Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access Research Articles

Construction of type-II ZCCS for the MC-CDMA system with low PMEPR

This paper introduces a novel construction method for Type-II Z complementary code set (ZCCS) based on the Kronecker product between complete complementary code and mutually orthogonal sequences. Type-II ZCCS offer significant advantages over their Type-I counterparts, boasting larger zero correlation zone (ZCZ) width and a larger number of codes with identical constituent sequences and lengths. Moreover, we propose a strategy to reduce column peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) to a low values upto smaller than 2. This construction framework also facilitates the creation of Z complementary pairs (ZCPs) with flexible parameters. Furthermore, we present a Type-II ZCCS based multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system and conduct performance comparisons against existing Type-I ZCCS based counterparts. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system, showcasing improved reliability and efficiency. Additionally, we establish a novel relationship among set size, code size, sequence length, and ZCZ width for Type-II ZCCS.

Non Orthogonal Multiple Access for Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access Systems with Energy Harvesting

Non Orthogonal Multiple Access for Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access Systems with Energy Harvesting

Two constructions for optimal Z-complementary sequence sets

Z-complementary sequence sets (ZCSSs) can be applied to multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems as user address codes to eliminate multi-path interference and multi-access interference. In this paper, two constructions of ZCSSs are investigated. First of all, flexible and diverse seed sequence sets are employed to generate a large number of optimal ZCSSs, which is a generalization of an existing construction. Next, note that most ZCSSs obtained by orthogonal-matrix-based constructions have lengths that are multiples of the ZCZ widths. Toward the challenge of designing ZCSSs of various lengths, we proposed a noval construction that can yield ZCSSs with arbitrary lengths based on orthogonal matrices. In this way, different transmission rates can be facility provided to cater for different application scenarios. In addition, the flock sizes and ZCZ widths can be chosen flexibly. It means that, in theory, the obtained ZCSSs can be applied to MC-CDMA systems of various sub-carriers. To the best of our knowledge, the construction of ZCSSs have not been reported in the literature.

Channel Estimation of MC-CDMA aided with Evolutionary Algorithms

Currently wireless communication has gained great demand. In order to satisfy current need of customer’s, new technologies are required. Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is one of the promising technologies for mobile radio communications. In this article MC-CDMA performance is evaluated by estimating the channel with the help of evolutionary algorithms. Block type pilot arrangement is used for estimating the channel with least square (LS) estimation algorithm. Matlab used for simulation

Smoothed Sparse Blind DOA Estimation for MC-CDMA Systems Based on Tensor Decomposition

We propose a blind direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method for multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, which does not require knowledge of the spreading codes of transmitters. Our method involves reconstructing a fourth-order tensor with observations from the antenna array at the receiver. We then apply higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) to separate the signal subspace from the noise subspace. To enhance the sparsity of the solution, we develop a smoothed ℓ0-norm sparse reconstruction method by designing continuous functions with reweighted vectors. Finally, DOA estimates are obtained by searching the spectrum of the sparse solution using an iterative method that ensures fast convergence. Numerical simulations show its superiority over previous work.

Optimizing Nonlinear Distortion and Interference in MC-CDMA Receivers Employing Deep Neural Networks

Systems that employ multicarrier code division multiple access, commonly known as MC-CDMA, produce outstanding results in terms of both the performance of the system as a whole and the efficiency with which it uses the spectrum. However, multiple access strategies are susceptible to interference despite their high spectrum efficiency. This work aims to reduce multiple access interference (MAI) by developing an MC-CDMA receiver. When MC-CDMA deteriorates nonlinearly, standard receivers, namely, zero forcing (ZF), maximal ratio combining (MRC), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and equal gain combining (EGC), are unable to cancel MAI. Neural network (NN) receivers are a better option due to their nonlinear nature. Based on the simulation results, the suggested deep neural network- (DNN-)based schemes outperform the current baselines in terms of error handling and usability. This research explores the viability and effectiveness of a DNN-based receiver designed for MC-CDMA with nonlinearity degradations. The focus of this research is on MC-CDMA.

