Multistage Countercurrent Extraction Research Articles

Enhanced molybdenum extraction and purification from acidic lixivium using organophosphorus extractants

Solvent extraction with organophosphorus extractants has potential as a low-cost method for efficient Mo recovery for acidic leaching solutions. However, improved selectivity is required to obtain high-purity Mo products. In this study, various acidic organophosphorus extractants were compared, and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (P507) was found to be optimal for efficient Mo extraction and Fe separation from acidic leaching solutions. Under the optimized conditions (40 vol% P507, 3:1 organic/aqueous, 20 °C, 5 min), the Mo and Fe extraction efficiencies reached 98.1 % and 35.2 %, respectively, with a separation factor of 90.1. The Mo/Fe separation efficiency was further improved using a two-stage countercurrent extraction method. The Mo extraction efficiency was attributed to coordination bonds (P = O → Mo) formed between Mo(VI) oxycations and P507 dimers, as well as covalent bonds (POMo) formed by substituting the hydrogen ions in P507. Increasing the H2SO4 concentration in the leaching solution gradually transformed MoO22+ into Mo2O52+ dimers, which formed MoO2(HA2)2 and Mo2O5(HA2)2 metal complexes during the extraction process. HCl scrubbing of the loaded organic phase effectively removed Fe. For subsequent ammonia stripping of the HCl-scrubbed organic phase, the optimal ammonia concentration was 1.25 mol/L. Further increasing the ammonia concentration promoted the saponification reaction of ammonia with P507, thereby reducing the Mo stripping efficiency. In summary, using multistage countercurrent extraction, increasing the H2SO4 concentration in the leaching solution, and scrubbing the loaded organic phase with HCl facilitate efficient Mo/Fe separation, providing a feasible approach for the preparation of high-purity ammonium molybdate with broad application prospects.

Study of aromatic extraction from light cycle oil from the viewpoint of industrial applications

Light cycle oil (LCO) is a significant products of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in refineries. Increasing the output of high-value chemicals from LCO is an important step towards achieving ‘dual carbon’ targets. Separating aromatic and non-aromatic components in LCO is crucial to producing valuable products. Extraction is a promising process for separating these components based on the principle of “polar similarity and solubility”. From the perspective of industrial applications, this study explores the development and application of novel functionalized extractants to produce valuable products. Ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl-substituted imidazoles [CnMIM]+ and alkyl-substituted pyridines [CnMPy]+ as cations and tetrafluoroborate [BF4]− and hexafluorophosphate [PF6]− as anions were used. The effects of extraction temperature, IL-oil ratio, number of extraction stages, and reusability were systematically investigated. In addition, the basic physical properties data of ILs and residues in oil were studied in detail. The suitability of ionic liquids for industrial applications was evaluated based on their solubility with hydrocarbons, physical and chemical properties, selectivity for aromatics, and residues in oil. Following a thorough examination of the performance of ionic liquids for the extraction of aromatics from LCO, [C6MIM][PF6] was identified as the most suitable extractant. A multi-stage countercurrent extraction process was established and the conditions systematically studied. The results demonstrate that the aromatic content of the extracted oil is greater than 95 wt%, which can be utilized for producing BTX products. Meanwhile, the aromatic content of the raffinate oil is less than 10 wt%, which can function as a clean diesel blending component or as steam cracking feedstocks. This study has successfully promoted the industrial application of functionalized ionic liquids for the LCO dearomatization process and provided an essential reference for developing new functionalized extraction solvents.

