Multicoefficient Correlation Methods Research Articles

Mechanistic and kinetic study on the reaction of the·Cl‐initiated atmospheric degradation of CFCl2O2

AbstractThe gas‐phase reaction between CFCl2O2 and Cl was researched by means of quantum chemical methods. B3LYP method with the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set were employed to obtain the geometrical parameters of all stationary points including in the reaction. The singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PESs) were characterized at the Multicoefficient Correlation Method (BMC‐CCSD)//B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level. Addition/elimination and SN2 displacement reaction mechanisms were identified on the singlet PES, and only SN2 displacement reaction mechanism was located on the triplet PES. The dominant reaction takes place on the singlet PES, and the primary pathways are CFCl2O2 + Cl → IM1 (CFCl2OOCl) → P1 (ClClO + CFClO) and CFCl2O2 + Cl → IM1 (CFCl2OOCl) → IM3 (CFCl (OCl)2) → P2 (ClOCl + CFClO). Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory was used to calculate rate constants, which is consistent with the experimental data. The atmospheric lifetime of CFCl2O2 in Cl is about 4.9 h in the marine boundary layer. Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) computations imply that IM1 (CFCl2OOCl), IM2 (CFCl2OClO), IM3 (CFCl (OCl)2), IM4 (FOCCl2OCl) will photolyze under the sunlight.

Computational Thermochemistry: Scale Factor Databases and Scale Factors for Vibrational Frequencies Obtained from Electronic Model Chemistries.

Optimized scale factors for calculating vibrational harmonic and fundamental frequencies and zero-point energies have been determined for 145 electronic model chemistries, including 119 based on approximate functionals depending on occupied orbitals, 19 based on single-level wave function theory, three based on the neglect-of-diatomic-differential-overlap, two based on doubly hybrid density functional theory, and two based on multicoefficient correlation methods. Forty of the scale factors are obtained from large databases, which are also used to derive two universal scale factor ratios that can be used to interconvert between scale factors optimized for various properties, enabling the derivation of three key scale factors at the effort of optimizing only one of them. A reduced scale factor optimization model is formulated in order to further reduce the cost of optimizing scale factors, and the reduced model is illustrated by using it to obtain 105 additional scale factors. Using root-mean-square errors from the values in the large databases, we find that scaling reduces errors in zero-point energies by a factor of 2.3 and errors in fundamental vibrational frequencies by a factor of 3.0, but it reduces errors in harmonic vibrational frequencies by only a factor of 1.3. It is shown that, upon scaling, the balanced multicoefficient correlation method based on coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (BMC-CCSD) can lead to very accurate predictions of vibrational frequencies. With a polarized, minimally augmented basis set, the density functionals with zero-point energy scale factors closest to unity are MPWLYP1M (1.009), τHCTHhyb (0.989), BB95 (1.012), BLYP (1.013), BP86 (1.014), B3LYP (0.986), MPW3LYP (0.986), and VSXC (0.986).

Conformational analysis of n-fluorine, 2,2′-X ( n = 3 or 3′; X = bifuran, bithiophene, or thienylfuran): Ab initio, density functional, and multi-coefficient correlation results

Gas phase torsional potentials involving inter-ring rotation in 3 or 3′-fluorine, 2,2′-X (X = bithiophene, bifuran, or thienylfuran) have been examined using HF and MP2 ab initio methods, B3LYP and BBX density functional methods, and the MC3BBX multi-coefficient correlation method. Introduction of fluorine at the 3 or 3′ position is shown to affect the preferred conformation of each molecule analyzed. For 2,2′-bifuran and 2,2′-bithiophene, introduction of fluorine generally resulted in a flattening of the torsional energy profiles around syn and anti-planar conformations, as well as a reduction in relative energies between the two conformers. The anti conformer, however, remains slightly favored. For 2,2′-thienylfuran, fluorine shows a similar flattening of the energy profiles within planar regions as well as an observation of nearly isoenergetic syn and anti conformers. Pronounced effects are observed when fluorine substitution is made in the thienyl ring. Indeed, this is the only molecule whose energy profile displays a marked preference for the syn conformation. Lastly, we report that the MP2/6-31+G(d,p) model seems to yield results that are both qualitatively inaccurate and quantitatively erratic, and, by itself, should not be employed in the study of these molecules.

