Multidimensional Approach Research Articles

The challenges of social integration of Ukrainian refugee women and their children

The paper "Challenges of Social Integration of Ukrainian refugee women and their children" explores the difficulties these vulnerable groups face in adapting to the new living conditions in Romania. Introduction: The research focuses on the social integration of Ukrainian refugee women and their children, emphasizing the impact of the war in Ukraine, which triggered massive migration to neighboring countries. Refugee women and children face challenges related to health, education, and social integration, their context being complex and full of uncertainties. Objectives and Methodology: The study aims to assess the social and professional integration of Ukrainian refugee women, identifying the determinants of the quality of life and the barriers encountered in the integration process. The research was carried out by applying a structured questionnaire (Quality of Life Inventory - QOLI) and an interview grid, addressed to a sample of 32 Ukrainian women aged between 18 and 65, located in care centers in Tulcea county. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The results revealed correlations between job satisfaction and quality of life, as well as between financial resources and the level of social integration. The main barriers to integration have been identified, including economic difficulties, language barriers, and cultural adaptation. The research also showed that the level of integration of children in the educational system is influenced by the support provided by the community and schools. Conclusions: The paper highlights the need for tailored support policies to facilitate the social integration of Ukrainian refugees. The effective integration and improvement of the quality of life of this vulnerable group depend on a multidimensional approach, which includes economic, social, and psychological support. The research contributes to a better understanding of the challenges faced by refugee women and provides recommendations for improving integration processes.

A Literature Review of the Educational Gaps and Needs in Migraine Management: An Asian Perspective Within a Global Context.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder that presents considerable challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. These changes are especially relevant in rapidly developing regions such as Asia, with an increasingly productive population and ongoing advancements in healthcare systems and infrastructure. Despite its substantial impact, migraine management remains inadequate, potentially due to deficiencies in medical education. We hypothesized that significant gaps in basic and advanced medical training and continuing professional education contribute to the suboptimal management of migraine in various healthcare settings across Asia. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google databases. The search focused on cross-sectional studies published in English from inception until September 2024 that examined educational needs among medical trainees and clinicians and clinical gaps in migraine management in Asia. These studies were then contextualized within a global perspective. The review identified significant shortcomings in migraine education at all levels of educational training in Asia, which also translated to poor management of migraines in clinical practice. Undergraduate medical curricula in Asia inadequately address headache disorders, while postgraduate training programs provide insufficient guidance in headache management, especially for complex cases. Primary care clinicians exhibited variable levels of understanding and frequently incorrectly diagnosed and managed migraine.Additionally, many Asian countries lack standardized clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and specialized training programs for headache management. A multidimensional approach is required to tackle the pre-existing educational and clinical practice limitations. The approach should include improving the medical school curriculum, providing focused continuing medical education programs or developing migraine modules for primary care physicians (PCPs), and developing region-specific CPGs. Besides educational initiatives, integrating and coordinating systems of care, where primary and specialist services complement each other, are crucial for improving patient care. Robust education combined with comprehensive referral and linkage protocols ensures continuity of care across healthcare levels. Moreover, collaboration, communication, and cooperation among healthcare providers (HCPs) and organizations are vital to enhancing the quality of life and productivity of migraine patients in the region.A synergistic approach that combines robust collaboration with innovative educational delivery can catalyze the widespread adoption of evidence-based medicine (EBM).

Three-Dimensional Corruption Metrics: A Proposal for Integrating Frequency, Cost, and Significance

AbstractDespite a lack of consensus on the most effective methods for measuring corruption, a variety of initiatives have been launched over the past decade. This paper contributes to the evolving field by arguing for the integration of frequency, cost, and local significance, into a three-dimensional approach for the development of enhanced metrics. After revisiting the history of corruption measurement, each proposed dimension is discussed by reference to past initiatives and the relevant literature. While the frequency and cost of corruption are discussed based on the varying degrees of attention received over the years, I propose that “significance” represents a third and necessary dimension, capturing the moral severity of corruption within different societal contexts. Taken as a unified whole, the proposed multidimensional approach is argued to have the potential for a more accurate depiction of corruption, enhancing also the clarity and accountability of corruption metrics. By accounting for frequency, cost, and significance, three-dimensional metrics are expected to lay the groundwork for more effective policy responses and deepen our understanding of the complexities inherent in the corruption phenomenon.

Strategic Intelligence as a Tool Against Organized Crime. A Literature Review

Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze and describe through scientific literature the application of strategic intelligence as a tool against organized crime. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on theories that link the bioactive compounds of Rubus spp. with the reduction of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins in model organisms, based on previous studies on hyperlipidemia and its treatment with natural antioxidants. Method: This study was based on a systematic literature review published between 2018 and 2024 in the Scopus and Scielo databases. We identified 38 relevant articles that included qualitative, quantitative and mixed methodologies Results and Discussion: The findings underscore that strategic intelligence, by identifying patterns and anticipating threats, strengthens the fight against criminal networks by coordinating interagency efforts and improving resource allocation.. Research Implications: It is concluded that an effective response to organized crime requires multidimensional and collaborative approaches that combine prevention, international cooperation and technological adaptation to dismantle criminal networks and mitigate their impact on society. Originality/Value: This study makes it possible to address complex problems such as corruption, the integration of crime into the economy and violence.

