Multigenerational Relationships Research Articles

Satisfaction with Elderly in Multigenerational Family Living in Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia is a blend of multiracial ethnic societies in addition to communities where there are families who have married across races and traditions. As such, within the family living in the city of Kuala Lumpur, the different races and religions necessitate multigenerational relationships. Also, the lifestyles in a city and the rural areas are different in Malaysia. Those who live in rural areas own a house with land where their relatives are within their surroundings, giving a sense of well-being. In contrast, those living in the city would rent or buy a family-size house that is designed for only one family generation. Correspondingly, the aim of this research is to focus on the well-being of multigenerational families living in the city of Kuala Lumpur and their lifestyles in landed property or high-rise housing. The research’s objective is to identify the level of satisfaction with the facilities housing multigenerational living in Kuala Lumpur. The findings that are discussed in this research focus on the level of people's satisfaction and well-being with multigenerational living in a city where the surrounding has fewer facilities for senior citizens. A new generation living in the city needs to develop a social family who are living together, comprising parents, adults and children, whereby relationships are more intimate. This research has shown the impact of the situation of multigenerational living in Kuala Lumpur housing area where the house design is not suitable for multigenerational families living together because some people need privacy in their lives.

Satisfaction with Elderly Facilities in Multigenerational Family Living in Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia is a blend of multiracial ethnic societies in addition to communities where there are families who have married across races and traditions. As such, within the family living in the city of Kuala Lumpur, the different races and religions necessitate multigenerational relationships. Also, the lifestyles in a city and the rural areas are different in Malaysia. Those who live in rural areas own a house with land where their relatives are within their surroundings, giving a sense of well-being. In contrast, those living in the city would rent or buy a family-size house that is designed for only one family generation. Correspondingly, the aim of this research is to focus on the well-being of multigenerational families living in the city of Kuala Lumpur and their lifestyles in landed property or high-rise housing. The research’s objective is to identify the level of satisfaction with the facilities housing multigenerational living in Kuala Lumpur. The findings that are discussed in this research focus on the level of people's satisfaction and well-being with multigenerational living in a city where the surrounding has fewer facilities for senior citizens. A new generation living in the city needs to develop a social family who are living together, comprising parents, adults, and children, whereby relationships are more intimate. This research has shown the impact of the situation of multigenerational living in Kuala Lumpur housing area where the house design is not suitable for multigenerational families living together because some people need privacy in their lives.

Effects of family multi-generational relationship on multimorbidity and healthy life expectancy for second generations: insight from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

ObjectiveIn the context of aging, Chinese families consisting of more than three generations (grandparents, parents, children) are the norm. The second generation (parents) and other family members may establish a downward (contact only with children) or two-way multi-generational relationship (contact with children and grandparents). These multi-generational relationships may have the potential effect on multimorbidity burden and healthy life expectancy in the second generation, but less is known about the direction and intensity of this effect. This study aims to explore this potential effect.MethodsWe obtained longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018, which included 6,768 people. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between multi-generational relationships and the number of multimorbidity. The Markov multi-state transition model was used to analyze the relationship between multi-generational relationships and the severity of multimorbidity. The multistate life table was used to calculate healthy life expectancy for different multi-generational relationships.ResultsThe risk of multimorbidity in two-way multi-generational relationship was 0.830 (95% CIs: 0.715, 0.963) times higher than that in downward multi-generational relationship. For mild multimorbidity burden, downward and two-way multi-generational relationship may prevent aggravation of burden. For severe multimorbidity burden, two-way multi-generational relationship may aggravate the burden. Compared with two-way multi-generational relationship, the second generations with downward multi-generational relationship has a higher healthy life expectancy at all ages.ConclusionIn Chinese families with more than three generations, the second generations with severe multimorbidity burden may aggravate the condition by providing support to elderly grandparents, and the support provided by offspring to the second generations plays a vital positive role in improving the quality of life and narrowing the gap between healthy life expectancy and life expectancy.

