Multistage Flash Desalination Research Articles

Techno-economic process design of multi-stage flash- reverse osmosis for water and power production using solar-wind resources

This paper introduces a newly developed hybrid power plant design that combines renewable energy sources to produce both electricity and freshwater. The design offers a higher gain output ratio (GOR) and improved efficiency in power and freshwater production, all at a lower cost compared to existing research papers. To generate power, the power plant incorporates a range of technologies, such as a horizontal-axis wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic panels (PV), parabolic trough collectors (PTC), a steam Rankine cycle, a multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit that cleverly harnesses excess heat from the Steam Rankine cycle, and an Reverse osmosis (RO) unit. With the assistance of ASPEN Plus, ASPEN Economic, and HOMER PRO software, the process parameters undergo significant improvement. According to the results, the power plant has the capacity to generate 57.63 MW of electricity and produce 2505 m3h of freshwater. Additionally, it has a GOR of 9.09 and utilizes 7285 m3h of seawater, which has a renewability factor of 97.6 %. In addition, the efficiency of the steam Rankine cycle stands at 32 %, providing notable energy savings. The production costs for electricity and freshwater are 0.037 $kW and 1.38 $m3, respectively, indicating their affordability. The economic analysis reveals promising results for the project, with an anticipated annual profit of 41 % and a relatively short capital payback period of 2.4 years. By implementing the proposed hybrid cogeneration power plant, the region can tackle its water and energy scarcity issues with a sustainable and long-lasting solution.

The corrosion inhibition performance of a diissocyanate-imidazole based organic compound during acid cleaning of MSF desalination plant

Inorganic scale formation is a common issue in multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plants, significantly impacting operational efficiency. To address this, acid cleaning is frequently employed, but it can lead to severe corrosion of alloy components if not properly controlled with corrosion inhibitors. This study investigates the effectiveness of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate-4-(1H-imidazole-ly) aniline (TDIA) as a corrosion inhibitor for 304L stainless steel in a simulated acid cleaning solution (1M HCl and 3.5 % NaCl). A range of tests, including electrochemical analysis, weight loss measurements, and surface characterization techniques such as AFM, EDS, and SEM, were used to assess the inhibitor's performance at temperatures of 25, 45, 65, and 90 °C. At a concentration of 50 ppm, TDIA achieved inhibition efficiencies of around 90% at 25 °C and above 80% at 90 °C, demonstrating effective protection across all temperatures studied. The adsorption behavior of TDIA followed the Langmuir adsorption model, and it acted as a mixed-type inhibitor by forming a protective layer on the metal surface, which prevents corrosive agents from accessing the steel. The dual-environment testing method, simulating conditions in desalination plants, offers valuable insights into the inhibitor's practical performance, enhancing the applicability of these findings to real-world industrial scenarios.

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of nuclear power plant integrating with seawater desalination and hydrogen production for peak shaving

An integrated system incorporating a nuclear unit, multi-stage flash desalination, and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is proposed for peak shaving. The extraction steam is used for seawater desalination to produce freshwater, the generator output power is employed to drive the electrolyzer for hydrogen production, and the electrolyzer outlet water heats the feedwater for power boosting. Thermodynamic analysis shows that 53.76 MW is used for seawater desalination-hydrogen production (electrolyzer voltage =2.0 V). The system efficiency is 37.44 % with output hydrogen energy of 37.86 MW, and the specific energy consumption is 4.72 kWh/Nm3. The electrolyzer exergy efficiency of the integrated system is 81.94 %, higher than the standalone electrolyzer with 61.17 %. Sensitivity analysis shows higher voltage and lower water flow rates are conducive to higher hydrogen production rates. Economic analysis shows that the cost of hydrogen production is 15.16 CNY/kg and the annual net income can reach 7.68·106 CNY.