Design of a Modular Annular Centrifugal Contactor for Lab-Scale Counter-Current Multistage Solvent Extraction

ABSTRACT Annular centrifugal contactors (ACCs) have appealing properties as counter-current multistage solvent extraction (SX) equipment, allowing high throughput at short residence times, small liquid hold-up, and small footprint. The number of commercial suppliers of laboratory-scale ACCs is limited, and their designs have restricted flexibility. Commercial 25 mm diameter ACCs were customized with transparent PMMA surroundings of the mixing zones, allowing visual process monitoring and identification of operational malfunctions. The separation zone of several rotors was lengthened compared to the factory design, which allows longer average residence times in the modified contactors, while keeping the organic flow rate constant in the bank of interconnected contactors. The Couette gap could be increased or decreased without affecting the mixing performance. A 3D-printed stator allows for more efficient draining of the light and heavy phases, and reduces liquid hold-up and volumes required to efficiently achieve steady-state conditions in the process. The hydrodynamic performance of the modified equipment was demonstrated by a SX process of uranium with TBP. First a literature data set of distribution ratios for uranium in HNO3 and 30% TBP diluted in dodecane was utilized to create an empirical model in SX Process simulation software. A flowsheet was designed to validate the model, and it provides an example of the methodology to progress from batch to multistage process. Online density measurements were used to monitor and control the uranium concentrations, and to achieve the desired high metal loading steady-state conditions. It was demonstrated that ruthenium decontamination from uranium could be improved in modified ACCs with longer residence time in the mixing zones of the scrubbing section.

Novel natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvents designed for extracting phytochemicals from pigeon pea leaves and its scale-up and recovery process

In this study, a novel green natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvent/equilibrium solution (NADES-SUPRAS/EqS) system was designed. The microstructure and formation processes were characterized, revealing the formation and extraction mechanism of this novel solvent. In combination with vortex-assisted extraction, NADES-SUPRAS/EqS was used to efficiently extract and enrich representative active ingredients of different polarities in Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp leaves. The influencing factors, including auxiliary extraction methods, the type of NADES, the proportion of NADES and ethanol for synthesis, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and the vortex time, were then adjusted utilizing single-factor optimization and response surface methodology. Under ideal extraction parameters, the extraction rates obtained were higher than other conventional organic solvents and had an excellent enrichment effect with only 90 s of vortex-shaking. Ultimately, an integrated multi-stage counter-current extraction and recovery unit was developed, capable of reducing costs and easily recovering solvents and target compounds, exploring the possibility of large-scale applications in the industry. A complete set of extraction, isolation, and recovery from plant material to chemical components offers a new perspective for the development of a high-value industry for plant secondary metabolites.

Performance Evaluation of Batchwise Multistage Countercurrent Extraction in a LiCl–KCl/Cd System to Separate Actinides from Rare Earth Fission Products

The electrorefining of spent metallic fuels is conducted in LiCl–KCl eutectic–based salt to recycle U, Pu, and minor actinides when chemically active fission products of rare earth, alkali, and alkaline-earth metals accumulate in the salt. For removing the fission products from the salt, a batchwise multistage countercurrent extraction technique using a liquid Cd solvent and a Li reductant was investigated and found to achieve both a high recovery ratio of actinides and a sufficient degree of separation from rare earths. Vessels containing salt were prepared in accordance with the number of stages, and a smaller vessel containing liquid Cd was immersed in them sequentially to extract actinides from the salt. This operation is simple and reliable. The results calculated using the equilibrium separation factors reported in the literature suggested that four-stage extraction offers satisfactory performance for the separation of actinides from rare earths: more than 80% of Nd remained in the salt when 99.9% of Pu was recovered. Moreover, demonstration tests were conducted using Nd and Dy as surrogates of actinides and rare earths, respectively. The separation factor between Dy and Nd was determined to be 21, which was approximately equal to that between Nd and Pu reported in the literature. It was shown that the experimental results of extracting Nd while leaving Dy in the salt were in good agreement with the calculated results. In conclusion, batchwise multistage countercurrent extraction was proved to be a promising actinide separation method.