“Let Him Walk with You”: Telling Stories About Fifteenth-Century Men, and the Women they Left Behind

In this article I use a blend of autoethnography and historical storytelling to explore the role of outdoor space in forming relationships between fifteenth-century men and their maintenance of hegemonic power. By weaving together three striking vignettes from late fifteenth-century England, constructed as creative retellings of the historical evidence, with autoethnographic notes on my own lived experience, I am able to fill in the gaps of the historical record and open up questions about the implications of what has been left out. I argue that the medieval cultural understanding of the outdoors as both spiritually and physically beneficial, as well as practical concerns about privacy, made orchard and garden spaces a natural site for sharing sensitive news and for deepening emotional bonds between men in ways that may have been less feasible in a busy domestic interior context. In outdoor spaces related to, but distinct from, the interior domestic space, men may have been able to exercise a homosocial intimacy freed from some of the constraints of the regulated household. This could have positive effects that nuance our understanding of the way generations of men related to one another, shifting the conversation beyond interpreting multi-generational relationships beyond strict hierarchical systems. Cultivated outdoor spaces were fruitful in ways beyond the obvious: they facilitated cross-generational empathy and fostered mutual understanding. However, the blurring of social controls and relaxing of strict etiquette around status and age in these spaces could facilitate and then cover up gross misconduct and criminal activity, up to and including rape.

Perspectives From the 85+ Lifestyle Leaders on Social Isolation and Multigenerational Relationships

The oldest of older adults are especially impacted by many of the measures recommended to slow the spread of COVID-19. This presentation explores changes in Lifestyle Leaders’ experiences with loneliness and their beliefs about the impact of COVID-19 on multigenerational relationships and intergenerational programming. For example, 55.6% strongly agreed or agreed with the statement, “The pandemic will have been more socially impactful on younger generations than older generations.” Lifestyle Leaders remain interested (68%) in virtual or socially distanced intergenerational programming. Particular activities of interest included technology tutoring, pen pals, and outdoor or virtual socializing. Additionally, this presentation will highlight how the Lifestyle Leaders have been impacted by a loss in weak ties and the extent to which the pandemic has prompted them to take on new roles in their families, including “accepting” paid and unpaid caregiving and experiences living with children and grandchildren during the pandemic.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS SENIORS IN THE CONTEXT OF PREVIOUS FAMILY RELATIONS EXPERIENCE

Observation of reality shows that the attitude of today's society towards the elderly is very heterogenous and ambivalent. Both positive and negative attitudes can be observed. What is more, one can talk about attitudes of indifference and a certain social distance. The main goal of the research is to show how attitudes towards the elderly are shaped in our society and whether demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, place of residence, or level of education differentiate these attitudes. Can we talk about the formation of certain patterns among the younger generation, which create the image of older people in adults? The sample consisted of 1,025 people. The Scale of Attitudes towards Seniors (SPWS) by Łukasiewicz and Kowalski was administered. The entire tool consisted of 60 items divided into three scales: Respect and Support, Rejection and Misunderstanding, and Social Distance. In order to examine the attitudes of the respondents to their grandparents and their role in family life, seven self-authored statements were attached to the questionnaire. The analysis of the obtained results shows no significant differences between positive and negative attitudes towards seniors. All attitudes are at a moderate level. The factors differentiating the intensity of attitudes were: gender, marital status, place of residence, and education level. The indicator of the development of positive attitudes towards seniors was the time spent with grandparents in the past and positive opinions about grandparents provided by parents. Earlier intergenerational relations are of no significant importance when it came to the intensification of negative attitudes. The research confirmed the existence of heterogeneous attitudes towards seniors. However, there is no clear advantage of positive attitudes over the negative. The conclusions from the research point to the role of broadly understood education in shaping attitudes towards the elderly. In the age of an ageing society, activities that show the significance of older people for society, and what value they are for all of us, become important. The family and multigenerational relationships play a significant role here.