Perspective on Diabatic Models of Chemical Reactivity as Illustrated by the Gas-Phase SN2 Reaction of Acetate Ion with 1,2-Dichloroethane.

Diabatic models are widely employed for studying chemical reactivity in condensed phases and enzymes, but there has been little discussion of the pros and cons of various diabatic representations for this purpose. Here we discuss and contrast six different schemes for computing diabatic potentials for a charge rearrangement reaction. They include (i) the variational diabatic configurations (VDC) constructed by variationally optimizing individual valence bond structures and (ii) the consistent diabatic configurations (CDC) obtained by variationally optimizing the ground-state adiabatic energy, both in the nonorthogonal molecular orbital valence bond (MOVB) method, along with the orthogonalized (iii) VDC-MOVB and (iv) CDC-MOVB models. In addition, we consider (v) the fourfold way (based on diabatic molecular orbitals and configuration uniformity), and (vi) empirical valence bond (EVB) theory. To make the considerations concrete, we calculate diabatic electronic states and diabatic potential energies along the reaction path that connects the reactant and the product ion-molecule complexes of the gas-phase bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S(N)2) reaction of 1,2-dichloethane (DCE) with acetate ion, which is a model reaction corresponding to the reaction catalyzed by haloalkane dehalogenase. We utilize ab initio block-localized molecular orbital theory to construct the MOVB diabatic states and ab initio multi-configuration quasidegenerate perturbation theory to construct the fourfold-way diabatic states; the latter are calculated at reaction path geometries obtained with the M06-2X density functional. The EVB diabatic states are computed with parameters taken from the literature. The MOVB and fourfold-way adiabatic and diabatic potential energy profiles along the reaction path are in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with each other. In order to validate that these wave-function-based diabatic states are qualitatively correct, we show that the reaction energy and barrier for the adiabatic ground state, obtained with these methods, agree reasonably well with the results of high-level calculations using the composite G3SX and G3SX(MP3) methods and the BMC-CCSD multi-coefficient correlation method. However, a comparison of the EVB gas-phase adiabatic ground-state reaction path with those obtained from MOVB and with the fourfold way reveals that the EVB reaction path geometries show a systematic shift towards the products region, and that the EVB lowest-energy path has a much lower barrier. The free energies of solvation and activation energy in water reported from dynamical calculations based on EVB also imply a low activation barrier in the gas phase. In addition, calculations of the free energy of solvation using the recently proposed SM8 continuum solvation model with CM4M partial atomic charges lead to an activation barrier in reasonable agreement with experiment only when the geometries and the gas-phase barrier are those obtained from electronic structure calculations, i.e., methods i-v. These comparisons show the danger of basing the diabatic states on molecular mechanics without the explicit calculation of electronic wave functions. Furthermore, comparison of schemes i-v with one another shows that significantly different quantitative results can be obtained by using different methods for extracting diabatic states from wave function calculations, and it is important for each user to justify the choice of diabatization method in the context of its intended use.

Perspective on Diabatic Models of Chemical Reactivity as Illustrated by the Gas-Phase S(N)2 Reaction of Acetate Ion with 1,2-Dichloroethane.