Novel water-soluble aromatic bisdiglycolamide masking agents for the separation of trivalent americium over lanthanides by NTAamide(n-Oct) extractant

Two novel water-soluble aromatic bisdiglycolamides (BisDGAs) of SO3-TEX(m)-BisDGA (sodium bis((2-(2-(diethylamino)− 2-oxoethoxy)acetamido)methyl)benzenesulfonate) and SO3-TEX(p)-BisDGA (sodium 2,5-bis((2-(2-(diethylamino)− 2-oxoethoxy)acetamido)methyl)benzenesulfonate) were synthesized and used as masking agents for the selective extraction and separation of Am3+ over Eu3+ in HNO3 solutions by N,N,N′,N′,N′′,N′′-hexaoctylnitrilotriacetamide (NTAamide(n-Oct)) in n-dodecane. Their influences on the separation effect of Am3+ over Eu3+ were investigated and compared with that of a water-soluble aliphatic bisdiglycolamide of N,N,N′′′,N′′′-tetraethyl-N′,N′′-ethidene bisdiglycolamide (TEE-BisDGA) reported by our previous work. SO3-TEX(m)-BisDGA and SO3-TEX(p)-BisDGA exhibit significantly better masking effects than TEE-BisDGA. The masking selectivity for Eu3+ over Am3+ follows the order of SO3-TEX(m)-BisDGA > SO3-TEX(p)-BisDGA > TEE-BisDGA. During the extraction process, the three BisDGA masking agents form the 1:2 complexes, while the NTAamide (n-Oct) extractant forms the 1:1 complexes with Am3+ and Eu3+. Meanwhile, the conditional stability constants (log β) for the three masking agents with Eu3+ were calculated using the least squares method, which are also in line with those obtained from fluorescence spectrometry (FS). By means of FS, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry (TRLFS), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), conductivity, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses, the composition of the complex of Eu3+ with water-soluble BisDGAs (L) was determined to be [Eu(NO3)2(H2O)∙2L](NO3). Furthermore, a batch simulation of multistage countercurrent extraction with 12-stage extraction, 4-stage scrubbing and 8-stage stripping was carried out and demonstrates a highly efficient separation of Am3+ over Lns3+ with the recovery rates above 99.9 % for all metal ions in the simulated feed solution, and with the decontamination factors more than 500 between Am3+ and most of the lanthanide ions.

Ternary extractant system consisting of PC-88A, TOPO, and Versatic 10 for recovery of scandium(III) from nickel laterite processing liquors

Solvent extraction of scandium(III) from an aqueous solution, which simulates a concentrated scandium solution generated from nickel/cobalt mixed-sulfide production process, was performed using a ternary mixed extractant system. Addition of tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and a long-chain alkyl carboxylic acid (Versatic 10) to an organophosphonic ester (PC-88A) drastically improved the separation factor of scandium over zirconium in comparison with that of a single extractant system. The optimum mixing ratio in the ternary extractant system was 10 mol% PC-88A, 60 mol% tri-n-octylphosphine oxide, and 30 mol% Versatic 10. The degree of scandium extraction was 90%, and the separation factors between scandium and other metals (i.e., Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Zr) were > 140 at pH 2 with the optimized ternary extractant system. The operating conditions for a countercurrent multistage extraction of scandium were investigated by McCabe–Thiele analysis. Ninety-nine percent recovery from 1800 mg dm−3 scandium was achieved by two- to three-stage countercurrent extraction at the flow ratio (A/O) = 1.01. The stripping efficiency of scandium reached >98% with 7 mol dm−3 H3PO4. Based on the results, a conceptual flowsheet for scandium recovery from waste solutions of laterite ore leachate is proposed.

A green and designable natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvents system: Efficient extraction and enrichment for phytochemicals

A green, novel and designable natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvents/equilibrium solution (NADES-SUPRAS/EqS) was developed, which possesses better stability and free designability with a wider range of synthesis while compared to the typical alkyl carboxylic acid-based SUPRAS. The physicochemical properties and specific synthesis patterns of NADES-SUPRAS/EqS had been investigated. In addition, a more intelligent solvent regulated synthesis system had been developed to prepare corresponding supramolecular systems according to different polarity target phytochemicals through tailoring the components of synthetic NADES-SUPRAS/EqS. During the NADES-SUPRAS extraction of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. leaves (ZBML), 18 kinds of NADES were screened and the proportion of NADES as well as the ethanol content were varied tailor. After tailoring, all of the extracted chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, as well as 91.775 % of hyperin, 94.940 % isoquercetin and 84.405 % quercetin were distributed in the EqS phase while all of the hydroxy-α-sanshool (HAS) were distributed in the NADES-SUPRAS phase. Furthermore, NADES-SUPRAS/EqS extraction rate reached 9.741 mg/g, which were 7.604-fold, 2.352-fold, 1.141-fold, and 1.384-fold to that of water, ethanol, 70 % ethanol and methanol extraction, respectively. The excellent extraction and separation effects were due to the large number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. Dynamic multi-stage countercurrent extraction combined with water and macroporous resin recovery enabled significant cost reductions and rapid recovery of chemical components and solvents. This novel solvent could be intelligently designed and be of great significance for the extraction of different polarity phytochemicals from plants.

