Multi-ethnic Settlement Research Articles

Characteristics of stroke inpatients in a single- center in Kunming: A multi-ethnic settlement with a northern sub-tropical low-latitude plateau mountain monsoon climate

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of stroke inpatients in Kunming in southwest China. Methods: Basic demographic information and risk factors of stroke inpatients admitted to a first-rate tertiary referral hospital in Kunming from January 1, 2015, to September 15, 2022, were retrospectively analysed. In total, 7,108 stroke inpatients with ischemic stroke (IS), primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were included. Results: IS was the most common type of stroke (75.97%), followed by ICH (13.45%) and SAH (10.58%). There were significant differences among the three groups in sex, age, ethnic, residence, occupation, and medical expenses (P<0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference in the proportion of inpatients between the four seasons (P<0.05). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were common risk factors for stroke. There were significant differences in the incidence of smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary infection among the three stroke subtypes (P<0.05). Conclusion: Demographic information and risk factors were different among the three stroke subtypes. The number of hospitalized patients from all three groups varied slightly in different seasons in Kunming. Different types of cerebrovascular disease patients in the region have different characteristics from demographic information to risk factors.

Social network dynamics in rural public spaces of multi-ethnic settlements: A case study from Tongren, China

In multi-ethnic rural settlements, a diversity of social relationships gives rise to various public spaces. The integration of cultures, propelled by urbanization, poses challenges to the unique characteristics of these rural public spaces. This process leads to issues such as the loss of cultural diversity, increased homogeneity of spaces, uneven distribution of public services, and low efficiency in space utilization, which seriously interfere with the healthy and sustainable development of rural social systems in multi-ethnic rural areas. This study, focusing on the rural public spaces in Tongren's multi-ethnic settlements, employs a social network analysis approach to investigate the implications of these spaces for the stability of rural community life and the preservation of cultural identities. A model for analyzing social networks in rural public spaces was developed, emphasizing overlapping patterns of user groups, activities, and spatial entities. Analysis of the social networks was conducted in three domains: emotional support, material exchange, and information dissemination. A semantic model was also constructed to understand the usage and structural networks within these public spaces. Comparative analyses between the usage and structural networks of rural public spaces were conducted to develop a comprehensive structural analysis system for these areas. Application of this system in analyzing the rural public spaces of Tongren revealed distinct findings. The connectivity of the structural network in Dongganmu Village's public spaces was found to be lower than that of the usage network, indicating that social factors heavily influence villagers' interactions. Furthermore, the number of small groups within the usage network was fewer than in the structural network, reflecting a lack of hierarchy in public space organization. Villagers’ preferences for public spaces were primarily influenced by cultural beliefs rather than spatial accessibility. The insights garnered from this study not only contribute to the understanding of social network structures in rural public spaces within multi-ethnic settlements but also provide a foundation for informed decision-making regarding the sustainable development of these areas.

Integrating spatial patterns and driving factors of cultural ecosystem services into territorial spatial governance: A case study of the Horqin Sandy Land with multi-ethnic settlements

Although the spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem services (CES) are often considered in land use management, there is a noticeable disparity in research coverage compared to biophysical ecosystem services (BES). Moreover, there is a lack of research focusing on human perceptions of CES. To address this gap, this study proposed a CES-BES framework that integrates spatial patterns, driving factors of CES, and their interactions with BES, based on the general framework of social and ecological systems. To alleviate the dual pressures of ecological degradation and cultural preservation, this study utilized the constructed CES-BES framework to offer land use recommendations aimed at promoting sustainable development in the Horqin Sandy Land. CES and BES were quantified through a combination of questionnaire surveys, SolVES model and process modeling, including aesthetic, biodiversity, cultural, economic, future, and historical values, as well as net primary productivity, crop production, wind protection, and sand fixation. The results revealed that CES in the Horqin Sandy Land exhibited a discernible pattern of "high in the west and low in the east." Notably, the factors perceived by respondents exerted a more substantial influence on CES than non-perceptual factors. Female respondents showed relatively lower sensitivity to CES overall, but higher sensitivity to biodiversity. Han respondents tended to prioritize biodiversity, while Mongolian respondents were more sensitive to cultural and historical values. Herders exhibited higher sensitivity to biodiversity, while respondents from other occupations showed higher sensitivity to cultural and future values. The influence of land use, topography, and accessibility on different CES was generally similar. All CES showed a positive correlation with elevation, slope, and distance to water, while they showed a negative correlation with distance to roads. Based on the results, the Horqin Sandy Land has been divided into five regions, with development recommendations provided for each region to ensure sustainable development. This study provides a novel perspective and methodological framework for CES supporting territorial spatial governance and land use management, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of CES.

