Multilayer Pattern Research Articles

Light patterning semiconductor nanoparticles by modulating surface charges.

Optical patterning of colloidal particles is a scalable and cost-effective approach for creating multiscale functional structures. Existing methods often use high-intensity light sources and customized optical setups, making them less feasible for large-scale microfabrication processes. Here, we report an optical patterning method for semiconductor nanoparticles by light-triggered modulation of their surface charge. Rather than using light as the primary energy source, this method utilizes UV-induced cleavage of surface ligands to modify surface charges, thereby facilitating the self-assembly of nanoparticles on a charged substrate via electrostatic interactions. By using citrate-treated ZnO nanoparticles, uniform ZnO patterns with variable thicknesses can be achieved. These multilayered ZnO patterns are fabricated into a UV detector with an on/off ratio exceeding 104. Our results demonstrate a simple yet effective way to pattern semiconductor nanoparticles, facilitating the large-scale integration of functional nanomaterials into emerging flexible and robotic microdevices.

3D alignment of distant patterns with deep-subwavelength precision using metasurfaces

Measurement of the relative positions of two objects in three dimensions with sub-nanometer precision is essential to fundamental physics experiments and applications such as aligning multi-layer patterns of semiconductor chips. Existing methods, which rely on microscopic imaging and registration of distant patterns, lack the required accuracy and precision for the next generation of three-dimensional (3D) chips. Here we show that 3D misalignment between two distant objects can be measured using metasurface alignment marks, a laser, and a camera with sub-nanometer precision. Through simulations, we demonstrate that the shot noise-limited precisions of the lateral and axial misalignments between the marks are λ0/50, 000 and λ0/6, 300 (λ0: laser’s wavelength), respectively. With its high precision and simplicity, the technique enables the next generation of 3D-integrated optical and electronic chips and paves the way for developing cost-effective and compact sensors relying on sub-nanometer displacement measurements.

Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of thermal conduction and stress in laser cladding repair of thin-walled parts

To minimize the deformation of thin-walled parts during the laser cladding process and enhance the quality of the repaired parts, the Finite Element Abaqus software was used to develop a thermal conduction and 3D stress model, the heat source used in the experiments was a double ellipsoid heat source model. This model simulates the thermal process and the deformation resulting from residual stresses in the laser cladding process on a titanium alloy substrate with a thickness of 2 mm. Through the simulation, the temperature field of the substrate at the end of each pass was obtained, and the cladding sequence with the smallest temperature gradient during the multi-pass laser melting process was determined. By combining simulation and practice, the multilayer stacking pattern was optimized to achieve deformation control. Analog simulation experiments indicate that the optimized single-layer multi-pass laser cladding method results in less heat accumulation and thermal stress compared to the unidirectional sequential scanning method. The flatness test results show that the specimens have less deformation with the optimized multilayer stacking method. In addition, the metallographic organisation of the two cladding specimens is analysed in this paper, and the results show that the optimised specimens exhibit excellent microstructures and properties.

Abstract B076: Morphological diversity predicts functional traits in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Cell morphologies represent a phenotypic integration of intrinsic cellular processes, changes in cell state, and interactions with neighboring cells. While analyses of large cell line collections such as the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap) have greatly enhanced discovery of novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets, morphological analysis of these models has not yet been performed. Hence, there is a rich opportunity to discover novel regulators and functional properties of cell morphologies by linking image-based profiling to -omics based assays. Here, we studied the transcriptional and functional properties of 16 human pancreatic cancer cell lines, associations with distinct cell morphologies, and treatment-induced remodeling. At baseline, we observed extensive morphological heterogeneity across and within cell lines, as well as differences in multicellular organization. We categorized cell line morphologies into epithelial, mesenchymal, and spheroid, and organizational patterns into tightly aggregated, multilayered, and dispersed. We performed differential expression analysis across morphological subtypes utilizing DepMap transcriptomics data and queried functional correlates including CRISPR dependency, drug sensitivity, and proclivity for metastasis. For example, we discovered that the mesenchymal morphology and multilayered organizational pattern [WH3] were associated with metastatic potential, while expressing reduced levels of tight junction and cell adhesion genes. We then explored treatment associated morphological changes and their potential as cost-effective biomarkers for cell-intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy (e.g., 5-FU and gemcitabine) and KRAS inhibitors (e.g., MRTX1133 and RMC- 6236). Cells were treated continuously and monitored with live cell imaging (Incucyte SX5) followed by Cell Painting at the three-day endpoint. We observed conserved morphological responses to therapy across cell lines including a shift towards spindle-like cell shapes with neurite-like projections in chemotherapy-treated conditions, and a cell bloating phenomena characterized by an increase in cell area in KRAS inhibitor treated conditions. To directly link transcriptional state to morphology, we performed 1000-plex spatial molecular imaging (Nanostring CosMx) at subcellular resolution to pools of cell lines, demonstrating that morphological diversity within cell lines corresponded to distinct transcriptional states. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of harnessing cell morphological information in a rapid, cost-effective phenotyping assay to aid precision oncology efforts leveraging patient- derived in vitro models. Citation Format: Dennis Gong, William L Hwang. Morphological diversity predicts functional traits in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Pancreatic Cancer Research; 2024 Sep 15-18; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(17 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B076.