Design and assessment of an advanced renewable energy system with hydrogen and monomethylhydrazine production for space shuttles

A new renewable energy-driven advanced plant is designed and developed to produce multiple useful outputs, namely electricity, heat, cooling, hydrogen, and monomethylhydrazine (as space shuttle fuel) using solar and wind energies locally available. A specific location needed for this kind of unique work is identified as the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), which is known as located on Merritt Island, in the state of Florida (USA). It is also one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) ten field centers. Since December 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the subsystems that constitute the newly proposed system potentially for KSC and highlights their complex relationships and synergies. Leveraging renewable energy sources, such as concentrated solar power (CSP) and wind energy, coupled with the subsystem uniquely, such as the regenerative Rankine cycle, multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit, hydrogen production process, and Li–Br absorption chiller, the KSC's system maximizes energy conversion efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. Noteworthy outcomes include daily water production of 177.63 kg/s and hydrogen production of 169.61 kg/day, alongside annual energy contributions of 212,692,688 kWh for CSP and 66,158,552 kWh for wind turbines. More than that, it produces 23.04 kg/s MMH as fuel. Additionally, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are 30.6% and 33% respectively. Despite challenges, such as low efficiencies in certain subsystems, like mono methyl hydrazine (MMH) production, ongoing research and development efforts aim to optimize processes and enhance sustainability.

Performance optimization of an integrated solar combined cycle for the cogeneration of electricity and fresh water

Many Arabic countries suffer water scarcity while having an energy surplus. The present work investigates and optimizes a proposed plant for the cogeneration of electricity and fresh water. This plant comprises an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) power plant and a Multi Stage Flash (MSF) desalination unit. The steam condenser of the ISCC acts as a brine heater of the MSF desalination unit. Thus, the waste thermal energy from the ISCC is used to desalinate the seawater. The proposed cycle produces fresh water during its part load operating conditions. Simulation programs were developed and validated using real data from the ISCC power plant in Kuraymat-Egypt. The present results show that the proposed plant is very promising for the cogeneration of electricity and fresh water. An optimum top brine temperature (To) of 80 °C was estimated based on the amount of fuel required to desalinate the seawater. The proposed plant produces up to 1140 m3/h of fresh water under the typical operating conditions of Hurghada-Egypt, 50 % of the rated output power, and To = 80 °C. It saves up to 84.7 % of the fuel required for desalination compared to a standalone MSF desalination unit that operates under the same conditions.

اختبار أداء محطة تحلية مياه البحر بالزويتينة

The present study is applied on the seawater multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant that is currently under operation in E-Zuetina operations plant located in Libya. The plant contains 21 evaporator stages at capacity of 10025 (ton/day). The presented operating data has been collected during a visit of the plant, a mathematical model for multistage flash (MSF) desalination plants was developed. The model was based on basic principles of physics and chemistry that describe the stages occurring in the desalination process. The input plant parameters that are known to affect the operation of the MSF desalination plant and its performance were taken into account in the construction of the model. These parameters included make-up flow, brine recycle flow, seawater flow, seawater temperature, seawater concentration, steam temperature and the plant load. For each stage, the developed model was used for predicting the temperatures and pressure of the brine, distillate, cooling brine, and the flow rates of brine outlet and distillate production. The developed model was evaluated with the MSF plant vendor simulation results and its actual operating data. The evaluation indicated that model predictions matched well with the vendor simulation results and the plant operating data. The developed model is sufficiently accurate and model predictions can be relied upon. Therefore, it may be recommended for determining optimum set point of a running MSF desalination plant at different loads to maximize the water production or minimize energy consumption. It can also be used to calculate controller set points for different loads of the plant. Keywords:E-Zuetina MSF Desalination Plant, case study, stage model, brine heater.

Solid waste-derived solar desalination devices: Enhanced efficiency in water vapor generation and diffusion

Water scarcity and waste pollution are serious global challenges due to the rapid development of the global economy and population growth. A win–win strategy to address the water crisis and reduce pollution is to use waste materials as low-carbon and eco-friendly photothermal materials for solar-driven desalination. Steel slag, an abundant industrial waste product, has excellent thermal conductivity. Enhancing its light absorption and hydrophilicity could enable the creation of efficient and economical solar seawater desalination devices. In this study, our research introduces a 3D desalination device using this modified slag, achieving a consistent evaporation rate fluctuating around 29 kg m-2h−1 at 4 m s−1 wind speed for five days. This breakthrough can be attributed to the excellent light-to-heat conversion of the modified steel slag, coupled with the synergistic interaction between the porous evaporator and wind, culminating in efficient steam evaporation and diffusion. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) reveals that the carbon emissions of the modified steel slag for desalinating each ton of seawater are only 2.20 kg CO2-eq, indicating superior prospects for carbon reduction compared to the reverse osmosis (RO) and Multi-Stage Flash Desalination (MSF) processes.

