Multi-family Housing Complexes Research Articles

공동주택 경비와 경비업법 적용에 관한 재검토

Although Multi-family Housing 'security guards' perform a variety of tasks such as cleaning and disinfection, garbage collection, and parking management as management tasks, they are limited to narrow security rooms, pre-modern working every other day, excessive break time allocation to avoid wage increases, and routine short-term contracts. They face a variety of problems, including employment instability and labor disadvantages due to the application of intermittent monitoring.
 In order to solve this problem, the competent authority newly established Article 15-2 of the 「Security Services Industry Act」 for the purpose of improving the working environment of these security guards and stipulated that they cannot be allowed to engage in activities beyond the scope of security work. However, conflicts between security guards, residents, and management entities caused.
 Accordingly, as a solution, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established Article 65-2, Paragraph 1 of the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」, allowing security guards to engage in tasks necessary for managing Multi-family Housing complexes within the scope prescribed by Presidential Decree.
 And article 69-2 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act includes tasks necessary for managing Multi-family Housing complexes, such as assistance with cleaning and similar beautification, monitoring and organizing the separate discharge of recyclable resources, posting notices and putting mail in mailboxes, and tasks such as theft, fire, and theft in Multi-family Housing complexes. Parking management and storage of delivery items were stipulated to the extent of preventing risks.
 However, security guards under the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」 and security guards under the 「Security Services Industry Act」 show differences in the content of their work, and also show differences in their work performance methods in terms of employment structure, employment type, and employment conditions. Also, in relation to laws, the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」 and the 「Security Services Industry Act」 must be interpreted as separate laws, and it is not appropriate to directly apply the 「Security Services Industry Act」 to the security work of security guards for Multi-family Housing management.
 Accordingly, through this paper, the researcher reexamined the already proposed improvement plan for the work of Multi-family Housing security guards and proposed an amendment to the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」

A novel hybrid Harris hawk optimization and sine cosine algorithm based home energy management system for residential buildings

Smart grid technology has given users the ability to regulate their home energy in a much more effective manner. In such scenarios, Home Energy Management (HEM) potentially becomes an arduous task, as it necessitates the optimal scheduling of smart appliances in order to reduce energy usage. In this research, a hybrid Harris Hawk Optimization-Sine Cosine Algorithm (hHHO-SCA) has been proposed to develop a meta-heuristic-based HEM system. The hybridization of HHO with SCA has been done to enhance the exploration and exploitation stages of HHO, hence improving its global search phase and effectively optimizing the energy usages. In addition to this, several knapsacks are utilized to guarantee that load demand for power users does not surpass a certain level during the peak hours. In terms of electricity prices and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) reduction, the hybridization is demonstrated to be beneficial in achieving the objectives. Simulations are performed for a multi-family housing complex with a range of smart equipment. The results achieved with the proposed approach suggest that hHHO-SCA has been comparatively efficient in terms of cost reduction, and PAR, when compared to the other optimization techniques. Practical Application. This home energy management system can be applied to optimally schedule all the smart appliances in a building to minimize electricity consumption and provide the consumer with potential savings in electricity costs.

Power Scheduling with Max User Comfort in Smart Home: Performance Analysis and Tradeoffs

The smart grid has enabled users to control their home energy more effectively and efficiently. A home energy management system (HEM) is a challenging task because this requires the most effective scheduling of intelligent home appliances to save energy. Here, we presented a meta-heuristic-based HEM system that integrates the Greywolf Algorithm (GWA) and Harmony Search Algorithms (HSA). Moreover, a fusion initiated on HSA and GWA operators is used to optimize energy intake. Furthermore, many knapsacks are being utilized to ensure that peak-hour load usage for electricity customers does not surpass a certain edge. Hybridization has proven beneficial in achieving numerous objectives simultaneously, decreasing the peak-to-average ratio and power prices. Widespread MATLAB simulations are cast-off to evaluate the routine of the anticipated method, Harmony GWA (HGWA). The simulations are for a multi-family housing complex outfitted with various cool gadgets. The simulation results indicate that GWA functions better regarding cost savings than HSA. In reputes of PAR, HSA is significantly more effective than GWA. The suggested method reduces costs for single and ten-house construction by up to 2200.3 PKR, as opposed to 503.4 in GWA, 398.10 in HSA and 640.3 in HGWA. The suggested approach performed better than HSA and GWA in PAR reduction. For single-family homes in HGWA, GWA and HSA, the reduction in PAR is 45.79%, 21.92% and 20.54%, respectively. The hybrid approach, however, performs better than the currently used nature-inspired techniques in terms of Cost and PAR.