Do Grandfathers Matter for Occupational and Earnings Attainment? Evidence from Swedish Register Data

Abstract A growing empirical and theoretical literature has investigated to what extent socioeconomic inequalities are influenced by the outcomes and characteristics of ancestors prior to the parental generation. This study contributes by examining multigenerational associations of adulthood earnings and occupational status in the entire Swedish population of boys and girls born 1968–1976, amounting to almost 400,000 three-generation lineages. The study population is followed until 2011, examining to which extent the strength of the grandfather–grandchild association depends on a set of characteristics describing the nature of the multigenerational relationship. More specifically, we investigate to what extent the transmission of attainment is influenced by the degree of overlapping lifespans, residential proximity, and competition for grandparental resources. While a robust multigenerational association exists net of the association between the attainment of parents and children, we do not find any support for the hypotheses that the strength of the association depends on neither the degree of social interaction between generations, nor on the number of siblings and cousins competing for grandparental resources.

Grieving a Grandparent: The Importance of Gender and Multigenerational Relationships.

This study examined adult grandchildren's experience of losing a grandparent in the context of a multigenerational family. Although the death of a grandparent in adulthood is often an expected life event, this loss may still result in grief for adult grandchildren. Furthermore, bereavement is not merely an individual experience, but a family one. Characteristics of the relationship between bereaved adult grandchildren and their bereaved middle-generation parents may influence adult grandchildren's grief responses. This includes both structural (e.g., gender of parent; coresidence with parent) and emotional (e.g., relationship quality; worry about parent) aspects of this tie. Young adult grandchildren from Wave 2 of the Family Exchanges Study (2013, N = 204) reported on their recent grandparent loss experiences (N = 216) and relationships with their middle-generation parents (N= 142). Three-level multilevel models revealed that (a) grandsons who lost a grandmother reported significantly fewer grief symptoms than all other gender combinations; (b) worry about a middle-generation parent was associated with higher grief symptoms, but; (c) this effect was significantly stronger when the middle-generation parent was a mother, and when adult grandchildren were coresident with that bereaved parent. Finally, relationship quality with the middle-generation parent was not associated with grief symptoms, irrespective of context. Results highlight the intersection of emotional and structural aspects of multigenerational relationships following the death of a family member.

Multigenerational social support in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Research documents high levels of instrumental, financial, and expressive support exchanges within multigenerational families in the 21st century. The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique challenges to support exchanges between the generations; however, the pandemic may provide opportunities for greater solidarity within families. In this review, we draw from theoretical perspectives that have been used to study family relationships to understand the implications of the pandemic for multigenerational families: the life course perspective, the intergenerational solidarity model, and rational choice/social exchange theory. We review literature on multigenerational relationships in the United States and discuss how established social support patterns and processes may be altered by the COVID-19 pandemic. We reflect on how the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multigenerational relationships may vary by gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Finally, we provide directions for future researchers to pursue in order to understand the lasting impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on multigenerational ties.

Are grandparents a blessing or a burden? Multigenerational coresidence and child-related spending

Economic investments in children may represent a powerful mechanism to explain differences in child outcomes across family types. Unfortunately, evidence on child-related spending across family structures remains poorly understood. Using the Consumer Expenditure Survey (1996–2015), this study is the first to investigate patterns of child-related spending in an increasingly common type of extended family household: multigenerational households, in which children reside with at least one parent and grandparent. This study also contributes to a growing literature giving primacy to parents' socioeconomic disadvantage as moderating the association between multigenerational relationships and child well-being. Results indicate that, when compared to similar two-generation households, multigenerational households are associated with increased spending on education and with decreased spending on child care. Differences in child-related spending between multigenerational and two-generation households differ according to parents' income and relationship status. Overall, living with grandparents represents an adaptive strategy that helps low-income or single parents invest more money in their children's education, hobbies and activities, and to save on the costs of child care.

