Multi-layered Constructions Research Articles

Experimental Research and Transfer Matrix Method for Analysis of Transmission Loss in Multilayer Constructions with Devulcanized Waste Rubber

According to circular economy principles, the recycling and reuse of tyre rubber waste are among the most advanced and ecological waste disposal technologies. Each year, about 19 million tons of tyres are produced, and this number increases every year. One of the most innovative ways to recycle rubber waste is devulcanization. There are many methods of rubber devulcanization, but the most popular is chemical devulcanization. Also, pre-process treatment is important before devulcanization. In this article, devulcanized rubber granules were used for the preparation of rubber samples. Two of the samples were obtained via the grinding method and one via chemical devulcanization. In total, 15 different rubber samples were produced for experimental measurements. Multilayer constructions, with two solid layers of plasterboard on both sides (GKB (a standard gypsum board) and GKFI (an enhanced-strength and surface-hardness gypsum board)) and the porous acoustic material of the rubber sample inside, were produced. Measurements were made in an impedance tube and compared with the results of a transfer matrix method (TMM) analysis. The same trends of resonant frequencies were determined. According to the results, the resonant frequencies depended on the thickness of the material, since transmission loss (TL) values depended on the mass of the construction. According to the test results of transmission loss, constructions with 50 mm thick rubber samples had results that were, on average, 3 dB better than those of structures with 25 mm thick samples and 5 dB better than those of structures with 12 mm thick rubber samples. In addition, it was found that higher-density plasterboards (GKFI) increased the overall transmission loss value of the structure by 5 dB. The same trends were determined using the TMM method. The test results showed that multilayered constructions with devulcanized waste rubber had high transmission loss results and could be used for sound-insulating structures.

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Non-Invasive Diagnosis of a Huge and Complex Heritage Building: The Patriarchal Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta in Aquileia (Udine, Italy)

Three-dimensional modeling and non-invasive diagnosis are fundamental prerequisites for planning reliable assessments of the seismic vulnerability, renovation and conservation of heritage buildings. In the case of multi-layered, huge and complex ancient constructions, various problems can be encountered in the early design phases of interventions, among which there is often a lack of an adequate building documentation. Such issues include drawings that are without a metric scale, not detailed, not updated or not reflecting the real situation. In addition, the fragility of these constructions requires an accurate census of every sign of deterioration in order to prepare an ad hoc intervention for the site. As an example, in this paper, the results of a survey regarding the Patriarchal Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta (Aquileia, Italy) are reported. The basilica has a rich history of about two thousand years. in which each era has marked the actual architectural layout with its own culture and art. The result is an intricate association of complementary and/or interdependent elements that make the building very complex. Given the need to obtain accurate documentation, a realistic representation and a simulation of the criticalities of the structure, which previously did not exist or were not sufficiently accurate, a multi-methodological and multi-scale diagnosis was performed. In detail, the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technique was applied to verify the presence of structures still buried under some internal surfaces, and a topographic survey, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and structure for motion (SfM) aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry were integrated for the detailed survey of the entire internal and external macro-structure. The resulting outcome provided the comprehensive information needed for preparing projects for the preservation, management and restoration of the basilica and the buildings connected to it.

Review: The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam

Book Review| March 01 2023 Review: The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam Alain George The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus: Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam London: Gingko Library, 2021, 264 pp., 164 illus. $85 (cloth), ISBN 9781909942455 Susana Calvo Capilla Susana Calvo Capilla Universidad Complutense de Madrid Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2023) 82 (1): 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2023.82.1.84 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Susana Calvo Capilla; Review: The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 March 2023; 82 (1): 84–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2023.82.1.84 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search The majority of historic buildings preserved today reflect multiple events and vicissitudes that have changed the appearance, the meanings, and even the functions of the structures over time. The centuries have left traces, sometimes wounds, and the unraveling of these effects of time is the task of the art historian. In The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Alain George seeks to reconstruct the story of the initial stages of the mosque through evidence found in the building itself. In the first chapter, “Palimpsests in Stone and Layered Texts: The Multiple Histories of the Umayyad Mosque,” the author exposes the reality that historians face. Like texts, buildings are complex palimpsests, as multilayered constructions. While successive fires and earthquakes have damaged the Mosque of Damascus, the building has always recovered, retaining many of its distinctive features and identifying elements, including its mural mosaics, transept and crenellated roofline. George explores a varied range... You do not currently have access to this content.

