Multicast Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Hybrid heuristic driving training-rider optimization algorithm for QoS-aware multicast communication system in MANET

ABSTRACT Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is broadly applicable in various sectors within a short amount of time, which is connected to mobile developments. However, the communication in the MANET faces several issues like synchronization, managing power, resources, and routing management. Often, finding the optimal path in the MANET becomes complicated in the existing approaches. In this work, the latest QoS-assisted multiple-cast communication system in MANET is presented using hybridized approaches for better communication over the MANET domain. Especially, an Exploitation-assisted Driving Training-Rider Optimization (EDT-RO) model is suggested for the multicast routing in MANET. The developed EDT-RO algorithm optimizes the paths for communication in MANET, where the network considers more than two receivers. The proposed EDT-RO-based multicast routing algorithm aims to attain the objective function considering the data packet delivery rate, the throughput, the end-to-end latency, and the Quality of Service (QoS). Throughout the result analysis, the offered model shows better performance in terms of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.5% than DHOA, Jaya, DTBO, and ROA regarding mean. Simulations are conducted by comparing with other optimization algorithms used for QoS-assisted multiple casts routing to showcase and attain better routing performance of the developed models.

A Novel Gradient Boosted Energy Optimization Model (GBEOM) for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that is comprised of a set of nodes that move randomly. In MANET, the overall performance is improved through multipath multicast routing to achieve the quality of service (quality of service). In this, different nodes are involved in the information data collection and transmission to the destination nodes in the network. The different nodes are combined and presented to achieve energy-efficient data transmission and classification of the nodes. The route identification and routing are established based on the data broadcast by the network nodes. In transmitting the data packet, evaluating the data delivery ratio is necessary to achieve optimal data transmission in the network. Furthermore, energy consumption and overhead are considered essential factors for the effective data transmission rate and better data delivery rate. In this paper, a Gradient-Based Energy Optimization model (GBEOM) for the route in MANET is proposed to achieve an improved data delivery rate. Initially, the Weighted Multi-objective Cluster-based Spider Monkey Load Balancing (WMC-SMLB) technique is utilized for obtaining energy efficiency and load balancing routing. The WMC algorithm is applied to perform an efficient node clustering process from the considered mobile nodes in MANET. Load balancing efficiency is improved with a higher data delivery ratio and minimum routing overhead based on the residual energy and bandwidth estimation. Next, the Gradient Boosted Multinomial ID3 Classification algorithm is applied to improve the performance of multipath multicast routing in MANET with minimal energy consumption and higher load balancing efficiency. The proposed GBEOM exhibits ∼4% improved performance in MANET routing.

Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile ADHOC Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is a self-configuring network that doesn’t follows any predetermined infrastructure. In MANETs there are collections of independent nodes which are associated through wireless and at the same instance it is allowed to change its links to other nodes frequently without any fixed infrastructure. Multicast routing is concurrently sending a message from single source to several destinations and it is an efficient approach to establish the communication between groups of nodes in the wireless network. Multicast routing plays very important roles in the fields of video conferencing, co-operative works, distance education, video on demand, cyber database updating and querying, etc. These applications can provide themselves to manage multicast operations. Almost all different type of multicast routing algorithms in MANETs are facing various issues like limited bandwidth, possibility packets loose, delay variance, energy consumption and transmission overhead problem. There are several multicast routing protocol has been proposed to overcome the challenges of multicast routing and play very significant roles in the current scenario. Nowadays, dissimilar multicast routing algorithms with unique characteristic have been introduced. In this paper complete survey on multicast routing algorithm to highlight their advantages, limitation and also show the future direction in multicast routing in MANETs.

Reliability-based dynamic multicast group formation provisioning local adjustment ensuring quality of service globally in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is an infrastructure less and random mobility-based class of wireless networks with seamless possibilities of ‘on the fly’ communication through self-coordination among autonomous mobile nodes while being in the transmission range of each other. This low cost, easy to deploy, simplicity, and self-organisation of MANET altogether revolutionised wired networks and could connect otherwise unreachable terrains/sites. To handle the severity of colossal issues like dynamic topology, scarce resources and frequent rupturing of established routes in MANETs, conservation of energy becomes inevitable to administer contemporary applications. After an extensive literature survey for provisioning reliability and multicast routing in MANETs, researchers concluded the conservation of mobile nodes energy embrace a very consequential role in extending network life. The PLA (Proposed Local Adjustment) model is based on eliminating flooding, preserving nodes battery life by selectively choosing forwarder node at each hop level, and handling route failures locally, eventually makes the network more robust and resilient. The PLA model when simulated on NS2.35 against AODV on various parameters like control overhead generated, packet delivery ratio, energy conserved index, produced quite convincing and promising results, to be offered to remote and rescue-based applications in the vicinity of infrastructure less regions.