Aerial-view geo-localization based on multi-layer local pattern cross-attention network

Aerial-view geo-localization based on multi-layer local pattern cross-attention network

Spatiotemporal and Multilayer Trade Network Patterns of the Global Cobalt Cycle.

Recent years have witnessed increasing attempts to track trade flows of critical materials across world regions and along the life cycle for renewable energy and the low carbon transition. Previous studies often had limited spatiotemporal coverage, excluded end-use products, and modeled different life cycle stages as single-layer networks. Here, we integrated material flow analysis and complex network analysis into a multilayer framework to characterize the spatiotemporal and multilayer trade network patterns of the global cobalt cycle from 1988 to 2020. We found substantial growth and notable structural changes in global cobalt trade over the past 30 years. China, Germany, and the United States play pivotal roles in different layers and stages of the global cobalt cycle. The interlayer relationships among alloys, batteries, and materials are robust and continually strengthening, indicating a trend toward synergistic trade. However, cobalt ore-exporting countries are highly concentrated and rarely involved in later life cycle stages, resulting in the weakest relationship between the ore layer and other layers. This causes fluctuations and uncertainty in the global cobalt trade. Our model, linking industrial ecology, supply chain analysis, and network analysis, can be extended to other materials that are critical for the future green transition.

Chiral 3D structures through multi-dimensional transfer printing of multilayer quantum dot patterns

Three-dimensional optical nanostructures have garnered significant interest in photonics due to their extraordinary capabilities to manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization states of light. However, achieving complex three-dimensional optical nanostructures with bottom-up fabrication has remained challenging, despite its nanoscale precision and cost-effectiveness, mainly due to inherent limitations in structural controllability. Here, we report the optical characteristics of intricate two- and three-dimensional nanoarchitectures made of colloidal quantum dots fabricated with multi-dimensional transfer printing. Our customizable fabrication platform, directed by tailored interface polarity, enables flexible geometric control over a variety of one-, two-, and three-dimensional quantum dot architectures, achieving tunable and advanced optical features. For example, we demonstrate a two-dimensional quantum dot nanomesh with tuned subwavelength square perforations designed by finite-difference time-domain calculations, achieving an 8-fold enhanced photoluminescence due to the maximized optical resonance. Furthermore, a three-dimensional quantum dot chiral structure is also created via asymmetric stacking of one-dimensional quantum dot layers, realizing a pronounced circular dichroism intensity exceeding 20°.

Neural Network-Based Exercise Training and Limb Function Evaluation System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiding Technique

Exercise training plays a pivotal role in enhancing limb function and overall physical performance. Through targeted and progressive exercise regimes, individuals can improve strength, flexibility, coordination, and endurance in their limbs. This paper presents a novel Neural Network-Based Exercise Training and Limb Function Evaluation System tailored for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) guiding techniques. This paper constructed a novel Multi-Layer Fuzzy Pattern Neural Network (MLFPNN) for the estimation of limbs for exercise training. The proposed MLFPNN model acquires information about the limb muscles through the acquired information features are normalized. With the normalized features, TCM is evaluated for the computation of the feature for the exercise training in MLFPNN. The proposed model uses the multilayer fuzzy for the estimation of the limb features associated with the limb function. The estimated features of the limb are applied over the pattern network for the classification of limb function based on TCM with MLFPNN. The proposed MLFPNN model evaluates the 10 features in the limb muscle estimation for TCM-based exercise training. Experimental analysis is conducted for the proposed MLFPNN to achieve a higher prediction based on the actual values. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the proposed MLFPNN model achieves an accuracy of 92.5% while conventional SVM, RF, and k-NN achieve a classification accuracy of 88.3%, 90.7%, and 87.6% respectively. The findings stated that the proposed MLFPNN model is significant for the limb function estimation for the TCM-based training.