The fin de siècle and the multiple temporalities of historical periodization

ABSTRACT Developing an effective theory of periodization requires an engagement with the multilayered figurative constructions of historical time made by historians and historical actors. The fin de siècle c1890-1914, a period variously interpreted as reflecting an historical endpoint or an anxious transition to twentieth century modernity, provides a compelling focus for this engagement. John Zammito has argued that ‘[Reinhart] Koselleck’s formal theory of historical time points ultimately to periodization as the fundamental theoretical domain for historical practice’. Koselleck argued that the condition of modern ‘historical time’ stimulated the development of ‘multiple temporalities’, ‘different passages of time which reveal different tempos of change’. This complex dynamic was reflected in the cultural manifestations of the fin de siècle, and the interpretations made by both historical actors and historians of its temporal nature. Following Koselleck, I argue that the fin de siècle may be best understood as a ‘synchronic unit’, a discrete temporal domain within the multiple temporalities of Neuzeit, the new time of modernity.

Prediction of acoustic wave transmission features of the multilayered plate constructions: A review

This study collects all of the existent papers in the field of acoustic transmission across multilayered plate constructions. Herewith, a comprehensive source is proposed wherein approximately 410 references are reviewed and described from the first [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. In the first part, in addition to the presentation of a complete explanation about the importance of the acoustic analysis of these structures, appropriate formulations are also provided. Furthermore, an overview of the thematic correspondent is carried out. Since the type of material used in these constructions can be very important in sound insulation, the significance of this subject is remarked. The papers are then classified based on their acoustic excitation fields containing plane wave, diffuse, random, and point source. After analyzing the research approaches according to different environmental properties, the articles are ordered based on their boundaries as finite and infinite. To present reliable outcomes, it is necessary to investigate a proper theory proportional to the structure’s thickness. Herewith, this issue is also discussed in detail. The review is also expanded to focus on the different vibroacoustic solutions. Before concluding remarks, the authors' research works are presented wherein either optimization algorithms or control techniques improve the acoustic performance of these structures.

Fabrication of organic-inorganic hybrid materials on metal surface for optimizing electrochemical performance

Surface chemistry is a significant field of research, especially for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials in which nearly every atom is anchored at the interface. Herein we report on the functional binding agents (FBAs), Mg(OH)2 or Co(OH)2–Mg(OH)2–Co(OH)(NO3), as efficient tools for functionalising surfaces, whereby the morphology and growth of the organic-inorganic coating can be varied by varying the interfacial composition to achieve improved functionality. To demonstrate the potential of this strategy, we combine plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and a two-step dip chemical coating (DCC) technique to deliver multi-layered constructions of several chemical compositions comprising inorganic and organic components. A novel single layer of FBAs is fabricated on the rough inorganic coating through chemical treatment via DCC, transforming it into a binding site for primary clusters of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) molecules. Thus, FBAs form coordination complexes with organic molecules, which grow on FBA surfaces. Finally, electrochemical measurements reveal that the self-assembly of organic-inorganic hybrid heterostructures appreciably suppresses metal oxidation and oxygen reduction, due to a synergistic effect arising from the combination of FBAs with organic and inorganic coatings.