A power aware mechanism for energy efficient routing in MANET

In this paper, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is used to refer a wireless network wherein there is no definite architecture and required configuration is done by itself. Multiple protocols are suggested to reduce the overall transmission power in MANET routing. Several multicasting routing protocols are available and two of them are power aware dual tree based multicast routing protocol (PDTMRP) and load balancing and power aware multicast routing in MANET (LPMR). Here, a power aware mechanism for energy efficient routing (PAMER) for MANET is designed to improve route stability as well as to obtain load balance data transmission by taking into account the energy reduction rate (ERR) as well as residual energy (RE). A suitable band width (BW) assessment is integrated to respond to network traffic as well as explore a QoS aware strategy into route discovery for appropriate traffic management. Thus, the improved system can monitor overhead, lessen the number of route reconstruction as well as improve the life span of network.

WBMR: a new communication scheme for multicast routing in MANETs

There is a great demand for multicast route deployment and time varying link strategies which makes routing difficult in ad-hoc networks. Thus, finding the optimal routes with multicast behaviour in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a critical issue. The deployed route should fulfil the necessary requirements of MANET, like power utilisation, efficient utilisation of bandwidth, loop free communication, link stability and minimised usage of control overheads. Thus in research, the proposed Weight Based Multicast Routing (WBMR) protocol addresses the critical issues like loop free communication and link stability, which simultaneously yields the optimum routes and reduced energy utilisation of the nodes in MANETs. This proposition uses the weight based routing approach which is based on the distance and signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the demanding links. This WBMR protocol minimise the number of nodes participated in the communication in association with link stability and thus minimise the unnecessary utilisation of bandwidth and energy. The simulated results show that the implemented approach outperforms well when compared with the existing approaches in multicast routing schemes.

Multi-constraints reliable multicast routing protocol for group communications in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed wireless network with highly dynamic topology. So, the nodes keep moving in and out of the network instantly. A path formed between two distant nodes through several intermediate nodes cannot be maintained for a long duration of time. But, the availability of the link between any two nodes can be predicted up to a certain extent by using the available resources in the network, such as the power, bandwidth and delay, etc. Even then the guaranteed data delivery through the path cannot be made. Therefore, reliable multicast routing in MANET is a challenging issue. Thus, in this paper, we have proposed to design a multi-constrained reliable multicast routing protocol (MRMRP) using network coding. This technique builds the reliable path between the source and a multicast receivers. The reliable path between the nodes will be constructed by estimating residual power,bandwidth and delay then network coding scheme is used to recover the lost packet during data transmission. Results of our experiments show the performance improvements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) metrics such as end-to-end delay, control overhead, packet loss and delivery ratio in comparison with an MAODV and routing technique proposed by Chi et al.

Congestion Control for Fault Tolerant Multicast Routing in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator a dynamic network consisting of several mobile nodes communicating wirelessly. MANET is an infrastructure less network and each member node is free to move in and out of the network in a random manner. Congestion may occur in any node when data packets travel from source to destination. Controlling congestion is critical to ensure adequate network operation and performance. Due to this mobile nature of the nodes in MANET, the possibility for the network to get congested is high. This may result in isolated nodes and reduced network performance. So in this paper, we proposed to develop a congestion control technique for fault tolerant multicast routing in MANET. In this technique, the congestion probability around the forwarding node is initially estimated and then according to the congestion level, the future transmission rates are adapted. The data transmission rate is varied dynamically to efficiently handle the congestion in the network. In this way, the network performance is enhanced.

Predictive Energy Efficient and Reliable Multicast Routing In MANET

In Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs), multicast routing is favorable to minimize the cost of transmission as it routes data to a group of destinations simultaneously. However, the main aim of multicast routing is to maintain energy efficiency, ensure minimum delay and stability of paths. In this study we propose to develop a Predictive Energy efficient and Reliable Multicast Routing using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in MANET. The technique uses PSO algorithm to construct energy efficient and reliable multicast tree. The fitness function of PSO algorithm is designed considering path delay, expected path energy and path stability. The proposed algorithm is simulated in NS-2. The simulation results proved that the proposed algorithm offers energy efficient and reliable multicast routing with low overhead.

Fuzzy Improved Adaptive Delay Multicast Routing Protocol

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) represents a system of wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self organize into arbitrary and temporary network topologies without presence of any fixed infrastructure. Multicast routing in MANETs is an efficient method to lead data packets from one source group to several nodes as destination group. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Although multicast routing algorithms in MANETs could be efficient in many situations, but the devices in MANETs are typically equipped with limited energy supplies which makes energy efficiency as one of the primary objectives in the design of multicast routing algorithms in wireless networks. In this paper fuzzy logic method is used to create small, strong forwarding group and reducing overhead method is used to restrict the domain of control packet flooding so as to reduce the overhead. The combination of above two methods is applied to Adaptive delay multicast routing protocol (ADRP). A ns-2 simulation study performed and our results revealed that the resultant increases packet delivery rate reduces average end-to-end delay and consumed power. General Terms Theory and Protocol