Development of a method for efficient extraction of food raw materials

Optimization of extracting food products from plant raw materials using a mathematical model is suggested. The model has been derived for the analysis of extracting pectin from Jerusalem artichoke. Multistage anti-cyclic extraction, non-stationary diffusion for the initial element of the processed raw material in the form of plates is considered. The calculations take into account the effect of reverse solvent change, the time of the solvent drain from the solid phase, among other process parameters. The derived equation makes it possible to analyze the effect of the impregnation of a part of the miscella at an intermediate stage of a countercurrent multistage extraction on the efficiency of the process. The correctness of the mass conductivity coefficient calculations was confirmed using the performance indicators of the extractor. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model was created that describes the extraction process with a variable coefficient of mass conductivity. Thus, it is possible to determine the optimal parameters of the process including the rate of fluid flow through the material, the crushed material particle size, the thickness of the particles, and the processing time.

Scaling up the Two-Stage Countercurrent Extraction of Oil and Protein from Green Coffee Beans: Impact of Proteolysis on Extractability, Protein Functionality, and Oil Recovery

Green coffee processing has been hindered by low oil extraction yields from mechanical pressing and the need of using flammable and hazardous solvents for defatting the protein-rich cake before subsequent protein extraction. To replace the use of flammable solvents and enable the simultaneous extraction of lipids and proteins from green coffee beans at reduced water usage, a multistage countercurrent extraction process was scaled up from 0.05 to 1.14 kg and evaluated regarding protein and oil extractability, physicochemical and functional properties of the extracted protein, and oil recovery. Enzymatic extraction increased protein extractability by ~13% while achieving similar oil extractability when not using enzymes (55%). Proteolysis resulted in the release of smaller proteins with reduced surface hydrophobicity and higher solubility at acidic pH (3.0–5.0). The physicochemical changes observed due to proteolysis resulted in the formation of emulsions with reduced resistance against enzymatic and chemical demulsification strategies, enhancing the recovery of the extracted oil (48.6–51.0%). Proteolysis did not alter the high in vitro digestibility of green coffee proteins (up to 99%) or their emulsifying properties at most pH values evaluated. However, proteolysis did reduce the foaming properties of the hydrolysates compared with larger molecular weight proteins. These findings revealed the impact of extraction conditions on the extractability and structural modifications altering the functionality of green coffee proteins and the synergistic impact of extraction and demulsification strategies on the recovery of the extracted oil, paving the way for the development of structure–function processes to effectively produce green coffee proteins with desired functionality.

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM PURPLE ROSELLE CALYX (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) EXTRACT USING MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT METHOD

Multistage Countercurrent Extraction (MCE) is a new extraction technique used to extract bioactive compounds (anthocyanin, quercetin, antioxidants) from purple roselle calyxes (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). This study of purple roselle calyxes extract with three-stage MCE was carried out at a comparison of roselle calyxes and distillation water solvent 1:10, extraction temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and extraction time of 15, 30, 45 minutes. Purple roselle calyxes using the MCE method contained the highest anthocyanin content of 2815,43 mg/L, quercetin content 59,25 mg/L, and antioxidant capacity 197,6 ppm. The results showed that the content of bioactive compounds increased by increasing the extraction temperature and extraction time. MCE is an efficient technique for extracting bioactive compounds from roselle calyxes. Roselle calyxes that are rich in antioxidants have the potential as a good food colorant andnatural antioxidants.

