Multinational Literature Research Articles

Художественный конфликт и характеры пьесы – сказки «Звездный камень» Нелли Лукоже-вой

The article explores the contribution of Nelly Lukozheva to the development of the genre in the Adyghe children’s dramatic tale. Until now, in Adyghe literary criticism, there is no research work on modern children’s literature, and many genres of Adyghe children’s literature and drama are still poorly studied. The appeal of the playwright-librettist Nelly Lukozheva to folklore mo-tives in globalization problems should be considered as a certain trend that has recently been not-ed in domestic multinational literature. Currently, the genre of literary fairy tale in the Kabardino-Circassian language occupies an important place in modern Adyghe literature. The world of the author’s artistic fairy tales reflects the life philosophy of the author and the moral and ethical norms and laws of society and the state, transmitted through symbols, signs, metaphors and vari-ous sentiments. The play-fairy tale “Starstone” by Nelly Lukozheva provides a relevant subject of research, because the author turns his close attention to the cultural, ethnic, lexical and social functions of fairy tales. Therefore, the emergence of recent works of drama makes it possible to touch the spiritual culture of the Adyghe people. Dramatic works as fairy tale plays are of special scientific interest both in theoretical terms and in studying the forms and features of the existence of folklore. The proposed article also draws attention to the presence in the fairy tale play of Nelly Lukozheva of ethnic information at the level of themes, ideas, style and some specific aspects, reveals artistic conflict and gives images of the heroes characteristics in her fairy tale play “Star-stone.”

Hegemony of Brotherhood: The Birth of Soviet Multinational Literature, 1922–1932

The formation of Soviet multinational literature is usually attributed to 1934, the activities of Gor΄kii and the created Union of Soviet Writers. In fact, institutionally, the project of Soviet multinational literature began to be implemented within the framework of the VAPP (All-Union showcase of the RAPP, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers) immediately after the creation of the USSR in 1922. Since in 1932 the RAPP was dissolved and condemned, it became politically disadvantageous to associate such an ideologically important project with it, and the entire dramatic history of the creation of Soviet multinational literature of the previous decade was erased and almost never mentioned (or mentioned in a highly distorted form). Based entirely on new archival sources, this article traces and documents for the first time this formative period in the institutionalization of Soviet multinational literature.

Мотив единения в произведениях о Великой Отечественной войне как доминанта национальных литератур

The article deals with the motif of Unity, as dominant works of national literature about the Great Patriotic War. In this context, the authors consider important processes of development of multinational literature: mutual influence, acculturation, common historical path, mutual enrichment and friendship. In this regard, special importance is given to the image of the Homeland in the national literature, which occupies a central, sacred place in the culture of nations, regardless of national or confessional identity. Various components in lyrics and prose are revealed: historical memory and connection between generations, happiness and experience, pride and responsibility, and others. The urgency of the issues is significant in the context of the 75th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War – a great feat and common tragedy for the peoples of Russia and the whole world. The results of the study seem to be important and useful both in pedagogical activity in particular, and in education of future generations of citizens of our multinational country.

Market Failure, Relational Failure and the Nature of Advantage: Examining the Competitiveness of Multinational Enterprises

In this article I make three main arguments. First, the appropriate governance choice for firms is one that reflects the tradeoff between market failure and relational failure or, in other words, between knowledge appropriability and knowledge accessibility. Second, through what may be considered as economies of common governance, the multinational enterprise is uniquely able to tap into a particular advantage that arises from its spatial dispersion of activities. More specifically, it is able to create and maintain select (organizational) mechanisms to promote ‘encounters’ between knowledge assets that are often too dispersed to meet freely through market mechanisms. Third, the notion of advantage itself -- a bedrock of the multinational literature -- may be a double-edged sword that is gradually losing its potency. In particular, it deters advantaged (multinational) firms from being entrepreneurial is an era where the emphasis may be shifting from ability to agility. This provides an opening to multinationalizing firms.

Customers' perceived priority areas and overall attitudes toward Saudi retail banks that pursue corporate social responsibility

Companies in Saudi Arabia are presented with a distinctive set of CSR agenda challenges which appear to be quite different from those faced by their counterparts elsewhere. This study therefore explores retail banking customers' perceived priority areas for CSR and their overall attitudes toward retail banks that pursue such initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Data collected from 348 valid respondents through a structured self-administered survey in the major urban areas of the country was used in this study. Supporting youth employment is the most important social cause respondents expect banks to embark upon. This is followed by support for vocational training; financial support for entrepreneurs; monetary support to the poor and sponsoring orphans' education in that order. CSR activities were influential in predicting the overall attitudes toward Saudi retail banks. Customers' behavioural intentions toward such retail banks were also overwhelming positive. As the first research examining these phenomena in Saudi Arabia, this study contributes to multinational literature in this area. Some recommendations are outlined for Saudi and GCC retail banks.