Modified mortars for elements of multilayered constructions and repair works and developing data storage system for research results

Based on the research performed, a comparative analysis of the changes in the properties of activated and non-activated fine-grained mixtures and mortars depending on the different specific surface: fine fillers: finely ground tripoli or sand, as well as on the content of inorganic PFM: highly active meta-kaolin, wollastonite and super-plasticizing additive superplasticizer S-3 or Melflux. The carried out researches show wide possibilities of modification of compositions by organomineral ecologically harmless additives and testify to rationality of development of complex additives separately for the activated and not activated fine-grained mortars. It is shown that when switching to another type of filler, even the same chemical composition, the dosages of all components and their ratio should be adjusted optimally. When switching to another type of mixture preparation, the ratio of components. Practical results obtained by the author provide the required and additional quality indicators, increase the physical and mechanical properties of fine-grained mortars, increase productivity. Theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed the effectiveness of the joint use of fine fillers, superplasticizer S-3 or Melflux, the high activity of metakaolin and wollastonite as a part of the binder in the fine-grained mixture and concrete. The architectural pattern of the decision support system for analyzing the properties of fine-grained multifunctional concrete has been developed.

Novel textile moisture sensors based on multi-layered braiding constructions

Novel textile moisture sensors based on multi-layered braiding constructions offer attractive monitoring possibilities for many application fields of e-textiles (electronic textiles), especially for ambient air, which is the main focus of this work. In this paper the theoretical foundations and the production, as well as the procedural, mechanical and humidity tests on newly developed, textile-based sensors for moisture measurement are described. The sensor, which is based on a capacitive measurement principle, was tested in environments ranging from 22% to 94% relative humidity. Within this range, the electrical capacitance of the sensors changed up to 135% of the base capacitance, giving it a very high sensitivity.

Borders and belongings in Nordic feminisms and beyond

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with feminist grassroots groups and women’s organizations in a Nordic context, this article aims to explore how feminist enactments shape multiple layers of spatiality and belonging. I analyse autoethnographic reflections from two feminist events, both taking place in Malmö in June 2014. Rather than understanding Nordic feminisms as a stable object, I follow in this article the initiative of decolonial scholars to analyze how feminist communities are shaped by affects, enactments and inhabitations which both ‘speak back’ to located conditions and transgress beyond them. I use phenomenology in my engagement with the material and employ a palimpsestic reading mode to trace the multi-layered constructions of spatiality and belonging in feminist performances, identifications and affiliations. As affective value shaped the effects of surfaces or borders of bodies and spaces, theorizations on affect helped me to grasp how complex forms of belonging became entwined with particular performances of geography and history.

Robot assisted deconstruction of multi-layered façade constructions on the example of external thermal insulation composite systems

The past years have seen major changes in society that have modified the requirements of residential architecture. To meet the new standards while preserving existing built resources, the building stock has to be generally reorganized. Resulting changes to buildings’ layout and structure in turn necessitate changes to the building envelope e.g. modification of openings or construction setups. Within this context, we investigate the automated disassembly of multi-layered facade constructions, specifically thermal insulation systems using expanded polystyrene foam panels. Our approach goes beyond efficient demolition, instead proposing automated deconstruction strategies that allow for effective material recycling due to a high degree of varietal material purity or even reuse of panel elements. The paper describes the development of the robot assisted deconstruction process including robotic setup, motion programming as well as initial experiments. Moreover, the described research results show the demand for agile process development to successfully deal with the unstructured environment of (de-)construction sites. Therefore, force controlled robot motion programming was tested to introduce industrial robots to a new working environment overcoming traditional factory based automation procedures.

Access to the urban national park in Cape Town: Where urban and natural environment meet

This paper reveals the relational, multi-layered constructions and boundaries of park spaces and who the users of the Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) in Cape Town are. Access to TMNP is discussed within its urban metropolitan context and the role Table Mountain has played in Capetonians representations of the mountain through different eras – the colonial, apartheid and post-apartheid. The formidable challenge to the park management, with visitor numbers of around 3 million annually, is to provide a high-quality recreational and tourist experience without compromising the ecological integrity of the park and making sure that the park is accessible to all. However, the December 2007 to November 2008 TMNP survey found that the park is a recreational space for the affluent. Most visitors to the park are from high-income neighbouring suburbs. Issues of use of and access to the park by visitors vary greatly and typically reflect the duality of the legacy of apartheid planning. If most of the South African population is largely invisible in the TMNP (and other national parks), questions arise about the parks’ future relevance, meaning, and protection.

