Multicomponent Alloy Systems Research Articles

Significantly enhanced mechanical properties of NiCoV medium-entropy alloy via precipitation engineering

Precipitation engineering is one of the most effective means to enhance the strength of an alloy, which essentially requires precipitates with certain deformability, fine size, and uniform distribution. However, for multicomponent alloy systems, the chemical complexity poses significant difficulties in applying this strengthening method due to the diversity and brittleness of the potential precipitate phases. In this work, we demonstrated the precipitation engineering in a chemically complex prototype alloy NiCoV. Specifically, formation of detrimental σ, μ and Heusler phases was avoided by reducing the V content, and a two-step short-term annealing was designed to trigger homogeneous κ nucleation while inhibiting its rapid coarsening. It is found that both grain and phase boundaries can trap V atoms, which not only pins these interfaces but also hinders the V partitioning needed for κ growth. Consequently, we achieved an ultrafine κ/γ architecture in the NiCoV0.9 alloy, which surprisingly exhibited an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.6 GPa and a total work-hardening amount of 219 MPa. Our analysis indicates that the hetero-deformation induced (HDI) stress is mainly responsible for the high strength, while the coherent nature of phase boundaries and decent deformability of κ alleviate stress concentration, giving rise to the pronounced work-hardening. Our work highlights the importance of suitable phase selection and delicate substructure tailoring in precipitation engineering, with key findings also useful for enhancing overall mechanical properties in other multicomponent alloys.

Excellent radiation resistance via enforced local non-directional He diffusion in a WTaCrV multicomponent alloy containing coherent ordered nanoprecipitates

We design and investigate a W15Ta15Cr35V35 (at.%) multicomponent alloy (MCA) with exceptional radiation resistance. The sintered WTaCrV alloy exhibits a body-centered cubic (BCC) matrix with dispersed coherent ordered nanoprecipitates. After ∼3-hour irradiation under 400 keV He+ at room temperature (RT) and 450 °C with a fluence of 2 × 1017 ions/cm2, the irradiation hardening values of the MCA are about a quarter of those of pure tungsten counterparts irradiated at identical conditions. Besides, helium bubbles generated in the irradiated matrix of the MCA are much smaller, compared with those in the pure tungsten and other tungsten-rich alloys previously reported. The exceptional radiation resistance of the present WTaCrV alloy can be mainly attributed to two synergistic mechanisms. First, the high lattice distortion of the solid solution matrix promotes the local non-directional diffusion of irradiation defects, effectively suppressing the aggregation of irradiation defects and helium atoms along specific orientations. This facilitates more uniform nucleation of helium bubbles in the alloy matrix. Second, carbon was introduced during fast hot pressing sintering as interstitial solute to form carbon-rich coherent ordered nanoprecipitates. The carbon-vacancy complexes generated in the nanoprecipitates inhibit the nucleation and aggregation of helium atoms at the vacancies during He+ irradiation. The above two mechanisms synergistically enhance the resistance against He+ irradiation. This work thus demonstrates a design strategy for high radiation resistance alloys by introducing well-tuned ordered coherent nanoprecipitates in multicomponent alloy systems.

A Unified Extrapolation thermodynamic model for multicomponent solutions based on binary data

Predicting the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent solution based on binary data is highly desirable. However, traditional methods face many challenges in practical applications due to the unclear mechanisms for obtaining the molar composition of sub-binary terms. In this article, a new extrapolation model is suggested, which derived from the assumption of the Kohler model. It determines the molar composition points of each sub-binary system through a clear mechanism by introducing the contribution coefficient, defined by the property differences between two components. Moreover, the new model can mathematically obtain all potential molar composition points of sub-binary systems. Additionally, a simple and effective method for calculating the property difference between two components is recommended. The performance of this new extrapolation model is demonstrated in several multicomponent alloy systems with different properties.