Qiao borrow "shape" potential —— Building renovation design based on traditional dwellings in northern Guangxi

The northern Guangxi region has beautiful scenery, and its special landform type and the cultural characteristics of multi-ethnic settlement give birth to the traditional architectural culture with distinct regional characteristics. The traditional dry dwellings in northern Guangxi take advantage of the landscape through the wooden pillars, so that the building is no longer restricted by the foundation of the house, and forms settlements between the complex landscape. Through the analysis of the structure vocabulary, the relationship between the building monomer and the mountain and the layout of the building settlement, this paper explores the out the path of integrating the abstract landscape environment view into the concrete architectural design, in order to enlighten the modern activation of the traditional residential buildings in northern Guangxi.

Beyond water scarcity: Water (in)security and social justice in Karachi

Study regionThe low-income and multiethnic settlement of Lyari situated at the tail-end of the water supply network for the coastal megacity of Karachi, Pakistan. Study focusWe demonstrate the effect of socioeconomic and political inequalities in determining a community’s level of water security, using a mixed-methods approach. We conduct a total of 465 household surveys supplemented with participant observation and stakeholder interviews. New hydrological insightsWeak urban water governance in Lyari contributes in pushing vulnerable sections of the population further to the margins. The intermittent piped water supply in Lyari is inadequate, unsafe, unreliable and inconvenient. This forces many households to resort to additional costlier and inconvenient sources of water and leads to severe inequities in water access. Lower-Income populations are especially affected and pay disproportionately higher amounts for a much lower water consumption. Lyari’s water problems, and those of similar settlements across Karachi and other megacities across the Global South, cannot be resolved by simply augmenting water supply. While increased water supply can help, results suggest that even with supply augmentations, Lyari and other similar settlements need institutional structures and policies to ensure equitable and more just access to existing and any increased water supplies.

The relational and dynamic nature of biocultural diversity. Foods and gastronomic knowledge in multi-ethnic migrants’ settlements in Naivasha, Kenya

ABSTRACT In this study, we discuss the relational and dynamic nature of biocultural diversity in urban and multi-ethnic settlements inhabited by migrants working in flower and horticultural farms in Naivasha, Kenya. Migrants cope with vulnerable livelihoods and low wages by devising several strategies for food procurement, among which food transfers and exchange play a key role. Through semi-structured and retrospective interviews with migrant workers, we investigated the diversity of foods generated by transfers from migrants’ rural areas of origin to Naivasha and by further exchange of these foods and associated knowledge among fellow workers in the settlements where they live. As the foods traveling to Naivasha reflect the biological, ethnic, and gastronomic diversity of all Kenya, as much as migrant workers do, we argue that biocultural diversity converges to the informal settlements, which become sites where foods overcome ethnic boundaries, food meanings are reconfigured, and gastronomic syncretism and innovation occur.

Multiethnic Settlement Segregation (A Case Study: Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut in Palembang City

This research aims to reveal the segregation pattern of multiethnic settlements in Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut in Palembang City. The research method used in this study is a case study by means of in-depth interviews, observations, and documents. The results showed that the settlement pattern in Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut Palembang City formed a colonization pattern or clustered at the front of the kampung due to the presence of there is a strong kinship base among people of Palembang descent who come from the same kinship lineage, such as the Palembang native ethnic, the Palembang Chinese ethnic and the Cirebonese Palembang ethnic. Meanwhile, at the back of kampung, the settlement pattern forms a spreading pattern and is more intended for immigrants ethnic who come from areas outside the Palembang City due to socioeconomic factors. The segregation of the settlements is a reflection of each ethnic groups in a settlement area which is supported by differences in economic, social, cultural, ethnic, and racial conditions. This separation is very visible in the position of the distribution of settlements from ethnic groups that form colonies on the front and back of Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut. The existence of segregation of settlements in Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut can be concluded that the settlement patterns that are formed reflect the inequalities that occur within an area, especially in the dominant groups in this case are the people of Palembang descent.

A Seventeenth-Century Confraternity in Santa Ana, San Salvador. What It Can Tell Us about That Era

The colonial settlement of Santa Ana has been somewhat neglected by authorities and historians. This article looks at the founding there in 1672–73 of a confraternity dedicated to Saint Rose of Lima and how this illustrates several aspects of life at that time. When the bishop of Guatemala imposed full Tridentine authority on Santa Ana, many confraternities tried to avoid it. Quiet struggles over the roles of the local priest, supervision of the elections of office holders, the location of the new altar, ethnic and gender memberships, and the changing nature of the multiethnic settlement, all led to readjustments. These contentions continued throughout the colonial period and after.