Diabatic models are widely employed for studying chemical reactivity in condensed phases and enzymes, but there has been little discussion of the pros and cons of various diabatic representations for this purpose. Here we discuss and contrast six different schemes for computing diabatic potentials for a charge rearrangement reaction. They include (i) the variational diabatic configurations (VDC) constructed by variationally optimizing individual valence bond structures and (ii) the consistent diabatic configurations (CDC) obtained by variationally optimizing the ground-state adiabatic energy, both in the nonorthogonal molecular orbital valence bond (MOVB) method, along with the orthogonalized (iii) VDC-MOVB and (iv) CDC-MOVB models. In addition, we consider (v) the fourfold way (based on diabatic molecular orbitals and configuration uniformity), and (vi) empirical valence bond (EVB) theory. To make the considerations concrete, we calculate diabatic electronic states and diabatic potential energies along the reaction path that connects the reactant and the product ion-molecule complexes of the gas-phase bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S(N)2) reaction of 1,2-dichloethane (DCE) with acetate ion, which is a model reaction corresponding to the reaction catalyzed by haloalkane dehalogenase. We utilize ab initio block-localized molecular orbital theory to construct the MOVB diabatic states and ab initio multi-configuration quasidegenerate perturbation theory to construct the fourfold-way diabatic states; the latter are calculated at reaction path geometries obtained with the M06-2X density functional. The EVB diabatic states are computed with parameters taken from the literature. The MOVB and fourfold-way adiabatic and diabatic potential energy profiles along the reaction path are in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with each other. In order to validate that these wave-function-based diabatic states are qualitatively correct, we show that the reaction energy and barrier for the adiabatic ground state, obtained with these methods, agree reasonably well with the results of high-level calculations using the composite G3SX and G3SX(MP3) methods and the BMC-CCSD multi-coefficient correlation method. However, a comparison of the EVB gas-phase adiabatic ground-state reaction path with those obtained from MOVB and with the fourfold way reveals that the EVB reaction path geometries show a systematic shift towards the products region, and that the EVB lowest-energy path has a much lower barrier. The free energies of solvation and activation energy in water reported from dynamical calculations based on EVB also imply a low activation barrier in the gas phase. In addition, calculations of the free energy of solvation using the recently proposed SM8 continuum solvation model with CM4M partial atomic charges lead to an activation barrier in reasonable agreement with experiment only when the geometries and the gas-phase barrier are those obtained from electronic structure calculations, i.e., methods i-v. These comparisons show the danger of basing the diabatic states on molecular mechanics without the explicit calculation of electronic wave functions. Furthermore, comparison of schemes i-v with one another shows that significantly different quantitative results can be obtained by using different methods for extracting diabatic states from wave function calculations, and it is important for each user to justify the choice of diabatization method in the context of its intended use.

Theoretical Studies of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Methyl Acetate

The mechanisms and the kinetics of the OH (OD) radicals with methyl acetate CH3C(O)OCH3 are investigated theoretically. The dual-level direct dynamics method is employed in the calculation of the rate constants. The optimized geometries and frequencies and the gradients of the stationary points are calculated at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level. The energetic information of potential energy surfaces is further refined by the multicoefficient correlation method based on QCISD (MC-QCISD) using the MP2/6-311G(d,p) geometries. Four channels are found for the title reaction. The calculated results reveal that there exists an attractive well (reactant complex) in each entrance H-abstraction channel, that is, the H-abstraction reaction makes a stepwise mechanism. The rate constants are calculated by the canonical variational transition-state theory (CVT) with the interpolated single-point energies (ISPE) approach in the temperature range of 200-1200 K. The small-curvature tunneling effect (SCT) approximation is used to evaluate the transmission coefficient. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the experimental ones in the measured temperature range. It is shown that the "out-of-plane hydrogen abstraction" from the methoxy end is the dominant channel at the lower temperatures, and the other two H-abstraction channels should be taken into account with the temperatures increasing. The kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the three H-abstraction channels and the total reaction are "inverse", and these theoretically calculated KIEs as a function of temperature are expected to be useful for the future laboratory investigation.

Assessment of Multicoefficient Correlation Methods, Second-Order Møller−Plesset Perturbation Theory, and Density Functional Theory for H3O+(H2O)n (n = 1−5) and OH-(H2O)n (n = 1−4)

We have assessed the ability of 52 methods including 15 multicoefficient correlation methods (MCCMs), two complete basis set (CBS) methods, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with 5 basis sets, the popular B3LYP hybrid functional with 6 basis sets, and 24 combinations of local density functional and basis set to accurately reproduce reaction energies obtained at the Weizmann-1 level of theory for hydronium, hydroxide, and pure water clusters. The three best methods overall are BMC-CCSD, G3SX(MP3), and M06-L/aug-cc-pVTZ. If only microsolvated ion data is included, M06-L/aug-cc-pVTZ is the best method; it has errors only half as large as the other density functionals. The deviations between the three best performing methods are larger for the larger hydronium- and hydroxide-containing clusters, despite a decrease in the average reaction energy, making it impossible to determine which of the three methods is overall the best, so they might be ranked in order of increasing cost, with BMC-CCSD least expensive, followed by M06-L/aug-cc-pVTZ. However, the cost for M06-L will increase more slowly as cluster size increases. This study shows that the M06-L functional is very promising for condensed-phase simulations of the transport of hydronium and hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.