An Evaluation of the Equilibrium Properties in Hexane and Ethanol Extractive Systems for Moringa oleifera Seeds and Fatty Acid Profiles of the Extracts

Until the present, oilseed extractions have been mainly performed using hexane: a toxic, non-sustainable solvent. Extraction methods using ethanol have recently been proposed and, to evaluate the suitability of ethanol as an alternative solvent, Moringa seeds with an oil content as high as 40% have been chosen to determine the equilibrium properties in solid–liquid ethanol extractions. The equilibrium constant (Keq) and the specific retained solution (M) of the extractive systems seeds–oil–hexane and seeds–oil–ethanol were determined and validated, following a counter-current multi-stage extraction model. The extractions were carried out at 40 and 50 °C, the mass to solvent ratios used were 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20, and shelled and unshelled seeds (kernels) were tested. The Keq and M of the different kinetics revealed that Keq was not infinite in the hexane systems, whereas the ethanol systems registered slightly lower values. Regarding M, although the seed powder allowed more rapid extractions, particle size was increased to reduce M for an easier phase preparation. Finally, a counter-current multi-stage extraction system was simulated and applied under suitable conditions. The fatty acid profiles for both types of extract were similar regarding their main components. definition:

Separation of niobium and tantalum using continuous multistage counter-current solvent extraction with trioctyl amine

Niobium and tantalum are valued for their uses in nuclear, steel, aviation and electronics industries. This paper elucidates the development of a multistage counter-current separation process for obtaining pure niobium and tantalum from the hydrofluoric acid solution of Coumbite-Tantalite ore (leach liquor), with trioctyl amine (TOA) as the extractant solvent. Contrary to the conventionally used multistage process this novel route does not use any other acid in addition to hydrofluoric acid, resulting in the elimination of the generation of mixed fluoride waste. Reaction equilibrium constants for the reactions involving the extraction of hydrofluoric acid, niobium and tantalum have been determined and were used to generate equilibrium distribution curve of niobium and tantalum in the organic and aqueous phase. The number of counter-current stages required for an appropriate organic to aqueous phase volume (O/A) ratio was determined using McCabe-Thiele calculations. Selective extraction of 99% of tantalum from the leach liquor was achieved using 5 v/v% TOA and two counter-current stages for an O/A ratio of four. The tantalum lean raffinate was treated with commercial grade hydrofluoric acid to form the niobium feed solution having 16 M free acidity. Near complete extraction of niobium was achieved using a three stage counter-current process with O/A ratio of two and 10 v/v% TOA as the organic extractant. The calculations for the stage-wise variation of concentrations were validated by batch experimental simulation of counter-current processes.

4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek: Preparation of high pharmacological strength extract and assay method development

Our product marketed under the trade name FenuBet® was first standardized according to its trigonelline content but latest investigations showed that 4-Hydroxyisoleucine is more implicated in the antidiabetic effect of Fenugreek seeds. In this study two main topics were covered: optimization of factors leading to the preparation of an extract with high pharmacological strength using multi-stage counter-current extraction and development and validation of a new, simple, and rapid HPTLC-Scanner densitometry method for quantitative determination of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine. Extracts with plant to solvent ratio of 1/2.26 and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine concentration up to 1.28 mg/ml were obtained. The extraction yield showed that more than 82.5% of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine was recovered. The quantification method was found to give compact spots (Rf = 0.36). The minimum detectable amount was found to be 22.5 ng/spot, whereas the limit of quantitation was found to be 160 ng/spot. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with 𝑟2 = 0.998±0.001 in the concentration range 22.5-160 ng/spot. %RSD for method repeatability was under 5.5% which is satisfactory.