Performance Evaluation and Comparison Between LDPC and Turbo Coded MC-CDMA

This work presents a comparison between the Convolutional Encoding CE, Parallel Turbo code and Low density Parity Check (LDPC) coding schemes with a MultiUser Single Output MUSO Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system over multipath fading channels. The decoding technique used in the simulation was iterative decoding since it gives maximum efficiency at higher iterations. Modulation schemes used is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM. An 8 pilot carrier wereused to compensate channel effect with Least Square Estimation method. The channel model used is Long Term Evolution (LTE) channel with Technical Specification TS 25.101v2.10 and 5 MHz bandwidth bandwidth including the channels of indoor to outdoor/ pedestrian channel and Vehicular channel. The results showed that the performance of the proposed system was better when the LDPC was used as a coding technique

МНОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ ДОСТУП В БЕСПРОВОДНЫХ КАНАЛАХ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ НЕОРТОГОНАЛЬНОГО КОДИРОВАНИЯ И ЧАСТОТНОГО ПЕРЕМЕЖЕНИЯ

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is currently considered as one of the promising technologies that can significantly improve the efficiency of modern and future communication networks. In code division multiple access systems, users can share a dedicated space-frequency-time resource to simultaneously transmit their own traffic. To ensure the separation of individual user streams on the receiving side, each user is provided with his own code sequence embedded in the broadband signal transmitted by this user, the spectrum of which, as a rule, occupies the entire allocated frequency band. When centimeter-and- millimeter wave wireless channels are used as the transmission medium, such factors as fading, multipath, and Doppler scatter can significantly degrade the performance of a code division multiple access system. The standard solution in this situation is to combine code division multiple access with OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) technology, known as multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA). To ensure the acceptable level of performance of multiple access systems under oversaturated conditions, many novel approaches based on the use of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have been proposed. The paper considers a variant of multiple access with non-orthogonal coding that is close in approach to sparse coding multiple access (SCMA). The proposed access procedure is based on dividing the allocated time-frequency resource into relatively small clusters and sharing each cluster with its own group of users, equipped with a non-orthogonal cluster code with the ability to change the loading factor. For the proposed class of cluster codes, a general encoding and decoding scheme is presented. Examples of specific cluster code constructions and numerical results are given that allow one to get a number of the parameters for tradeoffs between an increase of the loading factor in the system and additional energy loss.

Performance Analysis of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Multi-Carrier Code-Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) Combined with Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding (QO-STBC) in Rayleigh Fading Channel

The need for a communication system with a higher data rate and mobility grows along with information and communication technology development. Combining MC-CDMA with the MIMO system and supporting the system with a good transmit diversity technique is a promising idea to provide the needed communication system, especially in high mobility conditions. MC-CDMA can support ubiquitous communications without affecting the achievable BER and is more capable of high-speed mobility. It integrates the benefit of both OFDM and CDMA. On the other hand, QO-STBC increases the bit rate without using additional bandwidth to transmit diversity in the MIMO system. So, this study proposed a system combining the MIMO MC-CDMA system with QO-STBC. The proposed system is investigated under high mobility conditions to see the system's performance. The simulation results show that our system performs better than the MC-CDMA STBC system and the QOSTBC system but not better than the MC-CDMA multilevel coding scheme. To reach the value of BER 10−3, MC-CDMA multilevel Coding requires less power, around 5 dB, than the proposed system.

Differential Evolution Algorithm-Aided Time-Varying Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation for OFDM Underwater Acoustic Communication

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the preferred scheme for high-speed communication in the field of underwater acoustic communication. However, it is very sensitive to the carrier frequency offset (CFO). This study used a time-varying CFO estimation method aided by the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to accurately estimate the CFO of an OFDM system. This method was based on the principle that the received OFDM signal with inter-carrier interference could be considered by a Multi Carrier-code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system on the receiver side because MC-CDMA is a technology that combines OFDM and code division multiple access (CMDA). Because it is suitable for solving problems where there are dependencies between adjacent variables, the DE algorithm was used to capture the varying CFO values on the adjacent blocks. The spreading code of the MC-CDMA was obtained based on the estimated CFO values, which were elements in the DE solutions. Then the received signal was reconstructed. The Root-Mean-Square Error between the reconstructed and actual received signals was used as the cost function, and the CFO was estimated using the DE algorithm because of its powerful parallel search capability. The simulation results showed that the proposed method had a high estimation accuracy. Compared with other intelligent optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing mutated-genetic algorithm, the time-varying CFO estimation performance of the DE algorithm was better because of its unique ability to solve problems with dependencies between adjacent variables. Specifically, under the condition of a high signal-to-noise ratio, the improvement of estimation accuracy reaches 36.13%, and the Bit Error Rate of demodulation is thus reduced by 75%, compared with the reference algorithms. In addition, the proposed method also has good applicability to modulation methods. For phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation, in particular, the proposed method not only achieved high-precision time-varying CFO estimation values, but also reduced the demodulation deterioration caused by noise.