Reactions of Hydrogen Atom with Hydrogen Peroxide

Rate coefficients are calculated using canonical variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunneling (CVT/SCT) for the reactions H + H2O2 --> H2O + OH (1a) and H + H2O2 --> HO2 + H2 (1b). Reaction barrier heights are determined using two theoretical approaches: (i) comparison of parametrized rate coefficient calculations employing CVT/SCT to experiment and (ii) high-level ab initio methods. The evaluated experimental data reveal considerable variations of the barrier height for the first reaction: although the zero-point-exclusive barrier for (1a) derived from the data by Klemm et al. (First Int. Chem. Kinet. Symposium 1975, 61) is 4.6 kcal/mol, other available measurements result in a higher barrier of 6.2 kcal/mol. The empirically derived zero-point-exclusive barrier for (1b) is 10.4 kcal/mol. The electronic structure of the system at transition state geometries in both reactions was found to have "multireference" character; therefore special care was taken when analyzing electronic structure calculations. Transition state geometries are optimized by multireference perturbation theory (MRMP2) with a variety of one-electron basis sets, and by a multireference coupled cluster (MR-AQCCSD) method. A variety of single-reference benchmark-level calculations have also been carried out; included among them are BMC-CCSD, G3SX(MP3), G3SX, G3, G2, MCG3, CBS-APNO, CBS-Q, CBS-QB3, and CCSD(T). Our data obtained at the MRMP2 level are the most complete; the barrier height for (1a) using MRMP2 at the infinite basis set limit is 4.8 kcal/mol. Results are also obtained with midlevel single-reference multicoefficient correlation methods, such as MC3BB, MC3MPW, MC-QCISD/3, and MC-QCISD-MPWB, and with a variety of hybrid density functional methods, which are compared with high-level theory. On the basis of the evaluated experimental values and the benchmark calculations, two possible recommended values are given for the rate coefficients.

Thermochemical Kinetics of Hydrogen-Atom Transfers between Methyl, Methane, Ethynyl, Ethyne, and Hydrogen

Saddle point properties of three symmetric and one asymmetric hydrogen transfer and the energy of reaction of the asymmetric reactions are investigated in the present work. These reactions were calculated by various density functionals, many of which were developed in recent years, by coupled cluster theory, and by multicoefficient correlation methods based on wave function theory. Instead of comparing calculated results to "semi-experimental" values, we compared them to very accurate theoretical values (e.g., to values obtained by the Weizmann-1 method). Coupled cluster theory and the multicoefficient correlation methods MC-QCISD/3 and MCQCISD-MPW are very accurate for these reactions with mean unsigned errors below 0.94 kcal/mol. Diagnostics for multireference character add additional reliability to these results. The newly developed hybrid density functional M06-2X shows very good performance for these reactions with a mean unsigned error of only 0.77 kcal/mol; the BHandHLYP, MPW1K, and BB1K density functionals, can also predict these reactions well with mean unsigned errors less than 1.42 kcal/mol.

Representative Benchmark Suites for Barrier Heights of Diverse Reaction Types and Assessment of Electronic Structure Methods for Thermochemical Kinetics.

We propose three small sets of barrier heights for heavy-atom transfer, nucleophilic substitution, and unimolecular and association reactions as benchmarks for comparing and developing theoretical methods. We chose the data sets to be statistically representative subsets of the NHTBH38/04 database. Each data set consists of 6 barrier heights; we call these small benchmark suites HATBH6, NSBH6, and UABH6. Benchmark values are tabulated for 205 combinations of theory level and basis set. The theory levels studied include single-level wave function theory like Hartree-Fock, Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, quadratic configuration interaction, and coupled cluster theory; they also include multicoefficient correlation methods, local and hybrid density functional theory, and semiempirical molecular orbital methods. The three new representative data sets are combined with a previous representative data set for hydrogen-transfer reactions to form a new compact but diverse and representative data set called DBH24. Comparison of a large number of methods for their performance on DBH24 leads us to recommend the following methods for barrier height calculations, in order of decreasing cost: G3SX, BMC-CCSD, PWB6K, BB1K, M06-L, MPW1K, HF/MIDI!, and PM3.