Energy and exergy analysis of three major recirculating multi-stage flashing desalination plants in Kuwait

This study compares the thermal performance of three Multi-Stage Flashing (MSF) desalination plants constructed at various dates over 30 years. The MSF desalination plants considered in this study are Al-Doha East, Al-Zour, and Al-Sobia, built in 1978, 2001, and 2007, respectively. Using actual operating data, analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics were conducted to study the three MSF desalination plants. The thermal performance comparisons included energy consumption, exergy consumption, second law efficiency, and exergy destruction in different components. The results showed that the Al-Sobia MSF desalination plant yielded 17% lower energy consumption and 21% lower exergy consumption than Al-Doha East and Al-Zour. The results also showed that the Al-Sobia desalination plant had the highest second-law efficiency of 6.9%, compared to 5.4% and 5.5% for the Al-Doha East and Al-Zour. The Al-Sobia desalination plant also had less thermal and electrical energy consumption, which can be explained by the high-performance ratio, high heat exchanger effectiveness, high recovery ratio, and high Top-Brine Temperature (TBT). On the other hand, the low exergy consumption of the Al-Sobia desalination plant is due to the low exergy destruction in the de-superheater and ejectors. Compared to the Al-Doha East and Al-Zour plants, the Al-Sobia de-superheater had lower exergy destruction because of less steam extraction and higher exit flow exergy from the high TBT and pressure.

Thermo-Economic Analysis of Gas Turbine Combined Multistage Flash (MSF) Desalination Cycle

Over the past few decades, the growth of the earth’s population has increasingly contributed to global warming, and increased demand for fresh water on top of a need for a greater power supply. This paper will analyze the integration of a combined- gas turbine with intercooler and a multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant for the simultaneous generation of electricity and supply of water and improved performance. The paper will also examine the calculation of the production cost and the capital cost of the MSF desalination plant. The thermo-economic analysis of the study was conducted using the IPSEpro software system. Also, exergy losses of the gas turbine and MSF desalination unit were also calculated. The desalination plant uses the exhaust gases from the gas turbine, as a form of thermal energy, and discharges to feed the seawater heater. A portion of the desalinated water is used to cool the compressed air in the intercooler heat exchanger. Results indicate the improvement in the gas turbine’s performance when desalinated water is used for the intercooler between compressor stages, as the power output increased by 59% over the the simple gas cycle and found decrease with an increase in the ambient temperature. The desalinated water cost was calculated to be $1.7 per cubic meter after determining the optimal configuration and operating conditions. A decrease in steam cost by 36% was observed when the waste heat from the gas turbine was used as the source of thermal energy. Part of this reduction can be explained by the observation that the desalination plant’s pumps consume part of the power generated by the gas turbine.

RETRACTED: A Study on Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Seawater Desalination Systems: Seawater Reverse Osmosis Integrated with Bipolar-Membrane-Enhanced Electro-Dialysis Process

A lot of research has been carried out to improve the sustainability of seawater desalination. Despite progress, relatively few studies have analyzed the sustainability of seawater desalination processes integrated on two fronts, i.e., (i) process integration and (ii) energy integration. In addition, life cycle assessment studies on multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination often neglect the impact of the disposed brine by assuming that dilution of the discharged brine impacts on ecological systems less. The present study contributes to these omissions by exploring the environmental sustainability of seawater desalination systems using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). More specifically, the LCIA of Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) integrated with (i) an Electro-Dialysis (EDBMED) process and (ii) solar photovoltaics (PV) is investigated. Life cycle analysis was used to identify pertinent indicators of the LCIA and their implications in SWRO. The comparative analysis reveals that the advantage of SWRO as compared to other technologies such as MSF is energy efficiency, at estimated levels of 75.0%. The study concludes that despite the technological challenges associated with sustainable desalination and sustainable brine management, integrating renewable energy into seawater desalination can contribute to the sustainability improvements of seawater desalination systems. The findings of this paper provide an initial assessment of the ecological footprints of seawater desalination systems.