공동주택의 장기수선계획 및 장기수선충당금 집행의 제도적 개선방안

Background/Objectives: Because of poor or inadequate regulations, long-term repair arrangements do not often reflect the management needs of multi-family housing complexes. This study gives political improvement suggestions for multi-family housing complex long-term repair plans that included establishment, reviews, plan coordination, and maintenance reserve accumulation and execution.
 Methods: Long-term repair plan and reserve accounting documents for multi-family housing complexes from 1994 to 2021 were examined using frequency and percentage. The Multi-family Housing Management Act of South Korea includes an obligation to have long-term repair plans for the targeted multi-family housing complexes.
 Results: 1) The long-term repair plan execution funds needed in 2020 were calculated by the Korean Housing Managers’ Association’s computer program and found to be 3.64 times greater than in 1994. 2) The long-term repair reserve was used in part for elevators and CCTV and fire fighting equipment repairs; however, no legal repair periods were considered. 3) The long-term repair reserve rate was highest 20 to 30 years after construction, at which time residents find the required expenses difficult to afford.
 Conclusion/Implications: The case study highlighted several problems: (1) missed work types when the long-term repair plan was established; (2) insufficient repair reserve accumulation because of the Multi-family Housing Management Act regulation that states that repairs need only commence one year after construction and limits repairs to some work types to three to 20%; and (3) no unified area standard for long-term repair plans and K-APT reserves, which altered long-term plans to short-term plans and had three years of field application review and coordination.

Are Suburban TODs Over-Parked?

A survey of 31 multi-family housing complexes near rail stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and Portland, Oregon, show peak parking demand is 25-30 percent below supplies and, for most projects, falls below national standards. Peak parking demand is generally less for less expansive projects with short walking distances to rail stations that enjoy frequent peak-period services. Case study experiences suggest that well-designed, short and direct walking paths to rail stops lessen peak parking. A national survey of 80 U.S. cities with rail stations revealed that 75 percent have minimum TOD parking requirements that mandate more parking than suburban design standards and 39 percent grant variances for housing projects near rail stops.

Life-cycle economic assessment for establishing the optimal government solar subsidy program in South Korea

Since the current government solar subsidy does not consider the economic effect that varies depending on the operating entity of the government solar subsidy program, the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) in multi-family housing complexes (MFHCs) has limitations. Thus, this study aimed to establish the optimal government solar subsidy program for promoting the installation of PV in MFHCs. Toward this end, this study established nine scenarios considering government solar subsidy programs and MAECH and conducted a life-cycle economic assessment. When installing the optimal power capacity of PV in MFHC, the range of the net present value in 25 years increase from US$8,873.54 to US$588,626.83 when the MAECH increased from 200 to 600kWh. When installing the maximum power capacity of the PV in MFHC, the shorter the target breakeven point is, the greater the government solar subsidy the government must support for the MFHC becomes. Government solar subsidies of up to US$966.46/kW and US$938.99/kW, respectively, are required to meet the economic profitability of the PV within 4 and 5 years of breakeven point. The results of this study make it possible for policymakers to establish a government solar subsidy scheme and for residents to determine the optimal government solar subsidy program.

Analysis of Energy Consumption By End-Use Based on Measurement Data of Low-Density Multi-Family Housing Complex

Analysis of Energy Consumption By End-Use Based on Measurement Data of Low-Density Multi-Family Housing Complex

Design Strategies of Life Outside and Life Inside for Livable Multi-family Housing Environment

This paper discusses the issue related to social life within the context of a neighbourhood. It takes on the case study of multi-family housing, which its urban forms are generally monofunctional, stand-alone, large scale, spread out and car dependency. This type of urban form may cause inclusivity and isolation to its context and problems in social interactions within its neighbourhood. This study examined the concept of life outside and life inside in multi-family housing design to create a more livable housing environment. The life outside concept aims to create a human-oriented neighbourhood by directing daily human activity towards outdoor space, through the integration of proximity, density, dan diversity. While the life inside concept aims to allow, residents to socialize with others through the design of a high probability of encounter zones in the building. Based on the observation at a multifamily housing complex at Rainbow Springs, Tangerang, this study proposed design criteria and strategies for a livable multi-family housing environment within the neighbourhood and inside the building itself. This study implies that integration between site planning and building design should be taken into consideration to form a livable neighbourhood.