Revealing cracks in polymer-composite parts and in multilayered glued constructions by a low-frequency acoustic method

Physical foundations for a technique of revealing cracks in laminated metal and nonmetal constructions by a low-frequency acoustic method are considered. In this technique, elastic vibrations in a product with one-sided access are excited and recorded by a double-crystal transducer when the product surface is scanned with simultaneous rotation of the transducer about its longitudinal axis. The technique allows one to improve the reliability and productivity of testing of multilayered constructions.

Stationary and Transient Heat Conduction in Multilayer Non-Homogeneous Stratigraphy

The tendency to speed up the building process and reduce its capital costs is bringing to the increased use of semi-finished products in constructions. One frequent characteristic of those elements is the use of non-homogeneous layers of materials, possibly affecting their thermal properties. In addition to this, the gradual increase in the thickness of insulation layers in buildings is also shifting the focus from the heating loads to the cooling loads, especially for hot climates such as southern Europe, raising the necessity to evaluate the transient properties of construction elements, alongside with the most common stationary properties. The aim of this paper is to correctly evaluate both stationary and transient heat conduction properties of strongly non-homogeneous multi-layered constructions and evaluate the impact of the non-homogeneities. The evaluation of those properties are based on the definitions detailed in the EN ISO 13786 directive, for dynamic thermal characteristics, and in the EN ISO 6946 directive, for stationary thermal characteristics. The stationary thermal transmittance is the parameter considered for the stationary analyses; for transient analyses transient thermal transmittance, time shift and attenuation factor are evaluated. The methodology provided inside the respective directives is applied in order to estimate the parameters. Following, a finite elements model is implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics software and the same properties are calculated through a finite element analysis performed based on the conditions detailed in the physical definitions of those properties in the respective directives. Each parameter assessed based on the respective directives, EN ISO 13786 and EN ISO 6946, is then compared with the results of the finite elements analyses. Based on those comparisons the impact of the non-homogeneities in the construction for the calculation of its thermal properties are evaluated and conclusions on their relevance in the identification of the thermal properties are given, also the ability of describing non- homogeneous constructions through the directive's methodology is discussed.

Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Affecting Sound Transmission Loss of Multi-Layered Building Elements Using Taguchi Method

Abstract The paper presents application of Taguchi method in optimizing the sound transmission loss through sandwich gypsum constructions and those comprising of masonry concrete blocks and gypsum boards in order to investigate the relative influence of the various parameters affecting the sound transmission loss. The application of Taguchi method for optimizing sound transmission loss has been rarely reported. The present work uses the results analytically predicted on “Insul” software for various sandwich material configurations as desired by each experimental run in an L8 orthogonal array. The relative importance of the parameters on single-number rating, Rw (C, Ctr) is evaluated in terms of percentage contribution using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA method reveals that type of studs, steel stud frame and number of gypsum layers attached are the key factors controlling the sound transmission loss characteristics of sandwich multi-layered constructions.

Designing multilayered nanoplatforms for SERS-based detection of genetically modified organisms

In this study, the multilayered surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms were developed for the analysis of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). For this purpose, two molecules [11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and 2-mercaptoethylamine (2-MEA)] were attached with Aurod and Auspherical nanoparticles to form multilayered constructions on the gold (Au)slide surface. The best multilayered platform structure was chosen depending on SERS enhancement, and this surface was characterised with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. After the optimum multilayered SERS platform and nanoparticle interaction was identified, the oligonucleotides on the Aurod nanoparticles and Auslide were combined to determine target concentrations from the 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) signals using SERS. The correlation between the SERS intensities for DTNB and target concentrations was found to be linear within a range of 10 pM to 1 µM, and with a detection limit of 34 fM. The selectivity and specificity of the developed sandwich assay were tested using negative and positive controls, and nonsense and real sample studies. The obtained results showed that the multilayered SERS sandwich method allows for sensitive, selective, and specific detection of oligonucleotide sequences.