Concept and analysis of hybrid reversal multi-stage flash and membrane distillation desalination system

ABSTRACT The concept and analysis of integrating membrane distillations (MD) with reversal once-through Multistage Flash (RV-MSF) desalination is presented. The analysis is based on numerical simulation. The MD vessels are integrated into the terminal ends of the RV-MSF system to leverage the thermal energy associated with these terminal streams. Hybridisation at the last MSF stage, i.e. by replacing the brine cooler, contributes marginally to the overall production rate which amounts to 2%. However, it is found that hybridisation at stage one, i.e. utilising the energy of the MSF reject brine can increase the overall production rate by 65%. For seawater feed temperature of 80 oC and 24 MSF stages, 5 MD vessels in series can be integrated with the RV-MSF process. This ultimate hybridisation helped improve the recovery ratio from 7 to 23%, decreasing the specific cooling water requirement from 23 to 12 kg/kg and reducing the specific energy consumption from 129 to 41 kWh/m3 with respect to the stand-alone RV-MSF system. However, this achievement incurs an additional specific area for heat transfer which increased from 29 to 65 m2/(kg/s). This is because a large number of MD modules are incorporated into the hybridisation.

Control of Bromate Formation in Desalinated Seawater Production and Transmission with Ammoniation

Bromate is a potentially carcinogenic disinfection by-product of potential concern in desalinated waters, where bromide derived from seawater can be converted to bromate by the oxidising species used for disinfection. Historically, it has been difficult to maintain complete adherence to national standards of no more than 10 ppb for bromate at all locations served with desalinated seawater by the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In this full-scale study, the addition of 100–200 ppb of ammonia to the produced water of a Multi-Stage Flash Desalination plant effectively controlled the formation of bromate in the transmission system supplying inland centres in the Makkah Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arafa, Taif) on a time scale sufficient for the distribution of water to the consumer, even when the bromide content of the produced water was artificially enhanced (up to 132 ppb) via the addition of seawater.

Advanced structures of reversal multi-stage flash desalination

Three different modifications of the reversal multi-stage flash (MSF) plant are proposed and compared. One configuration consists of hybrid MSF and membrane distillation (MD), denoted as HYB, where the MD is linked to the MSF to leverage the thermal energy of the MSF outlet streams. The other configurations comprise cascaded MSF blocks connected sequentially to harness the thermal energy of the reject brine. One of the cascades uses independent external cooling water and is termed ICB while the other, termed CCB, uses the seawater intake to recover the heat in the brine cooler reducing the feed heating duty. Simulation indicated that the ICB possesses the highest recovery ratio of 33.6 % and the lowest specific area requirement of 327 m2/(kg/s) but the largest specific energy consumption of 320 kWh/m3. The CCB has the lowest specific energy consumption of 139 kWh/m3 and highest GOR of 4.9 but the lowest recovery ratio of 18.3 %. However, if the reversal MSF is powered by free waste heat, CCB possesses the minimum cooling demand and hence specific energy requirements. However, it has the minimum recovery ratio. Alternatively, the HYB can be argued as the best structure as it owns the second lowest energy consumption and second higher recovery ratio.

Novel classification of multistage flash desalination via finite and infinite flashing: Investigating thermofluid dynamics under varying inlet flow rates employing validated multiphase CFD simulations