Binary ZnY porous materials through integrated high-throughput approach

Porous materials, characterized by their important applications in catalysis, energy storage, and conversion, are predominantly derived from binary alloy systems due to the compositional complexity and the limited availability of phase diagrams for multi-component alloys. In this work, supergravity-induced solidification, a high-throughput approach, is employed to construct ternary MgZnY combinatorial libraries in a near-equilibrium state. This method utilizes the differences in densities and melting points among metal phases, where denser phases with higher melting points solidify and migrate towards the bottom, while lighter phases precipitate successively as the temperature decreases, resulting in samples with compositional and structural gradients along the centrifugal direction. Subsequently, a high-throughput vapor phase dealloying technique is developed based on the above bulk gradient samples, selectively volatilizing elements with high saturated vapor pressures and leaving behind residual elements that evolve into porous structures. Through the integrated high-throughput approach, we have successfully identified multiple precursor alloys capable of constructing intermetallic nanoporous Zn2Y1 (atomic percentage, at.%) with diverse morphologies. Furthermore, we have meticulously fabricated several alloys using the aforementioned high-throughput techniques. These alloys demonstrate consistent nanoporous compositions, underscoring the efficacy of our high-throughput approaches. This integrated high-throughput method significantly simplifies the exploration and development of porous materials, offering an innovative route to exploit the capabilities of multi-component alloy systems in a broad range of applications.

Development and characterization of Zn[sbnd]xCu[sbnd]yTi[sbnd]zMo alloys for biomedical applications: A high-throughput gradient continuous casting approach

The limited mechanical properties of pure Zn, such as its low strength and ductility, hinder its application as a material for biodegradable implants. Addressing this challenge, the current study focuses on the development of biodegradable Zn-based alloys, employing innovative alloy design and processing strategies. Here, alloys with compositions ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 weight percent (wt%) Cu, 1.22 to 1.80 wt% Ti, and 0.04 to 0.06 wt% Mo were produced utilizing a high-throughput gradient continuous casting process. This study highlights three specific alloys: Zn1.82Cu0.10Ti0.05Mo (HR8), Zn0.08Cu1.86Ti0Mo (HR7), and Zn1.26Cu0.13Ti0.06Mo (HR6), which were extensively evaluated for their microstructure, mechanical properties, electrochemical performance, potential as bioimplants, and cytotoxicity. These alloys were found to exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, optimal degradation rates, and superior biocompatibility, evidenced by in-vivo experiments with SD rats, positioning them as promising candidates for medical implants. This research not only introduces a significant advancement in biodegradable alloy development but also proposes an efficient method for their production, marking a pivotal step forward in biomedical engineering. Statement of significanceThe limited mechanical properties of pure Zn have hindered its application in biodegradable implants. Our research primarily focuses on the alloy design and process strategies of biodegradable Zn-based alloys. We explore the ZnCuxTixMox alloys. This study introduces a high-throughput experimental approach for efficient screening of multi-component alloy systems with optimal properties. The ZnCuxTixMox alloys were designed and processed through gradient continuous casting, followed by homogenization and hot rolling. Our findings indicate that the Zn1.82Cu0.10Ti0.05Mo alloy demonstrates superior tensile, mechanical, and corrosion properties post hot rolling. The study suggests that Zn0.13Cu1.26Ti0.06Mo, Zn0.08Cu1.86Ti0Mo, and Zn1.82Cu0.10Ti0.05Mo alloys hold significant potential as biodegradable materials.

Numerical study of two operator splitting localized radial basis function method for Allen–Cahn problem

In this article, we will explore the numerical simulation of the Allen–Cahn equation and provide effective combination methods to efficiently solve it. The Allen–Cahn equation, an equation of mathematical physics, represents a singularly perturbed reaction–diffusion phenomenon that elucidates the phase separation mechanism occurring in multi-component alloy systems. Finding a numerical solution for the Allen–Cahn equation presents a difficult challenge for computational science and engineering researchers. To solve the Allen–Cahn equation, we will use Lie–Trotter’s and Strang’s splitting techniques combined with the radial basis function partition of unity method. We will discretize the problem’s spatial domain using the classical and direct RBF-PU methods. We will also provide suitable theorems for analytical support of the presented numerical methods. We will provide several numerical examples which include examples with exact solutions to check the accuracy and efficiency of the method and examples in the field of phase transition to demonstrate the adaptability, performance, and efficiency of the proposed method.

