, and there was no significant correlation between makeup dependency and body image, with a p-value of 0.063 > 0.05. Conclusion: Both self-esteem and body image are high and positive among female students.

The Relationship Between Body Dissatisfaction and Social Anxiety in Adolescents Using Instagram Face Filter

Introduction: Dissatisfaction with the body, especially the face, is often experienced by adolescents during their development. These feelings encourage adolescents, especially women, to try to disguise their dissatisfaction by using face filters on the Instagram application. The appearance gap between the real and virtual worlds can cause anxiety when socializing. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and social anxiety of adolescent girls who use face filters on the Instagram application. Method: The type of research used is an observational analytic correlation with a cross-sectional approach with a total sample of 165 people taken through a purposive sampling technique. The level of body dissatisfaction was measured using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale with a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.866. In contrast, the level of social anxiety was measured using the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents with a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient ranging from 0.76-0.91. Results: The results of univariate analysis using frequency distribution analysis showed that the majority of respondents had moderate levels of body dissatisfaction (24.2%) and average levels of social anxiety (52.7%), while the results of bivariate analysis using Pearson Product Moment r=0.435** (p-value=0.001) showed that the higher the level of dissatisfaction with the body, the higher the value of adolescent social anxiety levels, and vice versa. Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is a relationship between body dissatisfaction and the social anxiety of adolescent girls who use face filters on the Instagram application. Providing health education to teenage users of Instagram face filters can be given to reduce body dissatisfaction and anxiety in establishing social relationships.

Age Analysis of Body Dissatisfaction Levels in Adolescent Girls Using Instagram Face Filters

Aims: Body dissatisfaction is a problem experienced by many adolescents today. Age can affect how adolescents perceive their body image. This study aimed to determine age differences in body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls who use Instagram face filters. Methods: The type of research used was descriptive, with a cross-sectional design; the researchers obtained 165 samples using the Slovin formula as respondents using a stratified random sampling technique. The level of body dissatisfaction was measured using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale. Results: The results of univariate analysis using frequency distribution analysis showed that the majority of respondents had moderate levels of body dissatisfaction (24.2%), while the results of bivariate analysis using ANOVA test p-value = 0.820 (p> 0.05) showed no difference between age and the level of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. Conclusion: There is no difference in body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls who use Instagram filters. Each age has different stages of growth and development. Analysis of differences in body dissatisfaction levels for various age groups and analysis of body dissatisfaction levels for gender differences can also be carried out for further research.

Body image perception is associated with nutritional status of adolescent girls: A cross-sectional study in Denpasar City, Bali Province, Indonesia

Background and purpose: Adolescent psychopathological conditions influence body image perception which can lead to eating disorders, resulting in nutritional and health problems The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and the nutritional status of adolescent girls. Methods: This is a quantitative observational study using a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at SMP Negeri 8 Denpasar and SMP Raj Yamuna in 2022 involving 90 students. Data collected included characteristics, body image perception, eating disorders, weight, and height. Data collection instruments included questionnaire, Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) for body image perception, anthropometric measurement tools and the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS). The data was analysed including descriptive analysis and Chi-square test. Results: The respondents were aged between 12–15 years, with the highest proportion was age 13 years at 42.2%. The majority of adolescent girls (44.8%) were in grade VIII. More than half (54.4%) tend to have a positive body image perception, whilst the majority experienced eating disorders at 86.7%, and had normal nutritional status at 75.6%. Body image perception associated with nutritional status of adolescent girls (OR=4.587; 95%CI: 1.589-13.237; p=0.003). Conclusion: Body image perception is related to the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Denpasar. Therefore, peer counselors are needed to improve adolescent communication, including promoting nutritional action messages through appealing social media approaches. Then, interventions at school are also needed including to define the role of peer supports.