"It is endless … It is definitely challenging … But we experience growth out of it": negotiation patterns of Jewish Israeli women living in mixed families

ABSTRACT Mixed marriages challenge ethnic, racial and religious belonging. However, over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of mixed marriages in the Western world, as well as in Israel. The present study focuses on women living in mixed families in Israel – Jewish women who are married to Muslim Arab-Palestinian men. The study examines the negotiation patterns that these women use in order to shape their identities as women, partners and mothers during their daily family life. To examine how these women negotiate their multiple intersectional identity, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 Jewish women married or previously married to Muslim Arab-Palestinian men, and who raised children with them. Using a multilayered theoretical perspective, we analyze how these women negotiate with themselves and others in their circles of belonging regarding issues related to couplehood and child rearing. The negotiations conducted by these women take place on two levels (the personal level and the level of external-social relations), where different women are placed on the range between a Jewish-national identity, a hybrid identity, and a Muslim-Arab-Palestinian identity, depending on their intersectional locations and resources, including education, employment and place of residence. The intersectional locations of the women may leverage or limit their negotiation. The identification of these multilayered negotiation patterns contributes to the literature regarding the daily experience of women living in mixed families, particularly in deeply divided societies.

Liquid crystal elastomer-based all-printed actuator and sensing array systems

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are valuable in soft actuators, sensors and other emerging fields. However, it is still a huge challenge to build high-performance LCE-based functional devices in a simple and fast way to achieve the orderly and patterned integration of multiple functional layers and LCE. Herein, screen-printing technology is used to realize the multi-layer pattern deposition of silver fractal dendrites conductive ink (with excellent Joule heating effect and strain-sensing function) and carbon black conductive ink (with photothermal conversion ability) on the surface of LCE. A series of LCE-based electronic devices are prepared through customized printing patterns. The as-obtained actuator possesses excellent electric actuating performance (bending angle of 102° at 200 mA) and self-sensing function (maximum relative resistance changes of −55.0%), and also exhibits NIR light-driven self-sensing bending actuation behavior (bending angle of 81° at 1.43 W/cm2), which can be used to control the robotic arm. The as-printed NIR light sensing array system can accurately sense the intensity, spot size and position of NIR light, showing good application potential in the field of unmanned aerial vehicle flight safety. This work provides a new strategy for the efficient preparation of LCEs-based flexible electronics.

A few-shot based phase-batch multi-layer domain adaptation pattern recognition method

Deep transfer learning has been widely applied in the field of intelligent fault diagnosis. However, existing deep transfer learning-based diagnostic methods struggle to train reliable diagnostic models when there is a lack of data and significant distribution differences between the two domains. To address this issue, a few-shot based phase-batch multi-layer domain adaptation pattern recognition method is proposed. This method simultaneously measures the feature distribution differences of both the fully connected layers and the classification layers, thus better correcting the data domain bias. Additionally, a phase-batch training strategy and pseudo-label learning are employed to improve the convergence speed and stability of the training process. The proposed method is validated on two public datasets, Jiang Nan and Paderborn University, as well as a dataset obtained through independent experiments. It is compared with traditional feature-based transfer learning methods, the results show that the proposed method achieves higher diagnostic accuracy, faster convergence, and greater stability. Furthermore, its superior diagnostic performance in the few-shot scenario is demonstrated through experiments on a self-collected dataset.

Optical and electrical characterization of solar cell with nanowires mimicking antireflection coating layers considering axial and radial PN junctions

AbstractIt has been well documented that the usage of a textured cover layer reduces reflection from the air‐solar cell interface, which ultimately enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a solar cell. The most commonly used patterns, such as pyramids, micropillars, nanowires (NW), and nanoholes have been widely studied and optimized. Besides using such NWs to enhance light absorption, this work also additionally considers the concept of mimicking the antireflection coating of single or multiple layers in minimizing the reflectance and thus enhancing the total absorptance further. It is shown here that at least one order of magnitude shorter multilayer NW pattern of 268 nm total height can outperform a standard NW of 4270 nm height, which needs less material and can also be fabricated at a reduced cost. Furthermore, the proposed design with reduced height has a significantly lower surface‐to‐volume ratio, which also reduces surface recombination loss than the other textured surface patterns. The results presented in this work have been comprehensively analyzed by initially optimizing optical absorption and then completing the electrical simulations. The optimized design in conjunction with a back reflector offers an efficiency as high as 16.434%.