An Adjustment-Free NDT Technique for Defect Detection in Multilayered Composite Constructions Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves

In recent years, the novel lightweight honeycomb sandwich structures have been applied in a wide range of industries. However, daily operational conditions, fatigue, as well as various defects developed during exploitation lead to the risk of structure failure. To meet safety and economical requirements, such structures must be tested. In this paper, an ultrasonic pitch-catch technique based on ultrasonic guided waves (UGW) for detection of defects in honeycomb sandwich structures is proposed. The technique is based on simultaneous scanning of a pair of contact type transmitting and receiving transducers positioned at fixed distance from each other. The proposed technique has been verified by the experiments and simulations on a honeycomb sandwich structure with an aluminium core and carbon fiber skin. The results have shown that different types of internal nonhomogeneities, such as changes in internal multilayered structure, skin delaminations or disbonds between the skin and the core, give the effects of amplitude and phase velocity deviations, which can be detected with accuracy reasonable for practical applications.

‘Ik wil niet dat mijn moeder achter me staat snap je?’ - Hoe Marokkaans-Nederlandse jongeren zich het internet eigen maken

This article charts to what extent Moroccan-Dutch young people (12-18 years old) negotiate the affordances of Internet platforms to engage in multi-layered gender identity constructions. I disentangle how the informants creatively make do with the affordances of online discussion forums, MSN Messenger and social networking sites to come to terms with contradictory parental, religious and youth-cultural gender norms. Gender is mobilized as the key analytical category, but intersecting age-specific, religious, migration and youth-cultural power relations are also taken into consideration. The analysis is grounded in quantitative survey data of 344 Moroccan-Dutch students, in-depth interviews with 43 Moroccan-Dutch young people as well as participatory-observations conducted on online discussion forums, MSN Messenger and online social networking sites. The article draws on fieldwork carried out in the context of the Utrecht University research project Wired Up: Digital Media as Innovative Socialization Practices for Migrant Youth.

Generalized functions in thermal conductivity problems for multilayered constructions

Based on the mathematical apparatus of the generalized function theory and the Kantorovich orthogonal method, approximate analytical solutions of the thermal conductivity problem for a multilayered plate are obtained that allow for evaluating the thermal state of a construction practically in the entire time range of nonstationary process, including its small and minute values.

Lumped parameter models for building thermal modelling: An analytic approach to simplifying complex multi-layered constructions

There are many sophisticated building simulators capable of accurately modelling the thermal performance of buildings. Lumped Parameter Models (LPMs) are an alternative which, due to their shorter computational time, can be used where many runs are needed, for example when completing computer-based optimisation. In this paper, a new, more accurate, analytic method is presented for creating the parameters of a second order LPM, consisting of three resistors and two capacitors, that can be used to represent multi-layered constructions. The method to create this LPM is more intuitive than the alternatives in the literature and has been named the Dominant Layer Model. This new method does not require complex numerical operations, but is obtained using a simple analysis of the relative influence of the different layers within a construction on its overall dynamic behaviour. The method has been used to compare the dynamic response of four different typical constructions of varying thickness and materials as well as two more complex constructions as a proof of concept. When compared with a model that truthfully represents all layers in the construction, the new method is largely accurate and outperforms the only other model in the literature obtained with an analytical method.

Heat and Moisture Transport in Multi-Layer Walls: Interaction and Heat Loss at Varying Outdoor Temperatures / Siltuma Un Mitruma Pārnese Caur Daudzslāņainām Būvkonstrukcijām: Āra Temperatūras Izmaiņu Ietekme Uz Siltuma Zudumiem Iekštelpā

Abstract The heat and moisture transport in multi-layer walls is analysed for five building units. Using the developed program, a typical of Latvian conditions temperature and relative humidity profiles in multi-layered constructions has been obtained and the indoor heat losses estimated. Consideration is also given to the risk of condensate formation and to the influence of moisture on the U-value. The created mathematical model allows forecasting the energy efficiency and sustainability of different technical solutions as refer to the heat and moisture transport in buildings.