Sustainability concept of multi-ethnic settlement in Indonesia

Kampung Melayu is one of the conservation areas in Semarang city due to its high historical values. The area is a multi-ethnic settlement that shows a mix of multi-ethnic cultures in the community. This research proposes a factors that influence the sustainability concept of multi-ethnic settlement in the Kampung Melayu area. The concept is formulated by the background of the individuals, community, groups and location setting that aim to gather naturalistic and in-depth explanatory facts. The results show that sustainability concept of multi-ethnic settlement in the Kampung Melayu area is based on historical values. Historical values held by the local people are the basis for them to always hold fast to the teachings of Islam, apply the principle of balance between the world and the hereafter, and the principle of tolerance between people in the settlement.

Multi-ethnic Settlement Concept in Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia

Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement is a portrait of Islamic-based community settlements in Denpasar city, Bali with the values of traditions, customs, culture, and traditions of Islamic ancestral heritage in the middle of the Balinese who are Hindus. The characteristics of the Islamic community are provided by cultural acculturation, which is the key to harmony and connecting in establishing relationships with the surrounding community who are Hindus. This research objective is to reveal a multi-ethnic settlement concept in the Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement which is based on the phenomenon of the community in the Kampung Islam Kepoan settlement. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method and when it is carried out is based on natural conditions, as well as with less patterned and specific research. The data found can be interpreted to reveal a variety of uniqueness, describe, understand the meaning of a particular social and can be justified scientifically as a result of the research. The results show that the Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement concept is based on Islamic values which have contributed greatly to every aspect of society, such as the physical aspects of settlements, economic aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and basic values of life aspects.

Characteristic of multi-ethnic settlement in Indonesia, a case study: Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut settlement on Musi Riverbank in Palembang City

The plurality found at Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut settlement on Musi Riverbank in Palembang city is one example of a case that can represent multi-ethnic settlement in Indonesia. The settlement consists of various kinds of ethnic, including native Palembang ethnic, Palembang Cirebon ethnic, Palembang Chinese ethnic, and migrant ethnics from areas outside of Palembang city. The existence of various multi-ethnic groups has influenced several physical sites of settlement, economic activities, social-cultural activities, and the basic values of life in settlement. This research aims to explore the empirical evidence at Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut, so the characteristics of the settlement can be identified. The research method used is a case study research method that focuses on individual representation of a group, organization, situation, event or phenomenon in a natural context. Data is collected through a variety of data collection techniques, including documents, archival records, in-depth interviews, direct observation, and physical devices. The results showed that there were cultural variations between ethnic groups, both from the physical side of settlement, economic activities, social-cultural activities, and the basic values of life, which indirectly became a characteristic for settlement of Kampung 3-4 Ulu Laut on Musi Riverbank in Palembang city.

ANALYZING SOCIAL COHESION IN OPEN SPACES OF MULTIETHNIC POOR NEIGHBORHOODS: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY

During the past two decades, economic crises and climate change have triggered mass migrations from rural areas to big cities and metropolises. Considering that the destination cities often lack the required capacity to systematically accommodate these newcomers, immigrants settle in unofficially on city margins. Since these immigrants have different ethnicities, the informal settlements constructed by them turn into multiethnic informal Settlements in which development of proper social ties becomes impeded. As a result, social cohesion is weakened and eventually ceases to exist among the residents in open community spaces. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze this process and the effects of multiethnicity on social cohesion in the open community spaces of poor urban areas and the role of environmental factors in this mechanism. The Hesar Imam Khomeini neighborhood, which is located in Hamadan Province and has a rural core, has given shelter to Lurish, Kurdish, Turkish and Persian-speaking immigrants during recent years, which makes it a suitable sample for study. Because of the existing limitations and in order to achieve the goal of the study, the grounded theory was used to conduct the research. In-depth interview was carried out on sixteen residents of the neighborhood, four individuals from each ethnicity. After coding the interviews using the theory, a grounded model of the study was formed. The results indicate that multiethnicity has negatively affected behavior settings, vibrancy and consequently social cohesion in the open community spaces of the area of study through the three factors of “different expectations from neighborhood space”, “different time of attendance in open spaces” and “different residence size”. It can be proposed that “creating spatial shared values” is one of the most effective strategies which can be used for narrowing gaps and increasing social cohesion in multiethnic neighborhoods.