Hybrid Lithography Fabrication of Single Mode Optics for Signal Redistribution and Coupling

This paper describes advances in hybrid-lithography process, combining UV-lithography for planar, single mode redistribution layer (RDL) and 2-photon- polymerization direct-laserwriting (2PP-DLW) for micro-mirrors inside RDL-opening. Improvements to multi-layer direct patterning of OrmoCore/-Clad material system using UV- ithography and need for broadband UV-LED source are presented. Near square core cross sections and smooth sidewalls are achieved. Openings in full stack with steep sidewalls without residual layer are patterned. To optimize 2PP-DLW-process processing window for both OrmoComp and IP-DIP is thoroughly characterized. Roughness measurements prove feasibility even of coarsely printed structure as reflective μ-mirror for 1550 nm wavelength. Finally these results are applied to periscope probe for wafer-level-testing of edge emitting lasers and proof of concept is shown. Outlook to further research on UV-lithography of multi-layer waveguide stack and alignment with μ-mirror printing is given.

Influence of Power-Weighted Center of Echo Signal Within Window Function on Local Strain Rate Distribution in Left Ventricular Wall

ObjectiveThe deviation of the power-weighted center of the echo signal from the geometric center within the velocity estimation window for calculating strain rate (SR) causes an estimation error. This study aimed to confirm whether an erroneous multilayer pattern in the SR distribution of the left ventricular wall could be corrected by considering the power-weighted center of the echo signal. MethodsThe SR distributions were measured locally in the transmural direction around the pre-ejection and early diastolic phases in healthy volunteers. The estimation error related to the power-weighted center of the echo signal was corrected using a previously proposed method, and the effectiveness of the correction was confirmed based on the accuracy of the estimated myocardial displacement. ResultsThe SR distribution in early diastole was observed as multilayers of low- and high-amplitude negative SRs. However, this multilayer pattern disappeared after correction. In the pre-ejection phase, multilayers of positive and negative SRs were observed in the SR distributions with and without correction. This correction was sufficiently effective in accurately tracking the local peak of the echo signal. ConclusionThe multilayer pattern of low- and high-amplitude positive or negative SRs is caused by estimation errors related to the power-weighted center of the echo signal. The multilayer pattern of positive and negative SRs might not be caused by these errors and might relate to the actual change in myocardial thickness because the estimation errors do not convert the negative (positive) SR to positive (negative) in a homogeneous negative (positive) SR distribution.

Winding pattern design of composite cylinders considering the effect of fiber stacking

Winding pattern design is a critical step in the production of composite cylinders. Traditional design methods often overlook the impact of stacking fibers layer by layer, leading to deviations between the actual and intended winding trajectories. To ensure consistence between the actual winding outcomes and design objectives, the effect of fiber stacking on the winding patterns was examined in this study. Two winding pattern design methods were proposed: the fixed tangent-point method (FTPM) and the minimum center angle deviation method (MCADM). A comparison was conducted on the variations in the number of tangent points, thread guide round trips, and the radius of the polar hole under the two different methods. Winding experiments were then employed to verify the feasibility of these approaches. The results showed that fiber stacking on the dome was the main reason for the change in winding patterns. Priority can be given to schemes within the design overlap domain for the design of multi-layer winding patterns. While FTPM ensures consistent fiber coverage and tape spacing, it may lead to hole expansion. Additionally, applying multiple layers can alter the dome's shape significantly from the original design. In contrast, MCADM offers slightly variable fiber coverage and spacing without causing hole expansion, achieving the desired dome shape more accurately.

Laser patterning captured in real-time: surface modifications of multilayer thin-films under nanosecond laser heating.

Controlled wrinkle formation has attracted intensive research interest as a means to modify surface properties. However, most of the currently explored methods rely on mechanically stretching polymer substrates with hard surface coatings, and the application of these methods to different materials is limited. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate laser-assisted periodic wrinkle formation on silicon nitride (SiN) membranes that are coated with titanium (Ti)/nickel (Ni) multilayers. Corrugated surface formation mechanism, as well as grain nucleation and growth, are studied using ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM). Periodic wrinkling and patterning of multilayers on thin SiN membranes are induced by a nanosecond pulsed laser, and the deformation of the film is captured by single-shot imaging. The investigated structures revealed periodic wrinkling of the membrane and corrugated surface formation on both sides of the film. The findings of this work could allow laser-irradiation-based fast fabrication of corrugated films with tailored properties.