Theoretical studies on dynamics and thermochemistry of the reactions CHClFCHO, CHF 2CHO and CClF 2CHO with the Cl atom

The theoretical investigations are performed on the reaction mechanisms, including hydrogen abstraction and addition reaction channels for the three reactions CHClFCHO + Cl → products (R1), CHF 2CHO + Cl → products (R2), and CClF 2CHO + Cl → products (R3) by ab initio direct dynamics approach. The electronic structure information for the stationary points is obtained at the MP2 level of theory using the cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets. The classical energy profile is refined by multi-coefficient correlation method based on quadratic configuration interaction with single and double excitation (MC-QCISD) using the MP2 optimized geometries. The enthalpies of formation for the reactants and product radicals involved in the three reactions are estimated at the MC-QCISD//MP2 level via isodesmic reactions. We find that each addition reaction pathway has a much higher potential energy barrier, and therefore its contribution to the total rate constants can be neglected. The rate constants for the H-abstraction reactions, which are evaluated by canonical variational transition state theory with the small-curvature tunneling correction over a range of temperatures from 220 to 2000 K, are in good agreement with the available experimental values. The Arrhenius expressions are fitted to be (in cm 3 molecule −1 s −1) k 1 = 5.08 × 10 −160 T 1.60 exp (244.6/ T), k 2 = 4.80 × 10 −17 T 1.86 exp (274.9/ T), and k 3 = 2.34 × 10 −16 T 1.67 exp (37.1/ T), respectively. Our conclusions show that for reaction CHClFCHO + Cl → products (R1), the channel of hydrogen abstraction from the formyl (–CHO) position is the primary pathway at low temperature, but as the temperature increases the hydrogen abstraction from the –CHClF group is more probable. While for reaction CHF 2CHO + Cl → products (R2), the pathway of hydrogen abstraction from the formyl position is always the primary channel over the whole temperature range. We also find that the halogen substitute (F or Cl-substitution) reduces the reactivity of the corresponding species.

Multilevel and Density Functional Electronic Structure Calculations of Proton Affinities and Gas-Phase Basicities Involved in Biological Phosphoryl Transfer

Five multilevel model chemistries (CBS-QB3, G3B3, G3MP2B3, MCG3/3, and MC-QCISD/3) and seven hybrid density functional methods (PBE0, B1B95, B3LYP, MPW1KCIS, PBE1KCIS, and MPW1B95) have been applied to the calculation of gas-phase basicity and proton affinity values for a series of 17 molecules relevant to the study of biological phosphoryl transfer. In addition, W1 calculations were performed on a subset of molecules. The accuracy of the methods was assessed and the nature of systematic errors was explored, leading to the introduction of a set of effective bond enthalpy and entropy correction terms. The multicoefficient correlation methods (MCG3/3 and MC-QCISD), with inclusion of specific zero-point scale factors, slightly outperform the other multilevel methods tested (CBS-QB3, G3B3, and G3MP2B3), with significantly less computational cost, and in the case of MC-QCISD, slightly less severe scaling. Four density functional methods, PBE1KCIS, MPW1B95, PBE0, and B1B95 perform nearly as well as the multilevel methods. These results provide an important set of benchmarks relevant to biological phosphoryl transfer reactions.

The 6-31B(d) Basis Set and the BMC-QCISD and BMC-CCSD Multicoefficient Correlation Methods

Three new multicoefficient correlation methods (MCCMs) called BMC-QCISD, BMC-CCSD, and BMC-CCSD-C are optimized against 274 data that include atomization energies, electron affinities, ionization potentials, and reaction barrier heights. A new basis set called 6-31B(d) is developed and used as part of the new methods. BMC-QCISD has mean unsigned errors in calculating atomization energies per bond and barrier heights of 0.49 and 0.80 kcal/mol, respectively. BMC-CCSD has mean unsigned errors of 0.42 and 0.71 kcal/mol for the same two quantities. BMC-CCSD-C is an equally effective variant of BMC-CCSD that employs Cartesian rather than spherical harmonic basis sets. The mean unsigned error of BMC-CCSD or BMC-CCSD-C for atomization energies, barrier heights, ionization potentials, and electron affinities is 22% lower than G3SX(MP2) at an order of magnitude less cost for gradients for molecules with 9-13 atoms, and it scales better (N6 vs N,7 where N is the number of atoms) when the size of the molecule is increased.