Green architecture concept in Chinese region at Clan Jetties area, Penang Malaysia

Penang is part of Malaysia’s territory where there is an area recognized by UNESCO as the world heritage, George Town. As a center of the conservation area, it is a port that became the center of commerce during the colonial period. It makes the city inhabited by multi ethnics from different parts of the world, such as Malay ethnic, Chinese ethnic, and Indian ethnic. This multi ethnic settlement becomes the main attraction to be made as the research material. This study aims to find the concept of green architecture of clan jetties area, describe the use of natural materials in its buildings and residences and explain the utility system on the region. This research uses qualitative method with analysis approach using general-specific method. Based on the research we conducted with the method of observation and direct observation of the research object, it can be concluded that clan jetties is a special settlement for Chinese ethnic who are migrants. The residential location is along the coastline adjacent to the Weld Quay harbor. The settlement is divided into 7 areas based on family or clan; Ong Jetty, Lim Jetty, Chew Jetty, Tan Jetty, Lee Jetty, New Jetty and Yeoh Jetty. Each clan has a similar pattern of settlement that extends to the sea with one main road and the side of the road is occupied by the houses of the citizens. The utility system of the area is broadly divided according to the utility of clean water for sewage and fire, lighting, and fire-fighting utilities. Each clan is already equipped with the utility. The main material used for building houses is wood. The placement of vegetation for greening using a flower pot is either placed at the bottom or hung on top.

Differentiation of spatial morphology of rural settlements from an ethnic cultural perspective on the Northeast Tibetan Plateau, China

Rural settlements are carriers of ethnic culture, and their spatial morphology is restricted by the natural environment and ethnic culture, especially in areas where ethnic consciousness is strong. In this study, we selected multi-ethic communities in northwest China to analyze spatial morphology of rural settlements, and we described the relationship between ethnic culture and spatial morphology from the perspective of different ethnicities, leading industries, religious beliefs, and modern education. There were obvious geographical clustering characteristics and gradient variations in morphological structure of rural settlements in Qinghai Province, China. Spatial morphology of rural settlements in different multi-ethnic communities highlighted the ethnic characteristics of this unique nation, and it had an obvious relationship with their leading industries, modern education, and religious beliefs. The relationship between the spatial morphology of rural settlements and the leading economic activity revealed regular change in characteristics, from farming towns (F) to farming and animal husbandry towns (F-AH) to animal husbandry and farming towns (AH-F), and finally to animal husbandry towns (AH). The spatial morphology of other industrial towns (OI) did not show the coordinated regulation as did the other four categories, which showed the particularity of spatial morphology. All ethnic rural settlements had a significantly higher dependence on primary education than on religious beliefs. We concluded that educational resources will become an important factor in the future for optimizing the spatial pattern of rural settlements of multi-ethnic settlements in Northwest China.

Isotopes and human burials at Viking Age Birka and the Mälaren region, east central Sweden

Isotopic proveniencing has been applied to human inhumations and cremations as well as fauna from the Viking Age site of Birka and the surrounding Mälaren region, located in east-central Sweden. Human enamel from inhumations has been measured for strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope ratios (petrous bone from cremations was measured for strontium only) to obtain information on mobility and diet. Seven graves from the larger Mälaren region and several at Birka had distinctive grave goods thought to have originated in Finland. The isotopic values from these graves indicate that they may have been local individuals. The faunal remains from the Mälaren region corresponded closely with samples from Birka providing a baseline for strontium isotopic ratios in this area. At the site of Birka, two distinct groups of burials can be identified among the measured values, along with several outliers. The data suggest that Birka was a multi-ethnic settlement in the Viking period, consistent with historical sources and concomitant with its role as an important center of economy and trade on the east coast of Sweden.

Resilience of Historical Urban Multi-ethnic Settlement: Entrepreneurship and Religiosity Concept of Gresik City

Important aspects in continual development include economic and social developments, as well as environment protection. Social development aspect should concern political aspiration and local socio-culture as resilience of their local wisdom features. A review on urban resilience is more focused on economic and physical concepts, without developing the social concept. Objective of the study was to find out the resilience concept of Gresik City, which was the earliest description of a big trade port city in Indonesia, for example, Jakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang. The study applied morphology approach on spatial settings at historical urban multi-ethnic settlement through physical and non-physical observations, as well as validation through historical records and archives. The descriptive analysis of morphological pattern relates to activities on social, economic, and cultural aspects in order to obtain basic concept of social life. Morphological pattern of Gresik, which is dominated by multi-ethnic settlements, such as Arabs, Chinese, ex-Dutch-colonial, and the natives of Javanese and Madurese, has attracted traders from various nations and ethnics. History of the city as the center of Islamic learning and dissemination has formed the public of Gresik to have basic religious life, which is reflected on Islamic rituals. Settlement domination, which functions as household industries, craftsmanship, and small-scale trading, shows that entrepreneurship activities as socio-economy activities have highly supported daily religious ritual activities. Entrepreneurship and religiosity concept, which is formed and developed through long history of Gresik, represent the resilience of multi-ethnic societies at cities along the North Coast of Java.