The Historical Significance of the Multi-national Literature Study

The Historical Significance of the Multi-national Literature Study

The History of Literature and its Ethnopoetics: Realization of a Large Scale Project

The review analyzes, in the context of ethnopoetics, A History of Ural Literature. Late 14th – 18th Centuries, co-authored by a number of scholars. The author points out the innovative character of the publication which covers newly discovered literary sources, summarizes the information about the collections of manuscripts and private libraries, and explores the factors of the emergence and development of a regional literature. The book under consideration provides an interesting concept of the multinational literature of the Urals, and outlines a system of cultural centres in which literature and book-learning played a significant role. Among the considerable achievements of the research in question is the reporting of the artistic biographies of writers, some relying on new materials. This is the first research of the kind establishing correlations between the history of the exploration of the Russian East and the unique nature of the literary works of the region.

Гомер сталинизма: Сулейман Стальский и советская многонациональная литература

Suleiman Stal’skii, who represented the so-called bespis’mennye semi-folkloristic literatures at the First Congress of Soviet Writers (1934) and who was proclaimed by Maxim Gorky “the Homer of the twentieth century” (along with Djambul Djabaev) was a signature figure of early Soviet multinational literature. In fact, the well-documented “Djambul mythology” was created in the 1930s based on the “Stal’skii myth.” The article focuses on Stal’skii and the methods by which poetic production in the former Soviet republics can be addressed; on the concept of authorship under the conditions of totalitarianism; on the methodological approaches that could structure a better understanding of authorship under these very specific circumstances; on the relationship between the populism of Socialist realist literature, poetic production of these “masters of oral national creativity,” and the image of the leader; on the role of translation in disseminating “oral literature,” where folklore was coupled with the new media and new technologies of political manipulation; on the mythology of Suleiman Stal’skii and its role in creating a national literary canon; on orality and literacy; on the particular promotion of types of “poets” in the republics; on the currency of “epic” poetry in the 1930s; and on the range of devices that were used in fashioning the Stal’skii myth. Since the texts of “people’s bards” such as Stal’skii were published straight away, it is impossible to determine what the “originals” looked like. These “originals” were commissioned by one person, communicated to the “author” by another, verbalized by a third one, written down by a fourth, translated literally by a fifth, given a literary form by a sixth, edited by a seventh, censored by an eighth, and so on. The author himself did not speak the language in which his texts were circulated, and the “originals,” even if they did exist, have been lost. In any event, these texts are not authentic by definition, and not only because they functioned mostly in a different language. The question of Stal’skii’s translations is central to an understanding of the “people’s bards” phenomenon and the whole Soviet multinational literary project. This literature had its own reader who was different from the national one, and required a special type of writer who was de facto dysfunctional in his native language. It was a “national literature” not because of its language, for it functioned outside its language and its ethnos, but national-Soviet literature designed to serve “the Soviet people” as a whole. Each national literature delivered something from its traditions that was required for the formation of Soviet people.

PEASANTS AND GLOBALIZATION IN LATIN AMERICA: A SURVEY OF RECENT LITERATURE

This review essay examines trends in the multinational literature of books published on the theme of peasants and globalization in Latin America between 1990 and 2001 and cataloged by the Library of Congress. It organizes the literature by countries covered as well as by theoretical approaches. It demonstrates the influence of contending paradigms regarding the future of peasantries and argues that most books defend the notion that globalization has not eliminated but actually helped strengthen peasant survival.

School Community Service Programs: Essential Features for Success

Although much has been written about its benefits, the relationship between community service programs and valued future outcomes has not been uniformly demonstrated. Based on a multinational literature review and key informant interviews, this article identifies 20 program features that are related to positive outcomes. Despite the fact that we are unable to pinpoint which feature or combination of features is essential for success, there is substantial evidence that a program that is well structured both pedagogically and administratively is likely to achieve desired outcomes.

The changing dynamics of Thai multinationals after the Asian economic crisis

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic of Thai multinationals after the Asian economic crisis through the analysis of FDI statistics and two in-depth case studies. The paper concludes that there was a shift in the dynamic of Thai multinationals’ international expansion. While the pre-crisis international expansion relied more on networking capabilities rather than industry-specific technological skills, the post-crisis adjustments of Thai multinationals displayed a different strategy that placed much more emphasis on strengthening their industry-specific technological capabilities. In particular, Thai multinationals have placed more emphasis and commitment to the development of industry-specific technological capabilities, as well as transforming their personalised, relationship-based networks to more transparent and formal ties. The paper bears implications on the emerging multinational literature. Unlike the incremental nature of their predecessors from East Asia, the rapid rise of Thai multinationals before 1997 bypassed gradual technological process through the use of networking capabilities. However, the sustainability of networks-based competitive advantages will depend on its flexibility to change, as well as its complementary role toward industry-specific technological capabilities.