An expert algorithm for spectrum sensing and signal detection in NOMA-enabled 5G networks

The Spectrum sensing is an essential function in the various types of fifth-generation (5G) networks and beyond, which can address some of the fundamental challenges for 5G, including spectral efficiency and the reliable connectivity of internet of things (IoT) devices. In this article, we aim to present a real-time and expert spectrum sensing algorithm for 5G cellular networks. The novel method exploits the cyclostationary nature of the spread spectrum signal without any prior knowledge of its structure. In the proposed algorithm, the multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technique will be utilized by the users. The multidimensional spectrum sensing method introduces a novel correlation measurement based on the algebraic characteristics of pseudo-noise (PN) sequences. The existence of periodic peaks in the new correlation function presents new modelling of the emergence of the spread-spectrum signal. Our basis for this is to use the cyclostatic property of the pseudo-noise code and obtain the distance between the two main peaks in the received signal correlation. According to the simulation results, the proposed algorithm exhibits excellent performance in signal detection and exact estimation of PN code length in low SNRs and multipath fading environments.

Design of Space-Time Coded Multi-Carrier CDMA System based on Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms

Design of Space-Time Coded Multi-Carrier CDMA System based on Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms

An Efficient Medium Access Control Scheme Based on MC-CDMA for Mobile Underwater Acoustic Networks

Performing effective medium access control (MAC) encounters great challenges for mobile underwater acoustic networks (UANs), because it suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio, Doppler shift, large communication latency, and so on. Multi-carrier code-division multiple access (MC-COMA) is a promising modulation technique appropriate for solving the above restrictions. In this article, we design a novel MC-COMA-based cross-layer MAC scheme for mobile UANs, called MCI-MAC, to achieve efficient high-concurrency communication. Specifically, this method allocates spread spectrum sequences dynamically on the basis of velocity, propagation distance, data size, and data grade to improve robustness and flexibility of communication. Moreover, we propose an ant-colony-based optimal channel selection algorithm to decrease inter-carrier interference and inter-symbol interference, which concurrently maximizes energy efficiency and network throughput. In addition, we further propose a solution to solve multihop networks' collisions. Simulation results show that MCI-MAC is more effective than the state-of-the-art methods in mobile UANs.

Improved Metric Function for AlphaSeq Algorithm to Design Ideal Complementary Codes for Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems

Improved Metric Function for AlphaSeq Algorithm to Design Ideal Complementary Codes for Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems

A Robust Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithm in Burst Mode Multicarrier CDMA based Ad Hoc Networks

The future wireless communication systems demand very high data rates, anti-jamming ability and multiuser support. People want large amount of data to be continuously accessible in their personal devices. Direct Sequence (DS) spread spectrum based techniques such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) fulfil these requirements but, at the same time, suffer from the Intersymbol Interference (ISI). Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) is an emerging technology to be used in mobile devices operating in an ad hoc setting due to its immunity towards ISI and having all the advantages of spread spectrum communication. One of the major problems with MC-CDMA is the high sensitivity towards carrier frequency offsets caused due to the inherent inaccuracy of crystal oscillators. This carrier frequency offset destroys the orthogonality of the subcarriers resulting in Intercarrier Interference (ICI). In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient algorithm based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and biquadratic Lagrange interpolation. The FFT is based on the use of overlapping windows for each frame of the data instead of non-overlapping windows. This gives a coarse estimate of the frequency offset which is refined by the successive application of Lagrange quadratic interpolation to the samples in the vicinity of FFT peak. The proposed algorithm has been applied to the multiuser ad hoc network and simulated in Stanford University Interim (SUI) channels. It has been shown by simulations that the proposed algorithm provides better performance of almost 1~2 dB as compared to the well-known algorithms.