IMPERIAL-STYLE CERAMIC PRODUCTION ON A ROYAL ESTATE IN THE INKA HEARTLAND (CUZCO, PERU)

Horizontal excavations at the large Inka heartland village of Cheqoq (Maras, Cuzco, Peru) revealed the remains of a ceramic workshop where imperial-style vessels were produced (AD 1400–1530s). Cheqoq was a multiethnic settlement of forcibly migrated retainer laborers working for the noble lineage of the Inka ruler, Wayna Qhapaq. Production of imperial-style pottery in a small workshop associated with a royal lineage indicates that the heartland craft economy was not centralized in the urban Cuzco capital. The material remains of in situ production—raw materials, manufacturing facilities, tools, and by-products—provide a baseline for comparing other Inka pottery assemblages to this production locus.

Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study

In this paper, I address the case of a corporate society in Central Mexico. After volcanic eruptions triggered population displacements in the southern Basin of Mexico during the first and fourth centuries A.D., Teotihuacan became a multiethnic settlement. Groups from different backgrounds settled primarily on the periphery of the metropolis; nevertheless, around the core, intermediate elites actively fostered the movement of sumptuary goods and the arrival of workers from diverse homelands for a range of specialized tasks. Some of these skilled craftsmen acquired status and perhaps economic power as a result of the dynamic competition among neighborhoods to display the most lavish sumptuary goods, as well as to manufacture specific symbols of identity that distinguished one neighborhood from another, such as elaborate garments and headdresses. Cotton attire worn by the Teotihuacan elite may have been one of the goods that granted economic importance to neighborhood centers such as Teopancazco, a compound that displayed strong ties to the Gulf Coast where cotton cloth was made. The ruling elite controlled raw materials that came from afar whereas the intermediate elite may have been more active in providing other sumptuary goods: pigments, cosmetics, slate, greenstone, travertine, and foreign pottery. The contrast between the corporate organization at the base and top of Teotihuacan society and the exclusionary organization of the neighborhoods headed by the highly competitive intermediate elite introduced tensions that set the stage for Teotihuacan's collapse.

Developing harmonious multiethnic settlements in Southwest China: a spatial pattern analysis of Lijiang City

Harmony among ethnic groups is a critical precondition as well as a major challenge for multiethnic countries to achieve sustainability. Sufficiency of available natural and socio-economic resources and equality in their distribution among different ethnic groups are of prime importance to maintain harmonious multiethnic settlement patterns. In this study, by using an ethnic settlement diversity index (Shannon–Wiener) and the suitable living space assessment, we studied characteristics of the spatial patterns of multiethnic settlements in Lijiang City, China. The results showed that multiethnic settlement patterns differed between rural and urban areas. The ethnic settlement diversity index went up significantly with increasing spatial scale but showed no significant correlation with population and administrative area, which implied the equality of resources distribution among the different ethnic groups. From the suitable living space assessment, we found that Lijiang had sufficient suitable living habitat in each of its counties (including the only district) to maintain the current harmonious spatial patterns of multiethnic settlements in Lijiang City. This study contributes to a better understanding of multiethnic settlement patterns and has important implications for sustainable urban development in multiethnic areas.

PARTITION AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA-PAKISTAN AND CYPRUS

This article argues that partition – a peacebuilding approach in apost-conflict society – can lead to the transformation of intrastate conflict to interstate conflict, thereby providing a helpful insight for further comparison of partition with multi-ethnic settlements such as federalism/powersharing and reconciliation. While advocates of partition maintain that intrastate conflict caused by a security dilemma between ethnic groups can be settled only by partition, this article argues that partition could cause the transformation of conflict rather than settling it. The cases of India-Pakistan and Cyprus provide the empirical evidence. The partition of India and Pakistan transformed intrastate conflict within India into interstate conflict between India and Pakistan including nuclear competition. The partition of Cyprus contributed to interstate conflict between Greece and Turkey. Therefore, this article concludes that the transformation of conflict reduces the value of partition, and that it is necessary to take this point into consideration when partition is compared with alternatives such as federalism/powersharing andreconciliation.