Solute Effects on Growth Restriction in Dilute Ferrous Alloys

The effect of dilute solute additions on growth restriction in binary ferrous alloys has been assessed by means of the heuristic growth restriction parameter (β) modelling framework (Fan et al. in Acta Mater. 152, 248–257, 2018). The CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) methodology (Kaufman and Bernstein in Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, 1970) has been used to calculate β values from the liquidus slope m and the equilibrium distribution coefficient k values, at first approximation, in conjunction with the liquid-to-solid fraction to obtain true β values. Critical solute concentrations, below which solidification becomes partitionless, have also been calculated. Among 23 dilute binary ferrous alloy systems investigated, the five most efficient solutes on grain refinement are B, Y, O, S and C. A negative correlation, or inverse relationship, was observed between the true β values and the grain size values obtained from a study on experimental multicomponent dilute ferrous alloy systems (Li et al. in Metall. Mater. Trans. A 49 A, 2235–2247, 2018).

Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High-Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self-Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects.

Grain growth is prevalent in nanocrystalline (NC) materials at low homologous temperatures. Solute element addition is used to offset excess energy that drives coarsening at grain boundaries (GBs), albeit mostly for simple binary alloys. This thermodynamic approach is considered complicated in multi-component alloy systems due to complex pairwise interactions among alloying elements. Guided by empirical and GB-segregation enthalpy considerations for binary-alloy systems, a novel alloy design strategy, the "pseudo-binary thermodynamic" approach, for stabilizing NC-high entropy alloys (HEAs) and other multi-component-alloy variants is proposed. Using Al25Co25Cr25Fe25 as a model-HEA to validate this approach, Zr, Sc, and Hf, are identified as the preferred solutes that would segregate to HEA-GBs to stabilize it against growth. Using Zr, NC-Al25Co25Cr25Fe25 HEAs with minor additions of Zr are synthesized, followed by annealing up to 1123K. Using advanced characterization techniques- in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), and atom probe tomography, nanograin stability due to coupling self-stabilization and solute-GB segregation effects is reported in HEAs up to substantially high temperatures. The self-stabilization effect originates from the preferential GB-segregation of constituent HEA-elements that stabilizes NC-Al25Co25Cr25Fe25 up to 0.5Tm (Tm-melting temperature). Meanwhile, solute-GB segregation originates from Zr segregation to NC-Al25Co25Cr25Fe25 GBs; this results in further stabilization of the phase and grain-size (≈14nm) up to ≈0.58 and ≈0.64Tm, respectively.

Numerical Solution of Cahn-Allen Equations by Wavelet Based Lifting Schemes

The Cahn-Allen equation is a reaction-diffusion equation of mathematical physics that describes the process of phase separation in multi-component alloy systems and order-disorder transitions. This paper presented a numerical solution of Cahn-Allen equations by Lifting scheme using different wavelet filter coefficients. The numerical results obtained using this scheme are compared with the exact solution to demonstrate the accuracy and fast convergence in less computational time than the existing scheme. Some problems are taken to show the validity and applicability of the scheme.

Understanding the sintering behavior of AlCrFeNiTi high entropy alloy via phase field modeling illustration

In this study, a computational approach is employed to understand the densification behavior of a multi-component alloy system during the sintering process by generating a phase field modeling image. First, a single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) AlCrFeNiTi high entropy alloy (HEA) is prepared via a mechanical alloying (MA) route, and the powder-processed HEA is shown to exhibit dual BCC phases after spark plasma sintering (SPS). Then, phase field modeling (PFM) is used to generate a generalized image and to understand densification behavior during the sintering process. The results indicate that bulk and grain-boundary diffusion take place during the early stage and grain growth of the powder particles starts when the particles interact with their adjacent grains. Subsequently, in the final sintering stage point contacts and necking were observed. This understanding has been presented based on the phase field simulation to explore the different stages of the sintering during the processing.