A hybrid of the selected mapping and partial transmit sequence approaches for reducing the high peak average to power ratio based on multi-carrier systems – review

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-4G and 5G filter technology suffer a drawback that represents the direction of the peak average to power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing due to the nonlinear nature of the transmitter. There are a lot of traditional and hybrid methods of these traditional methods to reduce the harmful high PAPR value. Newly, several new hybrid methods have been adopted to reduce PAPR but it faces an increasing level of computational complexity in the system. In this paper, two important and effective conventional methods for reducing PAPR are studied, analyzed, and investigated for the hybrid pathway which is the incorporation of selective mapping (SLM) method and partial transport sequencing (PTS) method, which achieve increased efficiency of PAPR reduction while computing the computational complexity of each method. The method depends and balances with computational complexity. The search is based on multi-carrier connections such as multi carrier-code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and OFDM.

A hybrid of the selected mapping and partial transmit sequence approaches for reducing the high peak average to power ratio based on multi-carrier systems–review

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-4G and 5G filter technology suffer a drawback that represents the direction of the peak average to power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing due to the nonlinear nature of the transmitter. There are a lot of traditional and hybrid methods of these traditional methods to reduce the harmful high PAPR value. Newly, several new hybrid methods have been adopted to reduce PAPR but it faces an increasing level of computational complexity in the system. In this paper, two important and effective conventional methods for reducing PAPR are studied, analyzed, and investigated for the hybrid pathway which is the incorporation of selective mapping (SLM) method and partial transport sequencing (PTS) method, which achieve increased efficiency of PAPR reduction while computing the computational complexity of each method. The method depends and balances with computational complexity. The search is based on multi-carrier connections such as multi carrier-code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and OFDM.

Detection of Signals in MC–CDMA Using a Novel Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalizer

This paper presents a technique to mitigate multiple access interference (MAI) in multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) wireless communications systems. Although under normal circumstances the MC-CDMA system can achieve high spectral efficiency and resistance towards inter symbol interference (ISI) however when exposed to substantial nonlinear distortion the issue of MAI manifests. Such distortion results when the power amplifiers are driven into saturation or when the transmit signal experiences extreme adverse channel conditions. The proposed technique uses a modified iterative block decision feedback equalizer (IB-DFE) that uses a minimal mean square error (MMSE) receiver in the feed-forward path to nullify the residual interference from the IB-DFE receiver. The received signal is re-filtered in an iterative process to significantly improve the MC-CDMA system’s performance. The effectiveness of the proposed modified IB-DFE technique in MC-CDMA systems has been analysed under various harsh nonlinear conditions, and the results of this analysis presented here confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique to outperform conventional methodologies in terms of the bit error rate (BER) and lesser computational complexity.

New Construction of Multiple Complete Complementary Codes With Inter-Set Zero Cross-Correlation Zone

Controlling the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) transmissions is a notoriously important problem. In this letter, a direct construction of multiple complete complementary codes (CCCs) with inter-set zero cross-correlation zone (ZCCZ) is proposed based on multivariable functions. The presented construction has an advantage over the previous works with regard to the new flexible parameters and low column sequence PMEPR, which may give an extra benefit in fulfilling different requirements and managing PMEPR in MC-CDMA systems with multiple cells. In addition, it turns out that the combination of the constructed CCCs results in a new optimal Z-complementary code set (ZCCS).

Direct Construction of Optimal Z-Complementary Code Sets With Even Lengths by Using Generalized Boolean Functions

Z-complementary code set (ZCCS) are well known to be used in multicarrier code-division multiple access (MCCDMA) system to provide a interference free environment. Based on the existing literature, the direct construction of optimal ZCCSs are limited to its length. In this paper, we are interested in constructing optimal ZCCSs of all possible even lengths using Pseudo-Boolean functions. The maximum column sequence peakto-man envelop power ratio (PMEPR) of the proposed ZCCSs is upper-bounded by two, which may give an extra benefit in managing PMEPR in an ZCCS based MC-CDMA system, as well as the ability to handle a large number of users.