Neighbor supported reliable multipath multicast routing in MANETs

The limited battery power, unpredictable mobility and large variation of received signal strength in nodes of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) create link and node vulnerability and instability. Multicast routing in MANETs for group communication requires the establishment of reliable links between neighboring nodes called as reliability pair beginning from the source and extending such reliability pairs enroute to the destination. We propose a scheme for Multipath Multicast Routing in MANETs using reliable Neighbor Selection (MMRNS) mechanism. A mesh of multipath routes are established from source to multicast destinations using neighbors that have high reliability pair factor. MMRNS operates in the following phases. (1) Computation of reliability pair factor based on node power level, received differential signal strength between the nodes and mobility. (2) Pruning neighbor nodes that have reliability pair factor smaller than a threshold. (3) Discovery of multipath multicast mesh routes with the help of request and reply packets. (4) Multipath priority assignment based on minimum value of reliability pair factor of a path and information transfer from source to the multicast destinations and (5) route maintenance against link/node failures. The scheme is simulated to evaluate the performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, memory overhead, message overhead, control overhead and packet delays in comparison to the mesh based multicast routing protocols such as On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) and Enhanced ODMRP (EODMRP). MMRNS performs better than ODMRP and EODMRP as observed from the simulation results.

PRIME: An Interest-Driven Approach to Integrated Unicast and Multicast Routing in MANETs

A framework for integrated multicast and unicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is introduced. It is based on interest-defined mesh enclaves that are connected components of a MANET spanning the sources and receivers of unicast or multicast flows. The Protocol for Routing in Interest-defined Mesh Enclaves (PRIME) is presented to implement the proposed framework for integrated routing in MANETs. PRIME establishes meshes that are activated and deactivated by the presence or absence of interest in individual destination nodes and groups and confines most of the signaling overhead within regions of interest (enclaves) in such meshes. The routes established in PRIME are shown to be free of permanent loops. Experimental results based on extensive simulations show that PRIME attains similar or better data delivery and end-to-end delays than traditional unicast and multicast routing schemes for MANETs (AODV, OLSR, ODMRP). The experiments also show that signaling in PRIME is far more scalable than the one used by traditional multicast and unicast routing protocols such as AODV, OLSR, or ODMRP.

Information Priority Based Multicast Routing in MANETs

The routing efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) suffers from frequent battery drains, mobility and large variation of received signal strength. Thus, nodes and links in MANETs become more vulnerable and unstable. Multicast routing in MANETs for group communication requires establishment of reliable links between neighbouring nodes called as reliability pair beginning from the source and extending such reliability pairs enroute to the destination. If there are multiple paths from source to every multicast destination, the reliability of source information may be enhanced by sending higher priority information on higher priority path. In this paper, we propose a scheme of Information Priority based Multicast Routing in MANETs using multiple paths (IPMRM). IPMRM operates in following phases. (1) Reliability pair factor computation based on node power level, received differential signal strength between the nodes and mobility. (2) Pruning neighbor nodes that have reliability pair factor lesser than a threshold. (3) Finding multicast mesh routes with multiple paths to a destination using request and reply packets. (4) Priority assignment to multiple paths based on minimum value of reliability pair factor of a path and information transfer from source to multicast destination. (4) Route maintenance against link failures. The simulation results for packet delivery ratio and control overhead demonstrate better performance of IPMRM over On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) and Enhanced ODMRP (EODMRP).

Fuzzy Controller Based QoS Routing Algorithm with a Multiclass Scheme for MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other without the assistance of base stations. Due to the dynamic nature of the network topology and restricted resources, quality of service (QoS) and multicast routing in MANET are challenging tasks which attract the interests of many people. In this paper, we present a fuzzy controller based QoS routing algorithm with a multiclass scheme (FQRA) in mobile ad hoc networks. The performance of this scheduler is studied using NS2 (Network Simulator version 2) and evaluated in terms of quantitative measures such as packet delivery ratio, path success ratio and average end-to-end delay. Simulations show that the approach is efficient, promising and applicable in ad hoc networks.

Hierarchical multicast techniques and scalability in mobile Ad Hoc networks

Many potential applications of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) involve group communications among the nodes. Multicasting is an useful operation that facilitates group communications. Efficient and scalable multicast routing in MANETs is a difficult issue. In addition to the conventional multicast routing algorithms, recent protocols have adopted the following new approaches: overlays, backbone-based, and stateless. In this paper, we study these approaches from the protocol state management point of view, and compare their scalability behaviors. To enhance performance and enable scalability, we have proposed a framework for hierarchical multicasting in MANET environments. Two classes of hierarchical multicasting approaches, termed as domain-based and overlay-driven, are proposed. We have considered a variety of approaches that are suitable for different scenarios such as multicast group sizes and number of groups. Results obtained through simulations demonstrate enhanced performance and scalability of the proposed techniques.