Response of partitioning to cooling rate for different solutes in aluminum alloys

It is commonly recognized that the cooling rate has a substantial effect on solute partitioning and its resultant microsegregation during solidification. The classical dendrite tip undercooling theory clarifies the mitigation of microsegregation by increasing the cooling rate. However, most of the studies focused on binary alloys, leaving an open question as to whether the microsegregation of different solutes in a multi-component alloy system exhibits a relieving degree similar to increasing cooling rate. Taking a widely used 6022-type Al alloy (Al-0.76Mg-0.93Si-0.2Fe) as a model alloy, the current study reveals that the microsegregation of Mg gets alleviated to the greatest extent, followed by those of Si and Fe when the cooling rate increases from 5 to 128 K/s. This phenomenon is attributed to the solute-based difference in response to partitioning to cooling rate (denoted as Rk). We propose a theoretical equation to quantify Rk, and the Rk values of solute Mg, Si, and Fe successfully explain the rank of solute partitioning in experiments. Furthermore, a broad range of Rk values of other commonly used alloying elements in Al alloys were calculated and ranked, delivering a handy tool to predict the microsegregation behavior and solubility of different solute elements upon sub-rapid solidification, which is consistent with experimental observation. This framework can also be extended to other multi-component alloy systems.

Mass Production and Vast Application States of Bulk Metallic Glasses

Since the first synthesis of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) by copper mold casting in 1990, much effort has been devoted to the searching of new BMG composition, the clarification of fundamental and engineering properties for BMGs and their industrialization. At present, BMGs have been formed in a large number of multicomponent alloy systems where the empirical three component rule is satisfied. Nowadays, commercialized BMGs are classified to Zr-based and Fe-based alloy groups. When we look at the industrialization of Zr-Al-Ni-Cu-based BMGs, the first commercialization was made for golf clubs in Japan in 1998, followed by watch parts etc. Since then, Zr-based BMGs have been used continuously up to 2013, though their application scale was in a limited state. Since 2014, the application scale was significantly extended in collaboration with the rapid developments of smartphones and electric vehicles. At present, the mass production facilities for Zr-based BMGs have been significantly developed and variety of BMG products have been produced. On the other hand, Fe-based soft magnetic BMGs were found in 1995. Their BMGs have also been used on a huge number of pieces in various kinds of electronic-magnetic instruments. These recent application states for Zr- and Fe-based BMGs are introduced together with new nanocrystalline Fe-based soft magnetic alloys developed through the derivation of alloy composition from Fe-based BMGs.

Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Surface Tension and Viscosity of Liquid Quaternary Alloys: The Ti-Al-Cr-Nb System

Surface tension and viscosity of complex Ti-based industrial alloys are important for simulation of liquid assisted industrial processes such as casting, joining, crystal growth and infiltration. Modelling of the interface and mass transport during liquid-solid phase transition requires reliable surface tension and viscosity data. Therefore, to obtain accurate predictions of microstructural evolution during solidification related processes, only reliable input data are necessary. In the case of liquid Ti-Al alloys, the experimental difficulties related to high temperature measurements and reactivity of these alloys with supporting materials or containers as well as inevitable presence of oxygen may lead to data gaps including a complete lack of property data. An alternative for container-based methods are containerless processing techniques that offer a significant accuracy improvement and / or make possible to measure temperature and composition dependent thermophysical properties of metallic melts, as in the case of the Ti-Al-Cr-Nb system. Advanced mathematical models and computer simulations, developed in several theoretical frameworks, can be used to compensate the missing data; on the other side, for the validation of theoretical models, the experimental data are used. In the present work, an evaluation of the surface tension and viscosity of liquid Ti-Al-Cr-Nb alloys by means of the predictive models and a comparison to the available experimental data were done. The proposed methodology is a tool to assess the reliability of thermophysical properties data of multicomponent alloy systems.

Unveiling microstructural evolution and enhanced wear resistance of Co37Cr28Ni31Al2Ti2 multicomponent alloy via high-carbon addition