Jigsaw cooperative learning of multistage counter-current liquid-liquid extraction using Mathcad®

This work shows the improvement in comprehending counter-current liquid-liquid extraction by applying jigsaw-type cooperative learning and the engineering math software Mathcad® in a chemical engineering course, part of the Chemistry degree. This study was performed on two different groups at the University of Almería (Spain) over three academic years. The students were divided into two groups: one half of the class followed a non-cooperative learning methodology (the control) while the other half were spread among the jigsaw cooperative groups following the methodology known as “Jigsaw Experts Groups”. A main template made with Mathcad® of a multistage counter-current liquid-liquid extraction was supplied to both the jigsaw and non-jigsaw groups. The assessment of this educational experience in the course revealed that the jigsaw group outperformed the control group. The use of Mathcad® proved to be very intuitive and effective in explaining these relatively complex problems and utilising it is highly recommended; we suggest it is used rather than classical and less intuitive graphical methods.

Efficient preparation of caffeoylquinic acids from the flowers of Artemisia anomala by supramolecular solvent/equilibrium solution extraction followed by re-extraction

In this study, the potential of supramolecular solvent/equilibrium solution (SUPRAS/EqS) for the extraction of caffeoylquinic acids from the flowers of Artemisia anomala (AAF) coupled with re-extraction was evaluated. Extraction and re-extraction parameters were optimized based on the yield of 3-chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A-C. The DPPH radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the final extracts were also evaluated. SUPRAS/EqS, made up by n-octanoic acid, ethanol, 5% acetic acid aqueous solution, offered advantages in terms of rapidity (extraction for 1 min) and simplicity (the process involved vortex-shaken and centrifugation at room temperature), thus avoiding cost processes based on high pressure or temperature. Multi-stage countercurrent extraction (MSCE) procedure was successfully applied to reduce the consumption of extraction solvent (24-fold volume of raw materials in total). SUPRAS/EqS-MSCE extracts were evaporated to recycle ethanol and then re-extracted by water for 3 times (with a total consumption of 9-fold volume of material weight). The contents of 3-chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C in the final extract were 3.61 ± 0.01, 2.32 ± 0.01, 26.42 ± 0.05, 5.38 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight of AAF with a recovery rate of 95.0%, 92.7%, 90.6% and 94.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the final extract of AAF exhibited moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value was 839. 46 ± 1.02 μg/mL, vitamin C’s was 220.29 ± 1.02 μg/mL) and weak xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (IC50 value was 4518.56 ± 1.03 μg/mL, quercetin’s was 103.04 ± 1.04 μg/mL).

The Effect of CMCE Propolis Extract Administrations on Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Levels and the Hepatocyte HistopathologicalFindings of Rats� Induced with CCl4

Introduction:Liver exposure to toxic substances will disrupt the metabolic system. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a hepatotoxic substance causing a liver damage. Continuous multi-stage countercurrent extraction(CMCE) propolis extract contains active balsamic substances, caffeic acid, phenethyl esters and flavonoids.Objective: to prove the effect of CMCE propolis extract on IL-1 levels and the hepatocyte histopathology findingsof male wistar rats�induced by CCl4.Methods:In the posttest only control group design, the total sample of 28 rats was divided into 4 groups: positive control group (K-0; standard feed); group P-1 (propolis3.6 mg/200 g); P-2 (propolis7.2mg/200gr and P-3 (propolis14.4mg/200g) were respectively given for 14 days,yet those on the 14thday were given CCl4. The IL-1 level was measured with the ELISA method, while the male wistar rats�hepatocyte histopathology findings was determined by the HE staining methods. IL-1 levelswere analyzed usingOne Way Anova test,followed by the Post Hoc LSD test. Hepatic cell histopathology was analyzed usingKruskal Wallis, followed by Mann-Whitney U.Results:Post Hoc LSD analysis shows that the levels of IL-1 in P-1 (983.54 �19.67), P-2 (841.58�19.47), and P-3 (755.50�31.63) are significantlylower thanthosein K-0 (1131.69�14.91) withp<0.05. Mann-Whitney U analysis shows that the hepatocyte histopathology in the P-1 group (2.55�0.39), P-2 (1.24�0.94) and P-3 (1.20�0.93) is significantlylower thanthatinK-0 (2.94�0.16) with p<0.05.Conclusion: The administration of CMCE propolis extract may reduce IL-1 levels and improve the male wistar rats�hepatic cell histopathologyinduced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