SAT373 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Show Body Image Concerns Are Significantly Higher in Women and Individuals With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Disclosure: P. Kempegowda: None. K. Malhotra: None. H. Khalil: None. M. Davitadze: None. C. Tay: None. A. Mousa: None. P. Team: None. H.J. Teede: None. L. Brennan: None. E. Stener-Victorin: None. Background: While several studies have established the increased prevalence of depression and anxiety among those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the association between PCOS and body image remains unclear. These body image concerns can lead to Body Dysmorphic Disorder (a mental health condition where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance) and/or also predispose to eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. Objective: To assess differences in body image concerns among women and individuals with and without PCOS in the context of updating International Guidelines in PCOS. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was completed with a registered protocol a priori on the National Institute of Health Research Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (CRD42021272367). Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycInfo, PUBMED, Web-of-Science Core Collection, and CENTRAL) were searched through July 2022. Outcome measures included validated questionnaires reporting on body dysmorphic disorders. Methodological quality was assessed by GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) system. Meta-analyses were performed using the inverse variance method, based on random- or fixed-effects models (Review Manager, Version 5). For dichotomous outcomes, we estimated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using fixed-effects models. For continuous outcomes, we estimated the weighted mean difference in scores with 95% confidence interval if the mean and SD of the outcomes were presented in the original article. Results: A total of 918 women with PCOS and 865 women without PCOS from nine studies were included, with sample sizes ranging from 33 to 201 for those with PCOS and from 22 to 225 for those without PCOS. Meta-analysis of three studies using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) showed those with PCOS reported worse on appearance evaluation and appearance orientation compared to those without PCOS (MD= -0.78, I2=0%, p<0.00001 and MD= 0.22, I2=54%, p=0.004, respectively). Meta-analysis of two studies showed higher overweight preoccupation, body areas satisfaction, and body weight classification on MBSRQ-AS subscales in those with PCOS compared to those without (all p<0.001). Meta-analysis of two studies using Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) showed significantly lower scores for the weight subscale in those with PCOS, compared to those without, whereas differences in the BESAA appearance and attribution subscales were not statistically significant between the two groups (p=0.03 vs p=0.73 and p=0.36, respectively). Conclusion: Those with PCOS experience greater body image concerns emphasising importance of awareness in clinical care of PCOS. Further studies are needed to identify drivers and mitigating factors. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Differences in Perceptual and Attitudinal Body Image Between White and African-American Adults Matched for Sex, Age, and Body Composition.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in perceptual and attitudinal body image between White and African-American males and females matched for sex, age, BMI, and other body composition components using a combination of 3-dimensional mobile digital imaging analysis (DIA) and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). One-hundred non-Hispanic White (n=50) and non-Hispanic African-American (n=50) adults (M=34, F=66) matched for sex, age, BMI, and body composition components completed this cross-sectional study. Participants underwent several anthropometric assessments, completed the MBSRQ-AS, and rated their perceived appearance, ideal appearance, and the appearance they believed a partner would find societally attractive using a state of the art mobile 3-dimensional DIA produced using broad developmental populations. Body image distortion was measured as the perceived minus actual appearance, and body image dissatisfaction was defined as the ideal appearance and appearance a partner would find attractive minus the perceived appearance. Using the DIA, only African-American females demonstrated significant body image distortion (p<0.001); reporting perceived appearances significantly lower their than their actual. Further, AA females demonstrated significantly larger differences between their ideal and perceived appearance (p=0.009), perceived larger bodies as more attractive to a potential partner (p=0.009), and reported higher ratings of appearance evaluation (p=0.001) and body area satisfaction (p=0.011) compared to White females. After accounting for all anthropometric determinants of body image, perceptual and attitudinal body image differs between White and African-American adults with differences supporting larger body size acceptance for African-American individuals, particularly African-American females.

Assessing and understanding body image and body satisfaction in gay and bisexual men through objectification theory

Body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of Objectification Theory are researched and often discussed in terms of cisgender women. Research that mentions body image in the gay and bisexual community concludes that there is either a small percentage of gay and bisexual men that experience body dissatisfaction or that gay and bisexual men have higher rates of body satisfaction than cisgender women. This study, firstly, aims to assess body image and satisfaction in the understudied gay community. Then, it aims to develop an understanding of gay men’s narratives of body image and body dissatisfaction. Using a unique survey composed of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) and the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), a total of 387 surveys, including 158 cisgender women and 179 gay and bisexual men, were collected. Upon initial observation, gay and bisexual men have greater body satisfaction than cisgender women. However, when grouped by age, gay and bisexual men aged 16-25 have a higher body dissatisfaction than cisgender women and have higher body dissatisfaction than the other age groups of gay and bisexual men. These results start the conversations that experiences that are considered traditionally feminine can affect masculine individuals.