This research presents a comprehensive investigation into the flashing process within the evaporation zone of a multistage flashing (MSF) desalination chamber. It introduces a novel classification of the flashing process as ideal, finite, and infinite, aiming to advance the understanding of this critical phenomenon. A validated volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase computational model is employed to accurately predict the shape of the free surface and elucidate the complex phase change phenomena occurring within the MSF chambers. By systematically varying the inlet brine velocities and rigorously analysing the thermofluid behaviour in the flashing chamber under both finite and infinite flashing conditions, this study provides a comparative analysis of design factors, including flashing rate and maximum bubble nucleation. Additionally, non-equilibrium losses and flashing efficiency are examined as pivotal metrics for evaluating the flashing process. The findings reveal distinct behaviours of the evaporation zone for finite and infinite flashing processes. Intriguingly, alterations in the flow rate lead to simultaneous enhancements and detriments in thermal efficiency due to the intricate interplay of turbulence promotion, improved mixing, and reduced residence time. Furthermore, the study highlights the significant impact of the inlet flow rate on phase change size, flashing rate, and bubble nucleation frequency within the bubble formation region. This investigation emphasizes the critical importance of comprehending the flashing phenomena and its consequential effect on the thermal efficiency of MSF systems. Leveraging advanced computational models, this study provides a solid foundation for identifying innovative methodologies to optimize the flashing process and enhance the overall performance of MSF systems. The ground-breaking insights presented in this research contribute significantly to the scientific understanding of the field and pave the way for future advancements in MSF desalination technology.

Development of aggregated random intelligent approach for the modeling of desalination processes

The boiling point rise (BPR) is a critical parameter in the operation and optimal design of a multi-stage flash desalination system. Accurate prediction of BPR would increase the efficiency of freshwater production. In this study, original aggregated random intelligent approach (ARIA) models is developed to enhance the prediction of BPR. The ARIA algorithms, similar to a random forest (RF) technique, combine a set of models trained on different subsets of data in an ensemble structure. Five ARIA-type models were developed based on shallow neural network (SNN), deep neural network (DNN), support vector regression (SVR), classification and regression decision tree (CART), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Synthesis index (SI) and visual graphs were used to rank models. Results show that the developed ARIA models are far more accurate than their regular counterparts. The ARIAs increase the prediction efficiency of regular modes by up to 25.04 %. The ARIA-ANFIS with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.027 °C outperformed other models and regression equations. The developed ARIA-ANFIS decreases the error of corresponding RF prediction by 69.66 % (RMSE = 0.089 °C), which is a significant achievement because RF is a widely recognized model and numerous studies underline the high accuracies of RF applications.

Energy, environmental, and economic analysis of a new configuration multi-stage flash distillation unit coupled with steam power plant

This study focuses on the utilization of three waste streams from a power plant for the provision of cooling water and required steam for heating purposes in a multi-stage flash desalination (MSF) unit. The mathematical model for a new configuration of MSF desalination is presented. In conventional MSF desalination unit, a stream of salt water is used for desalination and system coolant. A new structure for the desired desalination process, proportional to the salt concentration of the feed streams and based-on un-mixing of the target streams has been proposed. The proposed system required 18 m2 of cross-sectional area and also 87 m2/(kg/s) of specific heat transfer area in the power plant with seven stages. The optimal value of top brine temperature (TBT) has 110 °C and the capacity of the proposed MSF desalination unit is 92.43 m3 of fresh water/day. The gain output ratio (GOR), energy intensity and water cost of the system are calculated to be 3.12, 706.8 kJ/kg, and 0.69 $/m3, respectively. By application of proposed MSF desalination, the annual emission of 1167.5 tons CO2 into the atmosphere can be obviated and the cost savings resulting from equal fuel consumption amount to $116,315.5 per year.

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a conceptual system combining medical waste plasma gasification, SOFC, sludge gasification, supercritical CO2 cycle, and desalination

In order to improve the utilization of energy in solid waste, we propose a coupled system consisting of medical waste plasma gasification, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), sewage sludge gasification (SSG), supercritical carbon dioxide cycle (S–CO2) and multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination. The medical waste is plasma gasification and purified to produce clean syngas, which is used by the SOFC to generate electricity. the exhaust from the SOFC is mixed with crude gas from the sludge gasification to fully combust and release chemical energy while increasing the exhaust temperature. Finally, the high-temperature energy enters the waste heat utilization system consisting of S–CO2 and seawater desalination to be fully utilized. A thermodynamic and economic analysis of the proposed system shows that the hybrid system has a net power generation efficiency of 41.66%, an energy utilization efficiency of 64.95%, and an exergy efficiency of 41.25%. The plasma gasifier and SOFC are the main sources of exergy loss, accounting for 62.45% of the total destroyed exergy. The DPP of the project is only 4.4 years over a 20-year operating cycle, with an NPV of 117,652.81k$. This study demonstrates the advantages and benefits of the project in terms of solid waste resource utilization.