Évelyne, Scenes, and Rosalie

Évelyne, Scenes, and Rosalie Renée Larrier In December 2004, on a break from the African American and Diasporic Research in Europe: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approaches conference in Paris, I browsed through the Musée Dapper bookstore (which, unfortunately, closed in 2017). A brightly colored book cover featuring a regal black woman in profile and a red detachable band proclaiming the Prix Soroptimist de la romancière francophone award caught my eye. It was Évelyne Trouillot’s Rosalie l’Infâme, which I devoured that very night.1 What a powerful introduction to her work! It is significant that Philippe Davaine’s artistic rendering depicts narrator Lisette as a close-cropped, natural-hair wearing woman who completely dominates the sailing ship in the background, intimating that she and her ancestors survived the Middle Passage and Atlantic slavery. That a small portrait of Trouillot graces the upper left-hand corner of the back of the book articulates, complements, and reinforces that message, linking the two women to and through centuries of history in a similar way that the knotted cord bonds Brigitte to Lisette. Likewise, Trouillot’s oeuvre connects her to predecessor Marie Vieux Chauvet, contemporary Marie-Célie Agnant, and successor Edwidge Danticat, who wrote the foreword to M. A. Salvadon’s translation The Infamous Rosalie.2 While these Haitian-born writers have all spent years away from the island nation, Trouillot was the only one to return definitively, so that her literary identity has never been debated. Nevertheless, these writers are particularly mindful about representing Haitian women’s and girls’ experiences, and accordingly, creating women-centered texts. Trouillot’s novels, short stories, plays, and children’s and young people’s literature in French and Creole, most of which are published in Port-au-Prince and available abroad, privilege multigenerational relationships with political, social, historical, and gender resonances. [End Page 3] Fast forward to October 2017, to Scenes at 20: Inspirations, Riffs, and Reverberations, the two-day symposium at Rutgers University celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the publication of Saidiya V. Hartman’s Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self -Making in Nineteenth-Century America.3 Listening to the presenters, I began to reflect on the ways in which Rosalie and Scenes are in dialogue, noting that the similarities extended beyond the title of Hartman’s brilliant, pioneering scholarly study. Motivated to explore further, I revisited both texts, concluding that Rosalie l’Infâme, a novel set in mid-eighteenth century colonial Saint-Domingue, could be read in the context of Hartman’s historical analysis of the American South, where slavery also prevailed. Examining the various forms of domination in daily life, a phenomenon she calls the “terror of the mundane and quotidian,”4 Hartman focuses in particular on covert performances of power, those that involve sexuality, such as interactions between white men and enslaved women that range from coercive arrangements to rape; questions of subjectivity and agency; and resistance and freedom. In Rosalie, the enslaved women adopt various strategies to survive that involve exchanging their bodies for a semblance or measure of agency: Gracieuse with Fayot to avoid working in the fields; Clarisse and Louise to free their children. Brigitte’s is a special case. Although she finally succumbs to Montreuil’s pressure, after his repeated threats and having her niece Ayouba beaten twice, she does achieve agency by sparing others, some of whom are not related to her. In addition to later negotiating the escape of her sister Charlotte and Ayouba, Brigitte uses her medical knowledge not only to abort her three fetuses, but to kill sixty-nine newborns in order to save them from a life of enslavement, her declared mission. In addition, certain scenes reconstruct Hartman’s notion of the simultaneous performance of pleasure and pain. One such incident takes place on the slave ship Rosalie during the Middle Passage. While the white sailors are amused at a Hausa woman dancing to the beat of a drum, the African captives understand that hers is a dance of death, and, indeed, she jumps into the sea. Another example is the spectacle of Sarah parading her stylishly dressed female servants through the town market, masking the physical violence...

Grillin’ with My Grandchild©: multigenerational programming for grandfathers and grandchildren

ABSTRACTThis article describes the Grillin’ with My Grandchild© multigenerational relationship education program which is designed to encourage the enhancement and maintenance of a meaningful grandfather-grandchild relationship. During this multi-session program, grandfather and grandchild participants engage in several activities which include creating an electronic memory book as well as grilling and eating food together. They learn through facilitated discussion and by sharing personal experiences what it means to be a grandfather and a grandchild. Facilitated discussion about nutritional grilling practices and safe food grilling are implemented at each session. Grandfather-grandchild dyads interact with other familial dyads in their group and experience a sense of community and familiarity. Future research into the relational and psychological benefits of the program are suggested.

Multigenerational Effects on Children's Cognitive and Socioemotional Outcomes: A Within-Child Investigation.