As a representative multicomponent alloy (MA) system, CoCrNi MAs and their derivatives have shown good strength-ductility combinations but the friction behaviors have been less studied. In this work, the influence of high-carbon addition on the microstructure, (nano)hardness, and wear behavior of the Co37Cr28Ni31Al2Ti2 MA are investigated in detail. Different from the face-centered-cubic (FCC) solid solution and ordered L12 precipitates in the base alloy, massive orthorhombic (Cr,Co,Ni)7C3 and FCC (Cr0.2Ti0.8)C particles together with some long-strip-shaped graphite-3R crystals appear in the L12-strengthened FCC matrix for the high-carbon-bearing sample, resulting in an enhancement of hardness from 292 ± 11 HV to 581 ± 29 HV. Moreover, the wear rates (WRs) and the friction coefficients (COFs) under dry sliding conditions for the base alloy are measured to be ∼9.55 × 10−5 mm3/N∙m and ∼0.6, and ∼6.02 × 10−4 mm3/N∙m and ∼0.8, respectively, at loads of 2 N and 10 N. After adding carbon, the wear resistance is significantly improved (average WR: ∼2.81 × 10−6 mm3/N∙m and ∼1.89 × 10−5 mm3/N∙m; average COF: ∼0.5 and ∼0.7 at loads of 2 N and 10 N). This improvement surpasses similar compositions prepared by casting and is comparable to surface-treated MAs. During friction and wear experiments, the fracture and detachment of hard carbides introduce additional abrasive particles into the tribosystem, resulting in a transformation from adhesive wear-dominated to abrasive wear-dominated. The wear resistance enhancement and friction mechanism transformation are further evidenced by the surface morphologies of the alumina counterbody materials after friction. The present findings indicate that the in-situ formation of carbides should be a promising strategy to enhance the wear resistance of MAs.

Efficient medium entropy alloy thin films as bifunctional electrodes for electrocatalytic water splitting

The development of high-performance, robust, and economical bifunctional electrode materials for efficient H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER and OER) in water splitting is one of the fundamental aspects of the ever-growing H2 research. In this regard, high and medium entropy alloy systems exhibit great potential in cost-to-performance trade-off as bifunctional electrodes. In particular, the richness in mixing various elements with different hydrogen bonding abilities brings the possibility to tune the catalytic properties that aim for high HER/OER efficiency. In this regard, CoNiCr and CoNiV systems are highly promising model systems with only 3 elements and low hydrogen diffusivity. Also, excellent corrosion resistance in acidic/alkaline environments and high conductivity, and simple crystal structure make these materials very auspicious candidates for HER/OER studies. Here, we have evaluated the electrocatalytic performance of the medium entropy alloy system NiCo(Cr/V) for water splitting. For our investigations, thin films of three compositions namely, NiCoCr, NiCoV, and NiCo(Cr/V) were fabricated using magnetron sputtering. In particular, the NiCo(CrV) (thickness: 1 μm) demonstrates excellent performance with overpotentials of 87 and 320 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel slopes of 96 and 69 mV/dec towards HER and OER, respectively in 1 M KOH solution. Our findings suggest that the higher HER catalytic activity originates from the synergistic effects of the multicomponent alloy system in single-phase, while the higher OER activity comes from the multicomponent functional oxides of NiCo(CrV) generated on the surface during CV activation. An alkaline electrolysis cell with NiCo(CrV) as bifunctional electrode requires only 1.58 V to maintain 10 mA/cm2, with outstanding electrochemical stability with no compositional reorganization after long-term durability tests.

Microstructural, mechanical and thermodynamic properties ınvestigation of the novel rare earth-free multicomponent Mg-15Al-8Ca-3Zn-2Ba alloy

There has been a significant increase in research and development efforts to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly magnesium (Mg) alloys. Studies are currently exploring various alloying element combinations to meet demanding specifications. In this study, it was aimed to examine the usability of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) elements together with barium (Ba), and to investigate the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the obtained multicomponent alloy system. SEM and hardness tests were used to examine the microstructural and mechanical features of Mg alloys. In the SEM analysis, the alloy was determined to consist of an ?-Mg matrix, a blocky compact structure containing Ba (Mg17Ba2), a regional eutectic structure (Ca2Mg6Zn3), and independently growing lamellae (Al2Ca). The general hardness analysis results of the alloy, measured with Brinell and Vickers tests, were determined to be ~77 and ~82, respectively. The indentation test also revealed that stress transfer to the Al2Ca laves phase is possible, depending on the orientation of the slip plane between the matrix and the Al2Ca phase. It was also observed that cracks developed in the indentation test on the Mg17Ba2 intermetallic phase were only formed in the high-stress regions of the structure, and their propagation was limited. According to thermodynamic analysis, the ?Hmix value is -2.73 kJ/mol, the ?Smix value is 5.95 J/molK, the ? value is 34%, the ?? value is 0.14, and the ? value is 2.03. The obtained thermodynamic data were found to be compatible with the microstructural development of the alloy.