Coupled reaction and solvent extraction process to utilize distiller waste using N235-isoamylol system

ABSTRACT Distiller waste produced from the Solvay Process, which mainly contains calcium chloride (CaCl2), is being discharged and has not yet been fully recycled. In this study, a coupled reaction and solvent extraction process was adopted to utilize distiller waste using the mixed organic solvent composed of N235 and isoamylol. High purity and good crystallinity calcite with an average of 40~50 μm were prepared in this process. The effect of operation conditions was firstly studied and the conversion rate of CaCl2 reached 83.40% in single-stage with the optimized conditions: reaction time of 3 h, N235/isoamylol volume ratio of 1, reaction temperature of 25°C, N235/CaCl2 molar ratio of 3, and the initial CaCl2 concentration of 1 mol·L−1. The enthalpy change of the overall reaction was −89.93 kJ·mol−1. Then, the phase equilibrium was measured and the theoretical extraction stage was predicted to be 3 with the target conversion rate of 90%. Three-stage counter-current extraction process showed that about 93.75% CaCl2 was mineralized into CaCO3 and the results had a good agreement with the McCabe-Thiele calculation. This indicated that multi-stage counter-current extraction can effectively improve the conversion rate of Ca2+ and related result was of great significance in treating distiller waste industrially.

Separation of samarium from medium rare earth mixture using multi-stage counter-current extraction

A large number of bifunctional ionic liquid extractant with ammonium-based have been formulated to separate and extract rare earth (RE) ions with better extraction efficiencies and selectivities compared to conventional extractant. In this paper, a methodical study for the separation of samarium from a mixture of samarium, europium, and gadolinium using bifunctional ionic liquid, [A336][P204] was developed. The optimum condition for the extraction was explored in regard to the concentration and type of acid as well as the organic to the aqueous ratio of the mixture. The sum of extraction and scrubbing stages are then calculated using the counter-current theory. The target purity and recovery ratio was set to 99.9% and 90%, respectively. Multi-stage of counter-current extraction process for three, four, and five stages were developed to simulate the extraction process. As a result, extraction with 3.0 M HNO3 and 4:1 organic to aqueous ratio selected as the best condition based on the value of separation factor, β: 2.81. The number of stages calculated by the theory matches the stages done experimentally, which is four. The outcome of the extraction indicates a high recovery value (>90%) but with a poor purity ratio (<70%). For scrubbing stages, by theory 13 stages is required, however in the experimental work, 18 stages needed to achieve the purity of >99%. The counter-current simulation of the samarium extraction from the mixed RE solution showed that a complete separation with excellent purity and recovery is possible and a process flow sheet has been presented.

A new multistage counter current extraction method of removing fluoride from defatted Antarctic krill powder

This study aims to find an efficient acid extraction method to remove fluoride from defatted krill powder. Considering the effects of acid species, concentration, temperature, extraction time, solvent volume on the defluoridation efficiency, and final product yield, a new multistage counter current extraction method was developed. The optimum reaction condition was obtained by adding 10 ml of 0.3 M HCl to 1 g defatted krill powder and extracting for four stages, each stage was lasting for 60 min. After this process, fluoride content per dry weight of the final product was remarkably reduced to <5 mg/kg, defluoridation efficiency was 99.70%, and water consumption was minimized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also indicated a decrease in the amount of fluorine, and basic chemical composition measurement indicated krill protein was not damaged during this process. Therefore, these results could be used as theoretical guidance for removing fluoride in practical application. Practical applications Defatted Antarctic krill powder is a cheap by-product after krill oil extraction, but it contains both high-quality protein and high concentration of fluoride. The toxicity of fluoride in krill powder makes it not be allowed as food resource. So, a new counter current extraction method was developed to defluorinate from defatted krill powder, which was an easy and cheap process, but high defluoridation efficiency with low water consumption. It has been successfully applied to the food pilot base, and it would help to obtain the safe defatted Antarctic krill powder in krill industry.