Multicast Support Research Articles

NoC simulation steered by NEST: McAERsim and a Noxim patch.

Great knowledge was gained about the computational substrate of the brain, but the way in which components and entities interact to perform information processing still remains a secret. Complex and large-scale network models have been developed to unveil processes at the ensemble level taking place over a large range of timescales. They challenge any kind of simulation platform, so that efficient implementations need to be developed that gain from focusing on a set of relevant models. With increasing network sizes imposed by these models, low latency inter-node communication becomes a critical aspect. This situation is even accentuated, if slow processes like learning should be covered, that require faster than real-time simulation. Therefore, this article presents two simulation frameworks, in which network-on-chip simulators are interfaced with the neuroscientific development environment NEST. This combination yields network traffic that is directly defined by the relevant neural network models and used to steer the network-on-chip simulations. As one of the outcomes, instructive statistics on network latencies are obtained. Since time stamps of different granularity are used by the simulators, a conversion is required that can be exploited to emulate an intended acceleration factor. By application of the frameworks to scaled versions of the cortical microcircuit model-selected because of its unique properties as well as challenging demands-performance curves, latency, and traffic distributions could be determined. The distinct characteristic of the second framework is its tree-based source-address driven multicast support, which, in connection with the torus topology, always led to the best results. Although currently biased by some inherent assumptions of the network-on-chip simulators, the results suit well to those of previous work dealing with node internals and suggesting accelerated simulations to be in reach.

Data traffic reduction for D2D communications in 5G networks using a multilink approach

With the increase in the number of devices connected to the network and the increase in data rates, data traffic has also increased dramatically. This increase in traffic can lead to the development of network resources, increase in energy consumption and decrease in service quality. When compared to other forms of communication, video traffic is the most prevalent among mobile users and plays a significant influence in the expansion of network traffic. In recent years, networks containing content storage devices have caught the interest of academics due to users' exceptional desire to view live video feeds. In these gadgets, video content is pre-stored on edge gadgets (smart gadgets and small stations) for quick delivery. Device-to-device (D2D) communication technology, in which users receive their requests through a high-speed link and another device near them without a central station, is one of the proposed solutions to minimize traffic in 5G networks. The main areas of research in this field include the two approaches of traffic reduction and content storage. The multi-link communication approach is used in this study to evaluate the effectiveness of the system, and the findings contradict the results of previous research in this field. The proposed approach performs better than traffic reduction in similar systems without multicast support. First, there are 60% to 350% more links. Second, the average rate across the entire system increases by approximately 40% to 50%. Third: The number of satisfied recipients (satisfied users in the network) increases by about 90%. Therefore, the results of the findings show a significant improvement in how the content is distributed when the user shares it with multiple recipients. So that if we store the most visited files among users with different zeta coefficients in a content delivery network, we can make significant improvements in the system in terms of the number of possible links, the average rate in the system and the number of satisfied users, and ultimately reduce the traffic in Create a system.

A two-level network-on-chip architecture with multicast support

It is essential for implementing processing systems of edge computing, internet of things (IoT) and wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) to use low-power parallel and distributed architectures with high speed and low power consumption. Most of the artificial intelligence and machine learning applications need to be executed on efficient distributed architectures with multicast support. In this paper, TLAM, a high-performance and low-cost NoC architecture is proposed. TLAM stands for Two-Level network-on-chip Architecture with Multicast support and includes a hybrid path/tree based multicast routing algorithm and a specific two-level mesh topology. The routing algorithm of TLAM is basically working according to the Hamiltonian paths. In the proposed architecture, the topology is partitioned and the two-level links provide an efficient infrastructure for low-cost and low-latency transmission of multicast and broadcast messages between partitions. In TLAM, in addition to multicasting routing algorithm, hardware components for handling multicasting packets are designed in order to achieve performance improvements. The goal is to improve the efficiency and performance, especially latency, while handling both unicast and multicast packets. Experimental evaluations including network-level and router-level analysis with different configurations under various traffic patterns were performed. The evaluations in terms of latency, throughput, area and power consumption, indicate that TLAM provides higher performance, especially for dense multicasting and broadcasting, in comparison with the existing architectures.