Design Strategy for Residential Complex based on Landscape Urbanism

In this study, we aim to suggest direction for landscape design of residential complex in Korea by studying target areas to understand how landscape urbanism was applied to residential landscape design as it is the majority of landscape design in Korea and by closely examining design elements to be considered for design of residential complex based on landscape urbanism theory. For the purpose of the study, some of public multifamily housing complex were selected as target areas and a survey was first conducted to understand how landscape urbanism was applied to design of these target areas. Then, by analyzing the survey results, we identified which elements were of importance to designing of multifamily housing complexes in Korea and how practical design of landscape urbanism works. From this study, we concluded that landscape urbanism theory is not just about design strategies, but more of comprehensive design methodology covering both operation and management and that such theory can be appropriately applied to design of multi-housing complexes in Korea. We also discovered that in order to apply landscape urbanism in design stage for multi-housing complex, selecting which design strategy/words in the previous study is not what’s important, but comprehensive understanding and interpretation of design languages is key.

The impact of energy retrofits on pediatric asthma exacerbation in a Boston multi-family housing complex: a systems science approach

BackgroundPediatric asthma is currently the most prevalent chronic disease in the United States, with children in lower income families disproportionately affected. This increased health burden is partly due to lower-quality and insufficient maintenance of affordable housing. A movement towards ‘green’ retrofits that improve energy efficiency and increase ventilation in existing affordable housing offers an opportunity to provide cost-effective interventions that can address these health disparities.MethodsWe combine indoor air quality modeling with a previously developed discrete event model for pediatric asthma exacerbation to simulate the effects of different types of energy retrofits implemented at an affordable housing site in Boston, MA.ResultsSimulation results show that retrofits lead to overall better health outcomes and healthcare cost savings if reduced air exchange due to energy-saving air tightening is compensated by mechanical ventilation. Especially when exposed to indoor tobacco smoke and intensive gas-stove cooking such retrofit would lead to an average annual cost saving of over USD 200, while without mechanical ventilation the same children would have experienced an increase of almost USD 200/year in health care utilization cost.ConclusionThe combination of indoor air quality modeling and discrete event modeling applied in this paper can allow for the inclusion of health impacts in cost-benefit analyses of proposed affordable housing energy retrofits.

A project management method for public housing rehabilitation focusing on the type of rights and the division of roles of the entities

Affordable public housing is an issue all nations grapple with, it is made more difficult as a one-size-fits-all solution rarely works. Each local community has different needs, different people and different levels of income. Ideally, having a solution that local governments can adapt to their particular situation and constituents is the best approach. Professor Shin Murakami and Professor Norie Kawano have spent 20 years studying the renovation of apartments and housing complexes around the world, with the intention that the data gathered can lead to shared knowledge to help solve common problems associated with multi-family houses and housing complexes.

A data-driven approach for establishing a CO2 emission benchmark for a multi-family housing complex using data mining techniques

To reduce CO2 emissions in the building sector, South Korea uses an operational rating system, an indicator for evaluating CO2 emission performance. To conduct a reasonable operational rating, it is necessary to develop a rational and reliable CO2 emission (CE) benchmark for buildings. The conventional CE benchmarks, however, have limitations accounting for regional differences of multi-family housing complexes (MFHCs). Thus, a separate CE benchmark is required for each region for improving the rationale and reliability of the conventional CE benchmarks. To solve this problem, a data-driven approach for establishing a CE benchmark using data mining techniques was applied in this study. Data on a total of 1,212 MFHCs were established, and a total of 11 CE benchmarks (central region: 7; southern region: 4) for MFHCs were established based on the decision tree. The developed CE benchmarks were then validated using statistical methods (Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, etc.). Compared to the average operational rating based on conventional CE benchmarks, the average operational rating based on the newly developed CE benchmarks decreased by 1.85% in the central region, and increased by 5.19% in the southern region, respectively. This means that the unreliability and irrationality of the conventional operational rating system (ORS) can be solved by the established ORS. The established ORS, based on the newly developed CE benchmarks, can help policymakers select and manage MFHCs with poor CE performance.