Associations between grandparental investment and child outcomes were investigated using three waves of a longitudinal British Millennium Cohort Study that included children between the ages of 9months and 5years (n=24,614 person-observations from 13,744 children). Grandparental investment was measured by parent-grandparent contact frequency and grandparental financial support. Child cognitive development was measured using the British Ability Scale and socioemotional outcomes using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Grandparental investment was associated with improved cognitive and socioemotional outcomes among children. However, these associations occurred because of between-person effects and did not exist in within-person analyses that compared the same children over time. The results are discussed in terms of their contribution to multigenerational relationships research.

A qualitative study of men’s recollections of growing up with father absence: childhood father figures and family resilience

Background: Families come in many forms and single parent women headed households are common with nurses being well positioned to provide support for these women and their children. For children growing up in lone parent households, the nature of family relationships and the availability of a social support network are important factors in reducing developmental risks.Aim: The aim of this study was to explore adult men’s recollections of growing up in a father-absent home.Design: This study utilised a qualitative methodology.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 adult men who grew up in a father-absent home due to family discord. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed using an inductive approach.Findings: Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed two themes relating to childhood father figures and family relational networks. For some men, ambivalent, violent or unavailable father figures stepped into the void created by the absent father. Others experienced positive father figures or multigenerational relationships, which provided positive relational supports and attachments.Conclusion: The findings illuminate the dynamics of family resilience and provide important insights for nurses and other family healthcare workers.

The Changing Demography of Grandparenthood

Demographic changes affect the time that individuals spend in different family roles. Mortality decline increases the time an individual can spend as a grandparent, but childlessness decreases the proportion of people who ever become grandparents, and fertility postponement delays when grandparenthood begins. This article examines changes in the length of grandparenthood at the population level and why it has changed in Canada over a 26‐year period. Using the Sullivan method, years spent as a grandparent are estimated by sex for 1985 and 2011. Results show that grandparenthood is coming significantly later to Canadians, in small part due to increased childlessness and in large part to fertility postponement of respondents and their children. The average length of grandparenthood decreased among women from 24.7 to 24.3 years but increased among men from 17.0 to 18.9 years. The changing timing and length of grandparenthood have implications for multigenerational relationships and intergenerational transfers.

Authoritarian parenting attitudes and social origin: The multigenerational relationship of socioeconomic position to childrearing values

Support for authoritarian approaches to parenting, including corporal punishment, is known to be elevated among individuals with low current levels of socioeconomic attainment. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine whether authoritarian parenting dispositions are related to disadvantages in one's social background, in addition to one's present socioeconomic standing; and (2) to distinguish, in this regard, between support for spanking and other authoritarian parenting dispositions. Ordered logit models, applied to General Social Survey data concerning a nationally representative sample of US adults, are used to examine relationships of authoritarian parenting dispositions to the socioeconomic positions that respondents currently occupy and in which they were raised. It is found that support for spanking (N=10,725) and valuing of obedience (N=10,043) are inversely related to the socioeconomic status (SES) of one's family of origin, and that these associations are robust to controls for one's current SES. A disadvantaged family background is found to increase support for spanking most among those with high current SES. Strong associations (robust to controls for SES indicators) are additionally found between African-American racial identity and support for authoritarian parenting. Prior research indicates that authoritarian parenting practices such as spanking may be harmful to children. Thus, if the parenting attitudes analyzed here translate into parenting practices, then this study's findings may point to a mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantages.

Multigenerational Relationships and Nuclear Family Functioning

Bowen theory hypothesizes that the functioning of families is enhanced with viable emotional contact between its multigenerational members. This study generally supported the hypothesis. Open relationships with the multigenerational family, contact with cousins, and knowledge of multigenerational family facts were associated with less symptomatic nuclear family functioning. The participants' openness with their parents also correlated with their openness with the multigenerational family.