Validation of a Novel Perceptual Body Image Assessment Method Using Mobile Digital Imaging Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Evaluation in a Multiethnic Sample

Given that mobile digital imaging analyses (DIA) are equipped to automate body composition and subsequently alter one’s appearance at a given objective body fat percent (BF%), the purpose of this study was to validate the use of this tool for assessments of body image. Participants (f = 134, m = 89) from two separate centers underwent body composition scans using a mobile DIA and completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Using a DIA-generated avatar, participants altered their figure so that it represented their perceived body, ideal body, and what a partner would find attractive. Distortion was calculated as perceived minus actual BF% and dissatisfaction was calculated as either ideal or partner minus perceived BF%. The total sample and females (p < 0.050), but not males, had significantly lower perceived BF% compared to their actual. Ideal and partner BF% was significantly lower than the perceived BF% for all groups (all p < 0.050). Ideal and partner BF% mean differences (MD) from perceived were positively associated with appearance evaluation (AE) and body area satisfaction (BAS) and negatively associated with overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight for the total sample (all p < 0.050). PerceivedMD demonstrated negative associations with AE and BAS (p < 0.050), but only for females when separated by sex. Perceptual body image measured by DIA is significantly associated with attitudinal body image and may allow practitioners to better quantify this growing issue.

The Associations of Body Mass Index, Body Image, Perceived Stress, and Mental Health among Female Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan.

Maintaining a healthy caloric intake and expenditure balance is challenging. The preliminary study examined (a) the associations of Body Mass Index (BMI), body image, perceived stress, mental health, dietary habits, and exercise participation among 310 female college nursing students and (b) the differences in these factors among BMI subgroups. The cutoffs for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were <18.5 kg/m2, ≥18.5 but <23 kg/m2, ≥23 but <25 kg/m2, and ≥25 kg/m2, respectively. The survey used Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Because of a non-normal distribution, non-parametric statistics were used. The study found that BMI correlated with body image. The lower the BMI, the higher the satisfactory score the participants rated. BMI was irrelated to diet, exercise, stress, and mental health. The participants were unlikely to eat under stress and negative moods. The underweight group (17.1%) had the highest satisfactory score on their appearance evaluation. There was no difference between the overweight (14.2%) and obese (11.0%) groups. Meanwhile, the median of perceived stress was 18 and the prevalence of mental disturbance was 45.2% based on the CHQ. Underweight, overweight, obesity, high perceived stress, and poor mental health among nursing students warrant attention. Nurse educators should strengthen their coping strategies and provide support. A longitudinal study may consider incorporating coping strategies into the study design.

Body image concerns in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To assess differences in body image concerns among women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsychInfo, PUBMED, Web-of-Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials [CENTRAL]) were searched from inception through July 2022. Outcome measures included validated questionnaires reporting on body image concerns. Methodological quality was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) system, and included studies were assessed for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using the inverse variance method based on random or fixed effects models (Review Manager, Version 5). A total of 918 women with PCOS and 865 women without PCOS from 9 studies were included. Meta-analysis of 3 studies using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) showed those with PCOS reported higher dissatisfaction with appearance evaluation and appearance orientation compared to those without PCOS (mean difference [MD] = -0.78, I2 = 0%, P < .00001, and MD = 0.22, I2 = 54%, P = .004, respectively). Meta-analysis of 2 studies showed higher dissatisfaction with overweight preoccupation, lower body area satisfaction, and body weight classification on MBSRQ-AS subscales in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (all P < .001). Meta-analysis of 2 studies using the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) showed significantly lower scores for the weight subscale in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (P = .03). Those with PCOS experience more significant body image concerns, emphasising the importance of awareness in the clinical care of PCOS. Considering the limited evidence, further studies are warranted to identify drivers and mitigating factors.