A Basic Study on the Improvement of Pedestrian Environment to Reduce Traffic Accidents in Multi-family Housing Complex

A Basic Study on the Improvement of Pedestrian Environment to Reduce Traffic Accidents in Multi-family Housing Complex

공동주택단지에서 일조시간과 개방률과의 상관성 분석

공동주택단지에서 일조시간과 개방률과의 상관성 분석

Development of a decision support model for determining the target multi-family housing complex for green remodeling using data mining techniques

To achieve the national CO2 emission reduction target in the building sector, green remodeling of deteriorated buildings with a low building energy efficiency level should be carried out. There is no reasonable decision support model for green remodeling, however, that is capable of determining the target building, which has low energy performance, from the viewpoint of the non-expert building owners and policymakers. To solve this problem, this study developed a decision support model for determining the target multi-family housing complex (MFHC) for green remodeling using data mining techniques. Specifically, a total of 589 MFHCs were classified into three groups using a decision tree. Based on the operational rating system, the CO2 emission (CE) intensity by group was analyzed, and the results showed that Case No. 1,089 (0.0368 tCO2/m2) was the target MFHC where green modeling needed to be performed first. Also, most of the 88 MFHCs belong to grade E, the lowest grade in terms of CE intensity, were located in specific regions (i.e., Gangnam-gu, Seocho-gu, etc.). Thus, the developed decision support model can be used to determine the regions with a high demand for green remodeling, and to establish an efficient government budget.

SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN LAND IN IRAQI CITIES THROUGH MULTI STORIES RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: DOUR CITY - CASE STUDY

The horizontal expansion of cities is a problem in itself because this leads to waste in the urban land and override on agricultural land in many cases, so the percentage of residential use could be large if compared to other uses of other urban land in cities. As a result, many countries have adopted the style of vertical buildings (3 - 5) floors for low height housing reaching to higher elevations, commensurate with the value and location of the urban land within the city because these residential buildings are characterized by suitable residential densities, efficient and economical use of the urban land, as well as the integrity of services that achieve the conditions for suitable and comfortable standards for housing. The problem of this research is coming from the reliance on horizontal residential building in providing the housing units in time of essential need for housing accompanied by waste in urban land with high proportion of residential use. The research is aimed to reduce the proportion of residential use of urban land in cities, including Iraqi cities, and make them close to the percentage of residential use in the world through the relying on the vertical residential building type as developed and integrated residential complexes from planning, design and service aspects. This research supported by field study of one of the multi-family housing complexes. This residential complex consisting of residential units in the form of apartments, which represent the vertical residential building.

Gestão Integrada de Águas Pluviais em Conjunto Habitacional Multifamiliar: Experimento Casa Nordeste 1.0

A crescente demanda por água nos grandes centros urbanos vem ocasionando situações de estresse hídrico nas redes conectadas a eles. Nesse cenário, a água pluvial se mostra uma fonte alternativa válida para suprir as necessidades deste bem. Entretanto, as alternativas vêm se mostrando de difícil implementação, levando-se em consideração o adensamento vertical atual. Dito isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, a nível projetual, a viabilidade operacional, social e econômica de um modelo de gestão integrada de reuso de águas pluviais no contexto de conjunto de habitação multifamiliar evolutivo, composto por tecnologias desenvolvidas previamente por pesquisadores e aplicadas no experimento CASA NORDESTE 1.0. Como resultado, o sistema integrado permite a otimização das tecnologias, em harmonia com a estrutura do edifício, com uma economia de R$ 163,00 reais mensais, considerando um volume aproveitável de 42,6 m3/mês, reduzindo demandas locais econômicas, de alocação e energéticas.
 Por fim, o projeto apresenta potencial de viabilidade em metrópoles com problemas de adensamento populacional, drenagem urbana e estresse hídrico, além de apresentar uma dinâmica evolutiva podendo ser expandido ou suprimido de acordo com a demanda.

Development of a multi-objective optimization model for determining the optimal CO2 emissions reduction strategies for a multi-family housing complex

Measures to improve the building energy efficiency of deteriorated multi-family housing complexes (MFHCs) require trade-offs between economic and environmental feasibility, and therefore these aspects should be considered simultaneously. Towards this end, this study aimed to develop a multi-objective optimization model for determining the optimal CO2 emission reduction (CER) strategies for MFHCs that can be used not only by experts but also by non-experts. This study used integrated multi-objective optimization with a genetic algorithm as an optimization methodology. The developed model, which considers the five optimization objectives (i.e., initial investment cost, net present value, savings-to-investment cost, CER, and marginal abatement cost) at the same time, can review a total of 31,200 scenarios combined with four energy saving measures (i.e., insulation, window, lighting, and shading systems). To verify the feasibility of the developed model, this study conducted a case study targeting ‘D’ MFHC in South Korea. First, the accuracy of the calibration of the energy simulation model for ‘D’ MFHC (coefficient of variation of the root mean square error: 12.84%; mean bias error: 0.39%) satisfied the criteria of ASHRAE Guideline 14; second, I8 (expanded polystyrene board - type 1 (No. 4))-L3 (LED lighting installed in louvered ceiling) and I8 (expanded polystyrene board - type 1 (No. 4)) - L4 (ceiling-mounted light) were determined to be the optimal CER strategy (integrated multi-objective optimization score: 0.2252). The developed model can help building owners make the optimal decision on green modeling by entering simple information (e.g., region, total floor area, etc.).