Tapping Masculinity: Labor Recruitment to the Brazilian Amazon during World War II

Tapping Masculinity: Labor Recruitment to the Brazilian Amazon during World War II

Economic Considerations in the Prescribing of Third-Generation Antidepressants

A comprehensive, multinational literature search was conducted of all articles published from 1993 to 2003 regarding the cost effectiveness of antidepressant drugs, with special emphasis on comparing third-generation antidepressants (TGAs) with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Information from the collected articles was entered into a database and then analysed to assess the different approaches to cost effectiveness comparisons for the various classes of antidepressants. Factors examined included direct and indirect costs, treatment endpoints, healthcare cost burden and productivity gains for patients successfully treated for depression. Most model-based studies published between 1993 and 2003 supported the cost effectiveness of TGAs compared with TCAs or SSRIs. While the purchase price of TGAs may be greater, cost savings in terms of direct and indirect costs were realised because of the reduced adverse effects of TGAs and subsequent improved patient compliance. Studies based on patient level cost data, however, were less conclusive about the economic benefits of TGAs compared with SSRIs or TCAs. While it may be premature to conclude that TGAs have a significant net economic benefit compared with other antidepressant classes, prescribers and payers may find it helpful when choosing antidepressants for depressed patients to consider that the higher drug prices for TGAs may be offset by savings, in terms of their greater compliance and resultant therapeutic success rates compared with TCAs or SSRIs. Additional research is needed to clarify how cost effectiveness is assessed in different patient populations, such as geriatric patients--who commonly have more co-morbidities and higher total healthcare costs than other patient populations.

The geographic sources of foreign subsidiaries' innovations

This study contributes to the literature on the nature and evolution of the multinational enterprise by exploring the geographic origins of the knowledge sources utilized by foreign subsidiaries during the process of technological innovation. Through a synthesis of the multinational literature and the broader literature on external sources of innovation, I develop and test a set of hypotheses that explain the conditions under which innovating subsidiaries are likely to draw upon sources of knowledge located in the home base of the firm and/or the subsidiary's host country environment. The hypotheses are tested through an analysis of the citations listed on over 10,000 patents issued to U.S. greenfield subsidiaries between 1980 and 1990. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dissent among Non-Russian Writers of the U.S.S.R. – A Philologist's Analysis

On December 21, 1972, the Soviet Union celebrated what was called in the official press the “50th Anniversary” of the birth of the multinational Soviet state. Brezhnev spoke at the festive meeting and in his speech he underlined the unity, mutual understanding and independence of the people who make up the Soviet Union. As a demonstration of the equality of all nations within Soviet boundaries, leading Soviet literary periodicals, such as Novyi Mir, or Yunost' published more and more authors with non-Russian names. Indeed, these periodicals began to look like a Soviet Reader's Digest, publishing a “little bit from everywhere for everybody.” On the surface it was multinational literature all right, but upon a closer reading one was surprised by the uniformity of it. The Kazakh poet sang of the heroes of the Second World War in the same terms as the Lithuanian writer, and the Tadzhik kolkhoz life was depicted in the same glowing terms as in the poems from the Moldavian countryside. A little bit boring, perhaps, but still, judging by these publications, Brezhnev was telling the pure truth talking about the brotherly union of “our multinational” state. The press was also inundated with articles, essays, poems, etc. on this theme.

Half a Century of Soviet Literature (Editorial)

Abstract The fiftieth anniversary of Soviet power that is being widely celebrated this year is also a noteworthy date for our multinational literature. Born of the great October, it has, these fifty years, traversed a long, difficult, and glorious road and has sought to share the people's destiny, sorrows and joys; to help them in the trials of war; to participate in the people's achievements, and, with the people, to achieve triumphs along the unexplored roads of building a new world. It has served the people by the word of truth, by passionate devotion to the party, by faith in the justice and ultimate triumph of communist ideals, and by vital inseparability from all that has comprised the life of the people during this half-century, It has become a powerful intellectual force in our society and has had a profound impact on the course of contemporary world culture.

A Sketch on the Life and Work of Sholom Aleichem

When he was already widely known, Sholom Aleichem wrote about his secret dream swim in the ocean of Russian literature and expressed confidence that this is absolutely sure to happen, then added sadly: It's a pity I won't live to see it. Nearly fifty years have passed since the death of the great Jewish writer. His works now belong to the people and have indeed merged into the vast ocean of our multinational literature. A few years ago, Goslitizdat published a six-volume collection of his writings in a printing of 225,000, while the Sovetskii pisatel' Press published A. Kogan's novel, Sholom Aleikhem (Moscow, 1961), and I. Serebrianyi's book, Sholom Aleichem and Folk Literature [Sholom Aleikhem i narodnoe tvorchestvo] (Moscow, 1959). Now we have still another book — G. Remenik's sketch on the writer's life and work.*