THE EFFECT OF BODY DISSATISFACTION ON DISORDERED EATING ATTITUDES: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF NEGATIVE AFFECTS IN ADOLESCENTS

Body dissatisfaction is considered as the most primitive risk factor for developing eating disturbances. Despite the fact that body dissatisfaction is also found in normative population as well, making sense out of it this study aimed to determined the interacting variables which possibly influence the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating pathology. The study aimed to explored the following mediators: social anxiety and depression and the effects they had on disturbed eating attitudes among individuals with body dissatisfaction. A total of 300 students were approached aged 15-20 years (mean age = 17.23 years, SD = 1.42 years) who completed the Body Area Satisfaction Subscale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scales, Social Anxiety subscale of self consciousness scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Eating, Attitudes Test-26. Based on the research findings, the serial-multiple mediation of social anxiety and depression in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disturbed eating attitudes was found to be statistically significant. Study findings highlights how body dissatisfaction and eating pathology are linked and what the fundamental mediators are in the chain. Adolescents with disturbed eating, along with the body image issues fear of negative evaluation and negative affects should also acknowledged by the mental health practitioner in order to design effective treatment plans.

Interpersonal Attachment Styles and Body Dysmorphic Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: The Mediating Role of Body Image.

Body dysmorphic symptoms are one of the most common problems in adolescent girls. The experience of security or insecurity in childhood attachment can be one of the most important fundamental factors affecting the body image and, consequently, body dysmorphic symptoms. However, the mediator role of the body image in the relationship between body dysmorphic and interpersonal attachment styles has not been studied in previous researches. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of body image in the relationship between interpersonal attachment styles and body dysmorphic symptoms. In a cross-sectional research, 250 adolescent girls from Baqer al-Uloom School in Tabriz, were selected by convenient sampling method. Then, The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS), Body Dysmorphic Metacognitive Questionnaire (BDMCQ) and Collins and Reid's Attachment Styles Scale (RAAS) were used to data collection. The findings showed ambivalent attachment style was positively related to body image (β=-0.91, p<0.01) The direct effect of ambivalent attachment style on body dysmorphic symptom is significant (β=0.76, p<0.01). The pathway between body image and body dysmorphic symptom is negatively significant (β= -0.75, p<0.01). Also, the hypothesized model has an acceptable goodness-of-fit. Based on the results, it can be said that in interventions, it is necessary to pay attention to the important role of interpersonal attachment styles and body image in body dysmorphic symptoms.

Harga Diri dan Kebersyukuran Sebagai Prediktor Citra Tubuh pada Remaja Perempuan Penggemar K-pop

Usually, teenagers want to have a body that suits the beauty standard established by the media and society, which causes bad body image. There are several factors that can affect someone’s body image, two of them are self-esteem and gratitude. The aim of this research is to find out whether self-esteem and gratitude can predict body image on K-pop teenage fangirl or not. The hypothesis proposed in this research is self-esteem and gratitude could predict body image on K-pop teens fan girl, who often see idols as a benchmark for ideal body type. This research uses a quantitative approach, respondents involved in this research amounted to 607 K-pop teenage fan girl. The measuring instrument used in this research are Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) by Cash dan Pruzinsky (2002), State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) by Heatherton dan Polivy (1991) and Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) by McCullough et al. (2002). The result of this research indicates confirm with the proposed hypothesis, that self-esteem and gratitude could predict body image on K-pop teens fangirl. It shows that the values of R = .264 with a significance of p = .000 (p &lt; .05) and value of R2 = .070, which shows that self-esteem and gratitude, together, can affect body image by 7% .

Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) in Chilean Youth.

The aim of this study is to analyze the factorial structure of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) to determine the adjustment of the study structure proposed in the Spanish short version in a young, non-clinical Chilean population and to evaluate the possible influence of sex, age, and BMI on body image measurement. The sample consisted of 614 Chilean youth (259 male and 355 female) between 15 and 28 years old (M = 18.81; SE = 2.46), from the Metropolitan Region, and four regions of the coast and south-central zone of the country. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.5 kg/m2 (SD = 3.16). The model fit was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (WLSMV) using the following: a model with a single general factor, a model with the five factors of the original version, a five-factor ESEM model, and a MIMIC model analyzed including sex, age, and BMI. The results show that the MIMIC sex, age, and BMI model presents an acceptable fit, observing that four factors, Appearance Orientation (AO), Body Areas Satisfaction (BAS), Overweight Preoccupation (OP), and Self-Classification Weight (SCW), are affected significantly for the sex variable, one for age, Appearance Evaluation (AE), and four for BMI (AE, BAS, OP, and SCW). In conclusion, MBSRQ-AS replicates the five-dimensional structure in a non-clinical sample of young Chileans; however, their scores are not invariant as they depend on sex, age, and BMI.