Quality of Social Space in Selected Contemporary Multifamily Housing Complexes in Poland’s Three Biggest Cities

The investment boom in multi-family residential buildings observable in Polish metropolises at the turn of the 20th century seems to have slowed down. Due to the growing difficulty in obtaining and repaying mortgages, potential customers have become more demanding. Users’ needs come first once again, including the need to dwell in beautiful surroundings. Developers implementing projects of multi-family housing estates in different scales more and more often pay attention not only to the floor area, but also to the aesthetics of new buildings. Many housing estates put into use in Poland in recent years are as good in this respect as their contemporary western counterparts. Quality of workmanship and finishing standards of buildings and their immediate surroundings increase, too. This study covers examples of new housing investments, regarded as prestigious, from Poland’s three biggest cities (Warsaw, Cracow, Lodz), implemented in 10 recent years. The goal was to verify by means of a comparative analysis whether their architectural quality has changed compared to previous years. Does it mean that beautiful residential architecture comes into being? Is it a common phenomenon? Is life comfortable in beautiful, prestigious housing estates? Do they form real, efficient habitats, or only bedroom communities, or are they another type of investment? What are the relations of contemporary multi-family estates with the urban tissue in light of the growing spatial chaos in Poland’s biggest cities? According to the study results, in recent years Poland saw more and more multi-family housing estates, attractive in their contemporary form, furnished with well-tended and carefully arranged social – predominantly green – spaces. Alas, due to a limited number of services they are usually closed enclaves, often fenced. Frequently they lack sufficient services necessary for proper functioning of the housing environment: trade, education (nursery and primary schools), healthcare, basing on the existing overloaded city infrastructure. Therefore, their contribution to building of sustainable spatial structures is limited, not to mention such obvious drawbacks as lack of continuity of the public domain in the form of public greenery systems, pedestrian routes, or squares. Responsibility for this situation goes not only to designers and investors of such complexes, but mostly to local authorities, whose goal should be to maintain spatial order in cities. These are still, however, single islands on the sea of mediocre dense residential architecture. Growing transport-related problems result from scarcity of appropriate road infrastructure and limited municipal investments in public transport and education / sports services, which do not balance the increase of developers’ residential investments. One of the basic causes of this situation is the aforementioned crisis of spatial planning, observable in the three cities included in the study.

An optimized gene expression programming model for forecasting the national CO2 emissions in 2030 using the metaheuristic algorithms

To cope with the approaching POST-2020 scenario, the national CO2 emission in the building sector, which accounts for 25.5% of the total CO2 emissions, should be managed effectively and efficiently. To do this, it is essential to forecast the national CO2 emissions in the building sector by region. As the South Korean government does not currently do this by region, regional characteristics are rarely taken into consideration when managing the national CO2 emissions in the building sector. Towards this end, this study developed an optimized gene expression programming model for forecasting the national CO2 emissions in 2030 using the metaheuristic algorithms. Compared to the forecasting performance of the gene expression programming model, the forecasting performance of the optimized gene expression programming – harmony search optimization model has improved by 7.11, 2.05, and 2.06% in terms of the mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean absolute percentage error, respectively. Various national CO2 emissions scenarios in the building sector were established in order to better analyze the variation range of the national CO2 emissions in the building sector. Compared to the national CO2 emissions in 2016 (i.e., scenario 1: 41,337 ktCO2; scenario 2: 45,373 ktCO2; scenario 3: 46,024 ktCO2) in multi-family housing complexes, the national CO2 emissions in 2030 (i.e., scenario 1: 37,579 ktCO2; scenario 2: 37,736 ktCO2; scenario 3: 37,754 ktCO2) in multi-family housing complexes are forecasted to increase by 10.00–21.91%. The developed optimized gene expression programming – harmony search optimization model will potentially be able to assist policymakers in central and local governments forecast the national CO2 emissions in 2030. Through this, national CO2 emission management that more closely reflects the characteristics at the regional or national level can be supported.