Satellite multi-beam multicast support for an efficient community-based CDN

The design and implementation of an efficient end-to-end IP-based infrastructure for the delivery of multimedia content is of paramount importance in current public networks, dominated by the constant growth of video streaming traffic. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) represent the main technological solution to manage the huge volumes of traffic involved, by guaranteeing high quality levels to applications and low impact to the core networks, thanks to the efficient distribution of content among edge caches that are located as close as possible to end-users. Nonetheless, the hierarchical data distribution associated with CDNs can be in principle subject to inefficiencies, as well as performance limitations in case of congested segments along the end-to-end delivery path. In this context, we propose the exploitation of satellite multicast capabilities offered by modern high throughput satellite (HTS) platforms, in a virtualized-compatible model, to compensate for flaws of terrestrial networks. The role of satellite communication is to offer multicast support (as a complement to landline connectivity) with wide geographical service areas based on the available satellite beams, enabling a popularity-based content distribution support. In addition, multi-beam satellite technology allows for a more fine-grained approach to popularity evaluation based on user location. The proposed service and the related network configuration are described in the paper, in relation with current and future SatCom platforms. We then present the results of the proposed CDN caching algorithms in a simulated environment, showing promising results associated with a preliminary performance evaluation.

Mapping Applications Intents to Programmable NDN Data-Planes via Event-B Machines

Location-agnostic content delivery, in-network caching, and native support for multicast, mobility, and security are key features of the novel named data networks (NDN) paradigm. NDNs are ideal for hosting content-centric next-generation applications such as Internet of things (IoT) and virtual reality. Intent-driven management is poised to enhance the performance of the offered NDN services to these applications while reducing its management complexity. This article proposes I2DN, intent-driven NDN, a novel architecture that aims at realizing the first step towards intent modeling and mapping to data-plane configurations for NDNs. In I2DN, network operators and application developers express their abstract and declarative content delivery and network service goals and constraints using uttered or written intents. The intents are classified using built-in intent templates, and a slot filling procedure identifies the semantics of the intent. We then employ Event-B machine (EBM) language modeling to represent these intents and their semantics. The resulting EBMs are then gradually refined to represent configurations at the NDN programmable data-plane. The advantages of the proposed adoption of EBM modeling are twofold. First, EBMs accurately capture the desired behavior of the network in response to the specified intents and automatically refine it into concrete configurations. Second, EBM’s formal verification property, referred to as its proof obligation, ensures that the desired properties of the network or its services, as defined by the intent, remain satisfied by the refined EBM representing the final data-plane configurations. Experimental evaluation results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our proposed work.

Satellite Multi-Beam Multicast Support for an Efficient Community-Based Cdn

Satellite Multi-Beam Multicast Support for an Efficient Community-Based Cdn

Softwarized IP Multicast in the Cloud

In this article, we revisit the problem of how to provide “native” IP multicast support to enterprise distributed applications in today's clouds, without touching either the application implementation or the underlying network hardware. We propose SDM, Software-Defined IP Multicast, to explore the idea of performing Multicast-to-Unicast (M2U) and Unicast-to-Multicast (U2M) translations at the virtualized network edge. At the data plane, with novel architecture designs, SDM achieves efficient M2U and U2M translations by only using Open vSwitch (OVS), an OpenFlow-compatible open-source software switch widely deployed in modern clouds. At the control plane, SDM dynamically adopts multicast trees respecting the join and leave of receivers with flexible cost-based algorithms. SDM is very easy to deploy and use, as its required features are already supported by off-the-shelf OVS software (version 2 2.3) and the OpenFlow protocol (version 2 1.1). Performance evaluations of its control-plane algorithms also imply that SDM is flexible to construct through-put and latency/height optimized multicast trees respecting task requirements.

A Novel Efficient Certificateless Signature Scheme for the Prevention of Content Poisoning Attack in Named Data Networking-Based Internet of Things

Recently, Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a popular and active Internet architecture that addresses the issues of current host-centric communication. NDN is well suited for Internet of Things (IoT) which possesses massive applications that dominate the Internet today. It intends to provide named-based routing, in-networking caching, built-in mobility and multicast support as part of its design which leads to a substantial improvement in content delivery/retrieval. Though, this new architecture aches from some new challenges in terms of security. In this article, we seek our attention towards Content Poisoning Attack (CPA). The purpose of CPA is to inject poisoned content with an invalid signature into the NDN-based IoT networks. Unfortunately, none of the existing proposals work effectively when malicious attackers compromise the caches of NDN routers. To prevent this, we proposed a certificateless signature scheme for the preservation of CPA in NDN-based IoT networks. The proposed scheme is formally secure under the security hardness of Hyperelliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (HCDLP) with a security simulation/validation in “Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA).” Besides, the formal proof we also compared the designed scheme with some existing solutions to show the cost-efficiency in terms of communication overhead and computation cost. To conclude, a robust deployment on NDN-based IoT networks is shown.