How to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability of large ships: a new tool to optimize the operation of on-board diesel generators

In this paper a novel dynamic simulation model for enhancing the sustainability of transportation systems equipped with diesel co-generators is presented. In each simulation time step of the carried out energy performance analyses, the best operation/combination of generators as well as their optimal part load ratio are determined with the aim to achieve the minimum fuel consumption. Input to the model are: size of each installed diesel generator; number of engines; required power profile; route scheduling and hourly weather data. The developed simulation model is implemented in TRNSYS environment. Here, a new in-house TRNSYS type written in Fortran is also included. With the presented approach - especially helpful for cruise ship designers, manufacturers and owners - new design criteria and useful technical results can be obtained.To show the capability of the tool a novel case study is presented. It concerns on an existing cruise ship to be refurbished from the energy point of view. Here, four diesel generators are installed on-board. The ship energy system includes five electric chillers, two auxiliary boilers, two reverse osmosis and two multi-stage flash desalination devices (driven by the diesel generators waste heat recoveries). Simulation results show remarkable energy savings obtained through the proposed optimization approach. Specifically, a maximum primary energy saving of about 15 GWh/y is obtained compared to the initial reference scenario. It corresponds to a fuel consumption reduction of 2.5 kt/y (-1.6 M$/y) and to an avoided CO2 emission of 8.0 kt/y.

Water desalination in Egypt; literature review and assessment

The increasing demand for water in urban and industrial areas in arid and semiarid coastal zones has led to the search for alternative nonconventional water resources.. Desalination plants are the most feasible solution to the huge water demand in arid regions, especially in Egypt, with its limited water resources of the Nile River and expected drought due to climate change and upstream dam construction. Many desalination technologies, such as thermal and membrane technologies, are used. Thermal desalination includes multistage flash desalination, multi-effect desalination, and desalination by vapor compression. Membrane desalination involves RO, forward osmosis, and electro dialysis. (RO) desalination plants are the most significant technique for desalinated water in Egypt. However, the treatment of brine wastewater is still a challenging problem. Hypersaline water effluent, as a byproduct of seawater desalination, has a negative impact on the marine ecosystem if it is discharged inadequately. In the past decade, Egypt has launched many large-scale projects along Red Sea and Mediterranean coasts to cope the recent economic growth. In this research a review of taxonomy of many related publications, and comparison has been made between the different seawater desalination techniques to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, as well as to know the best technology that can be used in Egypt. The Egyptian state's plan to address the excessive demand for water resources as a result of the continuous population growth was reviewed by making a strategic plan for 30 years. It was divided into five-year plans, some parts of which have been completed, and the rest of the plan is being completed to present significant comparisons and enable the derivation of informative conclusions.

Part load operation of an integrated solar combined cycle using the brine heater of a MSF desalination unit as a steam condenser

Hot-climate countries, like Egypt, have an energy surplus while suffering water scarcity. Energy surplus causes frequent part load operation of Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) power plants. The present work proposes a cycle that combines an ISCC with a Multi Stage Flash (MSF) desalination unit. The brine heater of the MSF desalination unit acts as a steam condenser for the ISCC. The condenser pressure/top brine temperature of the MSF desalination unit controls the ISCC part load operation. A simulation model for an actual ISCC in Kuryamat-Egypt was developed and validated. A validated model for the MSF unit was integrated with the developed ISCC model. The proposed cycle (ISCC-MSF) was simulated under different operating and geometric conditions. The simulation results were used to optimize the MSF desalination unit and achieve a performance ratio of 11.65 and a 7.7% reduction in the stage area. Cost analysis was performed for the unit production cost of fresh water (UPCMSF), where a reduction of UPCMSF to 0.77$/m3 was achieved. Further reduction of UPCMSF down to 0.54$/m3 can be attained by reducing the interest rate from 5% to 1%. Detailed part load performance investigation of the proposed cycle is recommended for future work.