The Role of Cognitive Distortions in Young Women’s Body Image Perception

The analysis of modern psychological research and the practice of psychological assistance indicates the relevance of the problem of body image, especially for girls and young women. Therewith, most of the available papers focus on the study of the body image of adolescent girls, which makes it necessary to clarify the predictors of body image in other age periods. The purpose of the study is to highlight the results of a theoretical and empirical study of the role of cognitive distortions in the perception of the body image of adolescent girls. The methodological basis of the research was T. Cash’s cognitive-behavioural concept of understanding body image, the interpretation of psychological mindedness by H. Conte, and A. Freeman’s theory of cognitive errors. The role of various factors in the perception of body image is considered: 1) cognitive distortions as one of the predictors of an irrational strategy of human behaviour and thinking; 2) interest in one’s own personality and understanding of one’s own experiences as a factor of full self-acceptance. A Multidimensional Body-Self Relations QuestionnaireAppearance Scales by T. Cash, Cognitive error questionnaire by A. Freeman and R. DeWolf, psychological mindedness scale by H. Conte, and the author’s questionnaire were used. The study confirmed the influence of social stereotypes on the perception of young women’s own body image. In particular, it is identified that a substantial number of respondents (78.3%) emphasise the existence of social standards and express a desire to lose weight or change the shape of their bodies. It was determined that 71% of respondents have a normal body weight, which does not require changes in terms of health. Correlation analysis showed weak to moderate associations between women’s psychological mindedness indicators and how they perceive their own bodies. A comparison of groups of women who expressed a desire to change their own bodies with women who did not have such a desire identified substantial differences between these groups in the severity of cognitive distortions, such as catastrophisation (p ≤ 0.01) and trust in criticism (p ≤ 0.05). The use of regression analysis confirmed the substantial impact of catastrophisation on how respondents perceive their own body image. There is also a moderate association between catastrophisation and the desire and willingness to discuss their own experiences, which should be considered when creating methods of psychological assistance for women with an irrational perception of their own body image

Existential Factors’ Impact on Body Dissatisfaction: An Empirical Study of Greek Adolescents and Adults

The role of body dissatisfaction as a key factor in the development of eating disorders has been continuously attracting the attention of researchers in the field of Psychology. Preliminary research has shown that some existential factors have significant impact on body dissatisfaction. This study investigated whether and in which way Body Dissatisfaction is associated with Existential Anxiety, Meaning in Life, and Satisfaction with Life. Hypotheses developed concern the significance of relation between Body Dissatisfaction and Existential factors, differences between sexes regarding body image, predictive models for Body Dissatisfaction including the interactive effect of Age and Sex. Empirical results have been derived from a sample of 799 adolescent and adult participants from the general population in Greece, reporting on five well-known questionnaires - Body Shape Questionnaire - 8C, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales, Existential Anxiety Questionnaire, Meaning in Life Questionnaire and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results indicated significant relations of Body Dissatisfaction variables with Existential Anxiety and Search for Meaning in Life. Explanatory models predicting Body Dissatisfaction were identified, which also showed that changes in Body Shape Dissatisfaction over Age were not differentiated by Sex, while changes in Overweight Preoccupation over Age were affected by Sex. The current study provides evidence that existential issues have an impact on Body Dissatisfaction; revealing a new perspective that could be integrated in counselling practice for better understanding of eating disorders, and consequently enrich and deepen the counselling process.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL COMPARISON ON FEMALE MODELS BODY IMAGE

Being female models are identical to have an attractive physical appearance such as a tall, thin and clean white skin, which this makes the models focus on their physical appearance. Furthermore, models have a tendency to compare themselves with others in order to fulfill the demands of the modeling industry. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of social comparison on body image in the female model. The sample of this research is 275 female models with an age range of 18-30 years who are in Jakarta and are members of a modeling agency. Data were collected using social comparison and body image measurement tools. Social comparison was measured using Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) and body image measured using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scales (MBSRQ–AS). The results of this study prove that social comparison has a significant effect on the body image of female models in Jakarta. The effective contribution of social comparison to body image is 46.3%. The Implications of the research could be the baseline for women's empowerment institutions in increasing knowledge for women so that they are able to accept their physical appearance as it is. Specifically, this research is actually a reflection for all model agencies in terms of represent beauty to people through products or brand.