A walkthrough of name data networking: Architecture, functionalities, operations and open issues

Name data networking (NDN) is one of the proposed ICN based future Internet architecture aims to substitute our current TCP/IP based Internet. The recent advancements in technology reduced the cost to connect to the Internet and made it feasible to connect a wide variety of devices that leads to rapid growth in hand-held devices and exponentially increased Internet users. The Internet usage pattern has also changed dramatically in the last decade and a considerable proportion of Internet traffic consists of video files only. TCP/IP based Internet was designed to communicate between point to point entities and mobility, multicast support, security, and a tremendous amount of Internet traffic was not considered at that time. The mismatch between Internet usage requirements and current Internet architecture motivated researchers to come up with content based new sustainable Internet architecture. NDN is designed from a clean slate and supposed to overcome the shortcomings while leverage strength present in TCP/IP based Internet architecture. NDN is a request-driven architecture where users request for content using names without concern about host. This article presents a detailed survey on NDN architecture, protocols, and previously proposed strategies. It also offers a comparative study on proposed strategies for naming, content caching, inter and intradomain routing, forwarding, and security. This survey uses a bottom-up approach and a new taxonomy for comparative analysis and assessment to present insights about the differences between the existing strategies and protocols proposed for NDN. The survey also explored the present applications and ongoing research and suggests future research directions.

COLLABORATIVE LOAD BALANCING AND EFFECTIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION FOR CLUSTER-BASED MANETS

Mobile ad hoc network is a wireless network group of mobile devices having no infrastructure. Load balancing is an important problem in such networks due to dynamic topology of the nodes. Many protocols are developed to improve the bandwidth, energy efficiency and throughput of these networks. With the increasing use of MANETs they are evolving wit use of applications and for non- uniform load distribution it’s difficult to manage the load. Load balancing provides a single internet service from multiple servers as a commonly used application. Multi-casting support at the link layer is essential for the efficient use of network resources. system propose a light weight dynamic channel allocation scheme for MANET. The system compares two algorithms DCA -TRACE and CMH-T RACE to provide support for non-uniform load distributions and propose CDCA-TRACE. It increases the number of source nodes and reduce the number of collisions, energy consumption and average absolute IPDV drastically.

Deadline Constrained Video Analysis via In-Transit Computational Environments

Combining edge processing (at data capture site) with analysis carried out while data is enroute from the capture site to a data center offers a variety of different processing models. Such in-transit nodes include network data centers that have generally been used to support content distribution (providing support for data multicast and caching), but have recently started to offer user-defined programmability, through Software Defined Networks (SDN) capability, e.g., OpenFlow and Network Function Visualization (NFV). We demonstrate how this multi-site computational capability can be aggregated to support video analytics, with Quality of Service and cost constraints (e.g., latency-bound analysis). The use of SDN technology enables separation of the data path from the control path, enabling in-network processing capabilities to be supported as data is migrated across the network. We propose to leverage SDN capability to gain control over the data transport service with the purpose of dynamically establishing data routes such that we can opportunistically exploit the latent computational capabilities located along the network path. Using a number of scenarios, we demonstrate the benefits and limitations of this approach for video analysis, comparing this with the baseline scenario of undertaking all such analysis at a data center located at the core of the infrastructure.

A Game Theory Based Clustering Protocol to Support Multicast Routing in Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The frequent movement of nodes in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) causes challenges in scalability, stability, channel sensing and channel access problems that can be solved by using clustering technique. Game theory is a feasible approach to solve such problems by casting clustering problems as distributed optimization problems. The main contributions of this article are as follows. Firstly, we propose a minimum connected weighted inner edge spanning tree (MWIEST) game to find an approximate solution of a MWIEST problem in CRAHNs. In this game, a link-weight function of each link is designed based on a combination of link-stability and link-connectivity ratio functions. Secondly, we prove that the MWIEST game is an exact potential game that exists at least one Nash equilibrium ( NE ) point which is an approximate solution of the MWIEST problem. Besides, we also prove that best responses ( BR s) of the game converge to a NE in finite iterations. Thirdly, based on the MWIEST game, we propose four algorithms including the node information exchange (NIE), the best response selection (BRS), the intermediate nodes selection (INS) and the forming cluster (FC). Specifically, the algorithms NIE, BRS and INS provide a set of intermediate nodes (SetIN) which supports the FC algorithm to form clusters. Finally, we propose the game theory based clustering (GBC) protocol which is combination of the FC algorithm and the proposed cluster maintenance algorithm to construct high stable clusters supporting multicast routing in CRAHNs. Moreover, each obtained cluster includes most members having the same receiving channel which avoids the affected regions of licensed channels. For the performance evaluation, we implement the GBC protocol in OMNET++ platform to demonstrate its performance improvement over the state-of-the-art protocols in terms of network stability and control overheads.