Benchmark Calculations of Reaction Energies, Barrier Heights, and Transition-State Geometries for Hydrogen Abstraction from Methanol by a Hydrogen Atom

We report benchmark calculations of reaction energies, barrier heights, and transition-state geometries for the reaction of CH(3)OH with H to produce CH(2)OH and H(2). Highly accurate composite methods, such as CBS, G2, G3S, G3X, G3SX, and multi-coefficient correlation methods (MCCMs), are used to calibrate lower-cost methods. We also performed single-level CCSD(T) calculations extrapolated to the infinite-basis limit on the basis of aug-cc-pVXZ (X = 3, 4) correlation consistent basis sets. The benchmark high-level calculations give consensus values of the forward reaction barrier height and the reaction energy of 9.7 kcal/mol and - 6.4 kcal/mol, respectively. To evaluate the accuracy of cost-efficient methods that are potentially useful for dynamics studies of the title reaction, we further include the results obtained by hybrid density functional theory methods and hybrid meta density functional theory methods that have recently been designed for chemical kinetics. Results obtained by popular semiempirical methods are also given for comparison. On the basis of the benchmark gas-phase results, we suggest MC-QCISD/3, MC3BB, and BB1K as reasonably accurate and affordable electronic structure methods for calculating dynamics for the title reaction.

Theoretical study for the reaction of CH3OCl with Cl atom

A direct dynamics method is employed to study the kinetics of the multiple channel reaction CH(3)OCl + Cl. The potential energy surface (PES) information is explored from ab initio calculations. Two reaction channels, Cl- and H-abstractions, have been identified. The optimized geometries and frequencies of the stationary points and the minimum-energy paths (MEPs) are calculated at the MP2 level of theory using the 6-311G(d, p) and cc-pVTZ basis sets, respectively. The single-point energies along the MEPs are further refined at the G3(MP2)//MP2/6-311G(d, p), G3//MP2/6-311G(d, p), as well as by the multicoefficient correlation method based on QCISD (MC-QCISD) using the MP2/cc-pVTZ geometries. The enthalpies of formation for the species CH(3)OCl and CH(2)OCl are calculated via isodesmic reactions. The rate constants of the two reaction channels are evaluated by using the variational transition-state theory over a wide range of temperature, 220-2200 K. The calculated rate constants exhibit the slightly negative temperature dependence and show good agreement with the available experimental data at room temperature at the G3(MP2)//MP2/6-311G(d, p) level. The present calculations indicate that the two channels are competitive at low temperatures while H-abstraction plays a more important role with the increase of temperature. The calculated k(1a)/k(1) ratio of 0.5 at 298 K is in general agreement with the experimental one, 0.8 +/- 0.2. The high rate constant for CH(3)OCl + Cl shows that removal by reaction with Cl atom is a potentially important loss process for CH(3)OCl in the polar stratosphere.

Multi-coefficient extrapolated density functional theory for thermochemistry and thermochemical kinetics

We have developed a new kind of multi-coefficient correlation method (MCCM) by empirically mixing correlated wave function methods and density functional methods. The new methods constitute a generalization of hybrid density functional theory and may be called multi-coefficient extrapolated density functional theory. Results by the new methods are compared to those obtained by G3SX, G3SX(MP3), CBS-Q and MCCM/3 for calculations of atomization energies, barrier heights, ionization potentials and electron affinities. These results show that the multi-coefficient extrapolated density functional theory is more accurate for thermochemistry and thermochemical kinetics than the pure wave function methods of comparable cost. As a byproduct of this work we optimized a new hybrid meta density functional theory called TPSS1KCIS, which has excellent performance for thermochemistry.

Theoretical study and rate constant calculation for the reactions of SH (SD) with Cl2, Br2, and BrCl