Concentration dependence of the crystal nucleation kinetics in undercooled Cu-Ge melts.

The crystallization temperature of deeply undercooled Cu-Ge alloy melts is repeatedly measured. A statistical analysis is applied on the undercooling distributions obtained from nine different compositions, ranging from the pure semimetal (Ge) to the pure metal (Cu). By considering each undercooling distribution as an inhomogeneous Poisson process, the nucleation rates for every composition are calculated. The Thompson-Spaepen model for homogeneous nucleation in binary alloys is applied, enabling the estimation of nucleation parameters, such as kinetic pre-factors and interfacial energies, as a function of composition. Furthermore, the Turnbull coefficient α, a dimensionless solid-liquid interfacial energy constant, is also calculated as a function of alloy constitution, suggesting a dependence on the liquid composition. The composition-dependent changes of α are of considerable importance, since the α is originally defined for pure systems as a quantity dependent on crystal structure, and is nevertheless used for describing nucleation kinetics of binary and glass forming multi-component alloy systems.

Calculation assisted composition design of Fe-based amorphous alloys

Combining calculation to accelerate the composition design of Fe-based amorphous alloys is of paramount importance for diversifying the alloy systems and applications. In this study, the constituent elements in Fe-based amorphous alloys and the parameters affecting glass-forming ability (GFA) were statistically analyzed. Taking a simple FePC bulk amorphous alloy system as the model material, the ternary phase diagram and the parameters affecting GFA were carefully calculated. Accordingly, optimal FePC alloys with a critical diameter (dc) of 1.5 mm were obtained in the composition range of 78 ≤ Fe ≤ 80 and 11 ≤ P ≤ 13 at.%. This composition design strategy was further evaluated in FeCoNiPC alloy. The optimal Fe72–76Co3–6Ni1–4P13C7 (at.%) alloys exhibit an improved dc of 2 mm. These criteria are quite effective in accelerating the composition design of Fe-based amorphous alloys, and can also be extended to other multi-component alloy systems to discover high GFA amorphous alloys.

Machine Learning-Guided Exploration of Glass-Forming Ability in Multicomponent Alloys

The prediction of glass-forming ability (GFA) in alloy systems is a challenging problem in material science as well as for metallurgical applications. In this study, we build artificial neural network (ANN) models to investigate the GFA of multicomponent alloys, based on the datasets assembled from ternary alloys as well as quinary alloys prepared by magnetron sputtering. Through training the ANN models with different combinations of datasets, we tackle the problem of the influence of the data source on the model performance, especially the generalizability of the models in predicting the GFA in unseen multicomponent alloy systems. The ANN model trained on a combined dataset exhibits the best performance, specifically low root mean square error in leave-one-alloy-system-out validation and high model robustness, for several CoCrFeNi-based multicomponent alloys. To further verify the ANN models, we synthesize CoCrFeNi-Mo metallic thin films by magnetron co-sputtering and characterize the structure and phase information via x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The outcomes of our experiments agree reasonably well with the ANN model predictions, indicating that the data-driven machine learning approach can be a useful tool in the future design of multicomponent amorphous alloys.

A facile strategy to fabricate bionic superhydrophobic armor based on utilization of metallographic structure heredity and reconstruction of anodized oxide film on alloy

Focusing on alloy system, a facile strategy was proposed to fabricate a micro/nano-structured bionic superhydrophobic surface with enhanced anti-corrosion performance. It was implemented on iron carbon alloy substrate by combining one-step anodic oxidation with designed annealing to realize a protective armor. The study verified that the metallographic features in the alloy system and heredity during the anodic oxidation were crucial preconditions to construct bionic surface. The reconstruction of the anodized oxide films triggered by designed annealing changed the wetting mechanism as well as switching the hydrophilic/hydrophobic state by forming a smaller size point-to-point contact (Cassie-Baxter State) with the droplets. The synergistic effect of this unique bionic structures and low surface energy coating made the sample surface exhibit superhydrophobic state and excellent corrosion resistance. Such combination strategy lays the foundation for constructing functional surfaces of alloy systems. More importantly, it can be extended to multicomponent alloy systems, by selecting structure features even modulating feature components to simply realize a devisable protective armor, which provides more in-depth thinking for solving the longstanding corrosion problems of engineering materials.