Multicast improvement for LOADng in Internet of Things networks

The Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng) is an emerging routing solution for low-power wireless networks, which is receiving much attention and is being adopted in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Although the current literature has introduced improvements to allow the protocol to fulfill the requirements of a higher set of IoT applications, the multicast support stills a deficiency of the protocol. Thus, to overcome this limitation, this study proposes a multicast improvement for LOADng. The proposal, named Multicast LOADng (M-LOADng) introduces a new route discovery process to enable the construction of a multicast routing tree and perform forwarding multicast data messages. The proposed solution also introduces mechanisms to reduce the control message overhead and increase the reliability of the route discovery process. Further, M-LOADng allows multicast data transmission in three different modes. The conducted experiments, through a real testbed, show that the proposed solution can reach a reliable and constant performance in terms of quality-of-service, energy consumption, and memory usage, even when increasing the multicast group size.

Providing overlay-based multicast in data center networks with optional millimeter wavelength links

Efficient multicast support is very important in data center (DC) networks, as many big data systems in data centers are bandwidth-hungry. Multicast implementations in DC networks are usually overlay-based. The major challenges are how can we accurately infer the topology of DC networks with both wired and wireless millimeter wavelength (MMW) links and how to design multicast algorithm for these topologies. In this paper, we first use hierarchical clustering to accurately infer the topology. Then, we propose the Inter-Rack First Multicast (IRFM) algorithm to match the fan-in nature of DC topologies. Evaluation results demonstrate that IRFM is $$3.7{-}11.2{\times }$$ faster than naive multicast implementations in the pure wired case, and $$4.8{-}14.6{\times }$$ faster in the case of MMW enhancement.

Throughput and Handover Latency Evaluation for Multicast Proxy Mobile IPV6

The objective of this paper is to present performance analysis of a new enhanced mobile multicast network mobility management scheme. The initial developed network mobility management called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is based on unicast network support. This paper enabled multicast support in network mobility management and named it as MPMIPv6. Additionally this enhancement also provides better network performance with the new context transfer operations and fast reroute operations. In brief, this paper also describes other current mobile multicast schemes. The new scheme is evaluated using mathematical analysis and NS3.19 simulator. Theoretically this scheme reduces service recovery time, total signalling cost, handover latency, and packet loss for multicast communication. However for this paper, the analysed parameters are throughput and handover latency. Both mathematical and simulation results exhibit better network performance for multicast environment compared to the standard benchmark scheme.

Efficient QoS based mobile multicast using context transfer

New challenging applications and scenarios for converged fixed and mobile Internet infrastructures, require efficient technologies adapting the multicast services for fixed IPv6 infrastructures to heterogeneous mobile environment. This paper discusses architecture aimed to support QoS based mobile multicast in heterogeneous mobile IPv6 environmentusing context transfer between access routers for seamlesshandover of mobile multicast applications. The architecture includes components for policy based QoS management of mobile multicast, reliable mobile multicast support at access routers and optimised handover based on learning of capabilities of access routers and networks.