The mechanisms of the SH (SD) radicals with Cl2 (R1), Br2 (R2), and BrCl (R3) are investigated theoretically, and the rate constants are calculated using a dual-level direct dynamics method. The optimized geometries and frequencies of the stationary points are calculated at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) and MPW1K/6-311G(d,p) levels. Higher-level energies are obtained at the approximate QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 2pd) level using the MP2 geometries as well as by the multicoefficient correlation method based on QCISD (MC-QCISD) using the MPW1K geometries. Complexes with energies less than those of the reactants or products are located at the entrance or the exit channels of these reactions, which indicate that the reactions may proceed via an indirect mechanism. The enthalpies of formation for the species XSH/XSD (X = Cl and Br) are evaluated using hydrogenation working reactions method. By canonical variational transition-state theory (CVT), the rate constants of SH and SD radicals with Cl2, Br2, and BrCl are calculated over a wide temperature range of 200-2000 K at the a-QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 2pd)//MP2/6-311G(d, p) level. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental rate constants is obtained in the measured temperature range. Our calculations show that for SH (SD) + BrCl reaction bromine abstraction (R3a or R3a') leading to the formation of BrSH (BrSD) + Cl in a barrierless process dominants the reaction with the branching ratios for channels 3a and 3a' of 99% at 298 K, which is quite different from the experimental result of k3a'/k3' = 54 +/- 10%. Negative activation energies are found at the higher level for the SH + Br2 and SH + BrCl (Br-abstraction) reactions; as a result, the rate constants show a slightly negative temperature dependence, which is consistent with the determination in the literature. The kinetic isotope effects for the three reactions are "inverse". The values of kH/kD are 0.88, 0.91, and 0.69 at room temperature, respectively, and they increase as the temperature increases.

Doubly Hybrid Meta DFT: New Multi-Coefficient Correlation and Density Functional Methods for Thermochemistry and Thermochemical Kinetics

This paper presents two new multi-coefficient correlation and density functional methods based on mixing scaling-all-correlation (SAC) theory and hybrid meta density functional theory with empirical parameters. Both methods were optimized against a database of 109 atomization energies and 42 barrier heights. The resulting methods, called MC3BB and MC3MPW, were tested against a database of saddle point geometries, and scaling factors were optimized for calculating vibrational frequencies. The two new methods were compared to the methods that we have previously determined to be most efficient for thermochemistry and thermochemical kinetics, where the criterion is the average of the mean unsigned errors for bond energies and barrier heights. These comparisons show that MC3BB is more accurate than any other method that has comparable cost. Both new methods are well suited for direct dynamics calculations that require Hessians. The new approach is called doubly hybrid density functional theory if kinetic energy density is not included in the functional and doubly hybrid meta density functional theory if it is.

High‐level ab initio methods for calculation of potential energy surfaces of van der Waals complexes

AbstractA systematic series of highly correlated calculations of van der Waals potential energy surfaces (PESs) with large basis sets is presented. Reference data at the coupled‐cluster theory restricted to single, double, and noniterative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] level with large singly augmented correlation‐consistent basis functions, supplementary bond functions, and counterpoise corrections are provided. Results for minimum energy distances, well depths, vibrational frequencies, second virial coefficients, and Boyle temperatures are compared with corresponding experimental values. An extensive discussion of complete basis set extrapolation methods is presented. Here, the effect of extrapolation type, use of uncorrected and counterpoise‐corrected PESs, and direct property extrapolation are analyzed. Last, a new multicoefficient correlation method for van der Waals potential energy surfaces (MCCM‐vdW) is applied to three‐body interactions of helium trimers and to He … H2O interactions. Comparison with high‐level CCSD(T) calculations using large basis sets demonstrates that the MCCM‐vdW method is transferable to systems not considered in its parameterization. The method allows dispersion interactions of much larger systems to be studied reliably at a fraction of computational cost and offers a new tool for applications to rare‐gas clusters and the development of dispersion parameters for molecular simulation force fields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004

Design and application of a multicoefficient correlation method for dispersion interactions.

A new multicoefficient correlation method (MCCM) is presented for the determination of accurate van der Waals interactions. The method utilizes a novel parametrization strategy that simultaneously fits to very high-level binding, Hartree-Fock and correlation energies of homo- and heteronuclear rare gas dimers of He, Ne, and Ar. The decomposition of the energy into Hartree-Fock and correlation components leads to a more transferable model. The method is applied to the krypton dimer system, rare gas-water interactions, and three-body interactions of rare gas trimers He3, Ne3, and Ar3. For the latter, a very high-level method that corrects the rare-gas two-body interactions to the total binding energy is introduced. A comparison with high-level CCSD(T) calculations using large basis sets demonstrates the MCCM method is transferable to a variety of systems not considered in the parametrization. The method allows dispersion interactions of larger systems to be studied reliably at a fraction of the computational cost, and offers a new tool for applications to rare-gas clusters, and the development of dispersion parameters for molecular simulation force fields and new semiempirical quantum models.