Mood, anxiety, and personality disorders among first and second-generation immigrants to the United States

A careful examination of the multigenerational relationship between immigrant status and mental disorders can provide important information about the robustness and nature of the immigrant-mental health link. We examine immigrant status as a protective factor against mental illness, assess intergenerational effects, examine differences across race/ethnicity, and report the prevalence of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders of immigrants across major world regions. We employ data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and compare first (n=5363) and second-generation (n=4826) immigrants from Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America to native-born Americans (n=24,461) with respect to mental disorders. First-generation immigrants are significantly less likely than native-born Americans to be diagnosed with a mood, anxiety, or personality disorder, though the prevalence of mental health diagnoses increases among second generation immigrants. Similar results were observed for immigrants from major world regions as the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was lower among immigrants from Africa, Latin America, Europe, and Asia compared to native-born Americans. Findings provide evidence in support of the notion that the immigrant paradox may be extended to include mood, anxiety, and personality disorders in the United States.

Queering Utopia: Deep Lez and the Future of Hope

Unca Trans sits on tree stump in the midst of viridescent Ontario field. Legs crossed, occasionally tugging at his beard, he narrates his return to the land and the agrarian revival of the 2020s. Cloud shadows pass in accelerated time and Unca Trans fidgets in his stop-animation puppetry as he describes the radical social movements of the early 2000s and how, following the success of First Nations' land claims in 20 15, he left the comfort of his urban genderqueer enclave to take over his family's farm and organize rural communities around issues of food justice and transgender health advocacy. 'Unca Trans' short film - just over five minutes, produced by Allyson Mitchell and Christina Zeidler - appears to present day audiences as Utopian fragment, at once remembering of better future and an insistence on the radical potential of our contemporary moment. film was produced in 2007, though the clip we are shown is identified through opening text as segment of recordings recently discovered in the collections held in the archives of the Canadian National Library, June 2077. interview with Unca Trans is said to have taken place in 2045 when a documentary film crew interviewed people involved in the major social upheavals that occurred at the beginning of the 21st century (Mitchell and Zeidler 2007). For its 2012 viewers, the film shows the discovery of ghost from time that has not yet come - an appearance that calls our attention to the possibilities comprising our present.When first introducing Unca Trans to multigenerational room at the Amerika They Call Us Dykes: Lesbian Lives in the 1970s conference in 2010, 1 experienced an utter collapse of such present possibility. I found myself in the wreckage of social movements, far from the interlocking feminist concerns of land rights, gender and health justice. In the two panel presentations before mine - on the erotic nature of archival historiography and rereading of Stone Butch Blues - several women had stormed out of the room, each declaring loudly that such academic language was antifeminist and that the younger generation was apolitical and once yelling, 'Nonconsensual phallus!' when an image of dildo was presented in slide.1 We were the first panel after heated plenary that had erupted into debate about the exclusion of trans women from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival; we were one of few panels at the conference overtly addressing trans identities. I held my breath, waited my turn, and thought: What Would Unca Trans Do? How might he help to summon collective dialogue in this room, acknowledging the links between academic work, lived experience, and direct action? How might such an anticipatory ghost figure urge us to reexamine the necessary multigenerational relationship between feminisms and Utopian longings? I frantically searched for accessible and academically permissible words to ask, How can we begin to recognize one another as likely allies in building antiracist and trans-supportive movements?These will be my guiding questions in the exploration that follows, which I pursue in part by reading classic lesbian feminist text coauthored by one of the women who left the room that day (though perhaps not in anger) - the Radicalesbians' (1970) The Identified Woman statement - in conversation with samples of current lesbian and discourse. I draw generously from Jose Esteban Munoz s concept of queer Utopian memory, outlined as critique of the present shaped by desires for aspects of an uncertain past and longing for future (2009, 35). My analysis is also profoundly shaped by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's reparative reading, described as generous analysis of texts, which asks not what is true, but what can given interpretation do? (2003, 123). In other words, I attempt an alchemy of those seemingly irresolvable tensions between bodies and gender and generations within contemporary feminisms. …

Grandparenting in the 21st Century: Issues of Diversity in Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships

Although previous literature has demonstrated the importance of age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in understanding grandparent–grandchild relationships, additional factors contribute to a more complete and nuanced understanding of multigenerational relationships. Thorough understanding of the role of diversity requires examination of the discrete impacts of grandparents' gender, sexual orientation, and physical and/or cognitive limitations on the relationship.This article focuses on these 3 important, yet overlooked, issues of diversity, with a focus on strength-based and empowerment-oriented strategies and their implications for practice, policy, and future research.