Interest-suppression-based NDN live video broadcasting over wireless LAN

Named data networking (NDN) is a new Internet architecture that replaces today’s focus on where – addresses and hosts with what – the content that users and applications care about. One of NDN’s prominent advantages is scalable and efficient content distribution due to its native support of caching and multicast in the network. However, at the last hop to wireless users, often the WiFi link, current NDN implementation still treats the communication as multiple unicast sessions, which will cause duplicate packets and waste of bandwidth when multiple users request for the same popular content. WiFi’s built-in broadcast mechanism can alleviate this problem, but it suffers from packet loss since there is no MAC-layer acknowledgement as in unicast. In this paper, we develop a new NDN-based cross-layer approach called NLB for efficient and scalable live video streaming over wireless LAN. The core ideas are: using WiFi’s broadcast channel to deliver content from the access point to the users, a leader-based mechanism to suppress duplicate requests from users, and receiver-driven rate control and loss recovery. The design is implemented and evaluated in a physical testbed comprised of one software AP and 20 Raspberry Pi-based WiFi clients. While NDN with multiple unicast sessions or plain broadcast can support no more than ten concurrent viewers of a 1Mbps streaming video, NDN plus NLB supports all 20 viewers, and Received December 29, 2015; accepted April 28, 2016 E-mail: zhxp@tsinghua.edu.cn can likely support much more when present.

Multicast-Aware High-Performance Wireless Network-on-Chip Architectures

Today's multiprocessor platforms employ the network-on-chip (NoC) architecture as the preferable communication backbone. Conventional NoCs are designed predominantly for unicast data exchanges. In such NoCs, the multicast traffic is generally handled by converting each multicast message to multiple unicast transmissions. Hence, applications dominated by multicast traffic experience high queuing latencies and significant performance penalties when running on systems designed with unicast-based NoC architectures. Various multicast mechanisms such as XY-tree multicast and path multicast have already been proposed to enhance the performance of the traditional wireline mesh NoC incorporating multicast traffic. However, even with such added features, the multihop nature of the wireline mesh NoC leads to high network latencies and thus limits the achievable system performance. In this paper, to sustain the high-bandwidth and high-throughput requirements of emerging applications, we propose the design of a wireless NoC (WiNoC) architecture incorporating necessary multicast support. By integrating congestion-aware multicast routing with network coding, the WiNoC is able to efficiently handle heavy multicast injections. For applications running with a broadcast-heavy Hammer cache coherence protocol, the proposed multicast-aware WiNoC achieves an average of 47% reduction in message latency compared with the XY-tree-based multicast-aware mesh NoC. This network level improvement translates into a 26% saving in full-system energy delay product.

Flexible, Efficient, and Scalable Software-Defined Over-the-Top Multicast for ISP Environments With DynSdm

A number of today's over-the-top (OTT) services could greatly benefit from a flexible, efficient, and scalable network-layer multicast support on the Internet. IP multicast showed not to meet these requirements, hindering its adoption in more than individual network islands. As a consequence, content delivery networks (CDNs) emerged as alternative and implemented one-to-many multicasting at the application layer. Yet, due to practical reasons and conflicting stakeholder interests, CDN deployments usually end at the border of Internet service provider networks, making one-to-many deliveries at an Internet-scale challenging up to date. In a previous work, the authors presented software-defined multicast (Sdm) to mitigate this problem by unlocking network-layer multicast support for OTT services inside ISP networks. In this paper, DYNSDM is proposed to complement Sdm in key aspects, allowing for a more holistic support of relevant scenarios aspects, and enabling a fine-granular traffic engineering of multicast traffic inside ISP networks. For this, DYNSDM presents a detailed design of the ISP-internal traffic and service management process and introduces a set of novel SDN-based network-layer mechanisms for traffic load balancing as well as handling of group and network dynamics. DYNSDM was implemented as prototype and extensively evaluated, showing its flexibility, high traffic efficiency, good scalability, and superior ability to balance traffic load inside ISP networks.

Scalability of Broadcast Performance in Wireless Network-on-Chip

Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) are currently the paradigm of choice to interconnect the cores of a chip multiprocessor. However, conventional NoCs may not suffice to fulfill the on-chip communication requirements of processors with hundreds or thousands of cores. The main reason is that the performance of such networks drops as the number of cores grows, especially in the presence of multicast and broadcast traffic. This not only limits the scalability of current multiprocessor architectures, but also sets a performance wall that prevents the development of architectures that generate moderate-to-high levels of multicast. In this paper, a Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) where all cores share a single broadband channel is presented. Such design is conceived to provide low latency and ordered delivery for multicast/broadcast traffic, in an attempt to complement a wireline NoC that will transport the rest of communication flows. To assess the feasibility of this approach, the network performance of WNoC is analyzed as a function of the system size and the channel capacity, and then compared to that of wireline NoCs with embedded multicast support. Based on this evaluation, preliminary results on the potential performance of the proposed hybrid scheme are provided, together with guidelines for the design of MAC protocols for WNoC.