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the seminal vesicle: A case report and literature review

A mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the seminal vesicle gland is an uncommon neoplasm characterized by a dual population of epithelial and stromal cells. In this case report, we present a 59-year-old male patient who presented with a large, 10 cm mass in the left seminal vesicle, which was preliminarily suspected to be a malignant tumor of the seminal vesicle based on magnetic resonance imaging findings. Histopathological evaluation, however, revealed a tumor with biphasic epithelial–mesenchymal differentiation, predominantly displaying mesenchymal characteristics. The epithelium and stroma displayed papillary and foliar structures, respectively. The epithelial cells were bland, arranged in either single or multi-layered cuboidal patterns, and the stromal cells were spindle shaped with a sparse distribution. The patient experienced a favorable postoperative outcome. The diagnosis of mixed epithelial and stromal tumor is challenging based on clinical and imaging findings alone, and definitive diagnosis relies on pathological examination. This case report addresses a rare presentation of low-grade mixed epithelial and stromal tumor in the seminal vesicle gland and aims to expand the understanding of this entity by reviewing the relevant literature.

Optimization of the octagonal origami tube energy absorption using the artificial neural network and heuristic method

This article presents a hybrid optimization approach for improving the crashworthiness characteristics of thin-walled metallic tubes using a unique multilayered origami pattern. In the quasi-static axial loading condition, a total of 120 thin-walled tube samples were simulated using the full factorial design method to assess the impact of geometric parameters on their crashworthiness behavior, including the dihedral angle, module number, and outer layer height. Additionally, based on the input parameters, an artificial neural network was implemented to estimate the mechanical response of the tubes. Then, to determine the ideal design parameters, a hybrid multi-objective optimization approach was used. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution technique was utilized to extract the optimal design to balance the objectives of energy absorption and initial peak force. The specific energy absorption of the optimal tube was discovered to be 68% higher than that of the base tube. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multilayered origami pattern provides a unique structure that improves the crashworthiness properties of the thin-walled metallic tubes.

Multiple underlying images tuned by Mn-doped Zn-Cu-In-S quantum dots.

In this study, ZnS capped Cu-In-S (ZCIS) quantum dots doped with Mn ions are synthesized by a thermal injection method, with luminescence covering almost the entire visible area. The large Stokes shift effectively inhibits the self-absorption effect under luminescence, and the quantum yield of ZCIS quantum dots increased from 38% to 50% after ZnS capping and further to 69% after doping with Mn. First, red-, yellow-, and blue-emitting quantum dots were synthesized and then, polychromatic ensembles were obtained by mixing the trichromatic quantum dots in a different ratio. Using the home-built inkjet printer, multilayered and multicolor mixed patterns were obtained for information pattern storage and multilayer pattern recognition and reading.

Insights into antioxidative metabolic mechanism of the sub-lethal injured Listeria monocytogenes stressed by cold plasma active species for precise control

Antioxidative metabolome is crucial for Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) to alleviate the instant oxidative stress, resulting in the occurrence of the sub-lethal injured Lm and potential risks to environment and food safety. However, the antioxidative strategies of the metabolome beneath the sub-lethal injured Lm in resisting the instant active species remain unclear. Therefore, under the intrusion of cold plasma (CP) active species, the sub-lethal injured Lm emerged via the wrinkled membranes and the disturbed physiological functions. Antioxidative metabolic strategies in the sub-lethal injured Lm were investigated by multi-omics technology based on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The current study demonstrated that the antioxidative metabolome (176 differential metabolites) played a pivotal role in combating the instant active species compared with the antioxidative regulation of 15 genes. Furthermore, antioxidative strategies of metabolome were involved in multilayer patterns: one-off consumption, rapid utilization, and up-regulation of (R)-lipoic acid. Hence, lipoic acid metabolism was activated as an emergency pathway. Besides, the iron acquisition was operated and toxic metabolites were effluxed to balance the intracellular homeostasis. In conclusion, this work provides unique insights into the antioxidative metabolic strategies in the sub-lethal injured Lm, offering a basis for the precise inactivation of the sub-lethal injured foodborne pathogens during food processing.