Study on the age-period-cohort effects of cognitive abilities among older Chinese adults based on the cognitive reserve hypothesis

BackgroundCognitive abilities serves as a critical indicator of healthy aging. As China progresses into a stage of advanced population aging, there has been a significant increase in the number of elderly individuals experiencing age-related cognitive decline. Despite this demographic shift, there is a paucity of longitudinal research examining cognitive abilities among older Chinese adults over extended time periods. This study aims to investigate changes in cognitive abilities and explore group differences among older Chinese adults aged 65 to 110 years, employing a multidimensional temporal approach that encompasses age, period, and birth cohort effects.MethodsThis study utilizes data from eight waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), spanning from 1998 to 2018. The dataset comprises 94,116 observations from 36,157 unique participants. Cognitive abilities are assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores as a proxy measure. To address the issue of perfect collinearity in the temporal dimension, the study employs the Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Cross-Classified Random Effects Model (HAPC-CCREM). This model allows for the examination of age effects, period effects, and cohort effects on cognitive abilities among older Chinese adults. In the model specification, age is treated as a fixed effect, while period and birth cohort are incorporated as random effects. Drawing upon the cognitive reserve hypothesis, the study investigates significant factors influencing cognitive abilities in this population.ResultsAt the fixed-effect level, demographic factors, health behaviors, self-rated health, subjective well-being, and childhood adversity significantly influence cognitive abilities among older Chinese adults. The age effects are significant, with cognitive abilities exhibiting an inverted U-shaped curve across the lifespan. At the random-effect level, period effects are significant, revealing a gradual annual increase in overall cognitive levels among older Chinese adults since 2008. Cohort effects are also significant, demonstrating an increasing trend in overall cognitive levels for the earlier-born cohorts in the first six groups. Conversely, later-born cohorts in the latter five groups show a declining trend in overall cognitive levels. Notably, period effects significantly enhance cohort effects.ConclusionsThe cognitive reserve hypothesis supports the significance of the majority of identified influencing factors. Cognitive abilities demonstrate an accelerating decline with increasing age, following an evolutionary trajectory consistent with physiological principles among older Chinese adults. Since 2008, cognitive abilities have shown a monotonic increasing trend annually, further validating the Flynn effect in this population. The cognitive abilities of the six earlier-born cohorts exhibit an increasing trend, supporting the compression of morbidity hypothesis. Conversely, the cognitive abilities of the five later-born cohorts show a declining trend, supporting the expansion of morbidity hypothesis. These findings collectively contribute to our understanding of cognitive aging patterns and their underlying mechanisms among older Chinese adults.

How does group availability affect distributional equity of outdoor physical activity facilities? Evidence from Nanjing, China

ABSTRACT Most studies have measured the distributional equity of outdoor physical activity facilities (OPAFs) considering the unified accessible quantity and ignored the disparity of group availability. This study adopts a multidimensional approach to measure the distributional equity of OPAFs from the levels of city and residential units. Considering the old city of Nanjing as a sample, we first categorised the existing OPAFs into equipped sites, multifunctional sites, and trails and quantified the size and composition of three age groups in each residential unit. Second, we modularised OPAFs’ services through which each service type corresponds to one physical activity (PA) module and identified each module’s available groups. Third, we adopted accessibility, diversity, and supply-demand structure consistency (SDSC) to measure the distributional equity of OPAFs at two levels. The results showed that at the city level, the gap in the diversity of the modules between Group C (60 years old and above) and Groups A (15–59 years old) and B (60 years old and above) was more significant than that of accessible quantity, while the mean SDSC for Group C was much higher than those for Groups A and B. At the unit level, the differences in OPAFs’ group availability generated more significant differences in distributing diversity and SDSC than in the distribution of accessibility. Compared to traditional assessments, this tool integrates the disparity of OPAFs’ availability among different groups into the equity measurement, which can enhance the analytical precision and granularity and provide tailored OPAF optimisation strategies.

Beyond larks and owls: Revisiting the circadian typology using the MESSi scale and a cluster-based approach.

Chronopsychological research typically applied the morningness-eveningness dimension, resulting in a distinction between morning, intermediate, and evening chronotypes. However, in recent years, new measures have been developed that transcend the traditional "morning larks" vs. "night owls" dichotomy and better capture the complexity of individual differences in circadian rhythmicity. One such measure that addresses the multidimensional character of the circadian rhythm is the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability Scale improved (MESSi) which comprises three dimensions: morning affect, eveningness, and distinctness. However, delineating specific chronotypes using the cut-off points, as was commonly done for other established scales, is not possible in the case of MESSi due to its multidimensionality. In the present paper, we provide a first attempt to introduce a cluster-based approach to deal with MESSi scores. For this purpose, we determined the number of clusters to be extracted using data from our previous study conducted in Poland (N = 1106). Next, we attempted to replicate this cluster solution in another Polish sample (N = 768) and a German sample (N = 637). Finally, we also intended to illustrate how individuals assigned to the established clusters differ in terms of sleep parameters and other differential variables such as positive and negative affect, personality traits, depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-regulation, and self-efficacy. After segmenting MESSi scores by cluster analysis in the three samples we found support for a four-cluster solution, including four circadian profiles which we propose to label "intermediate-finches", "hardy larks", "night owls", and "vulnerable larks". This is the first attempt to introduce a cluster-based, multi-dimensional approach to dealing with MESSi scores.

Multimodal neural correlates of childhood psychopathology.

Complex structural and functional changes occurring in typical and atypical development necessitate multidimensional approaches to better understand the risk of developing psychopathology. Here, we simultaneously examined structural and functional brain network patterns in relation to dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset. Several components were identified, recapitulating the psychopathology hierarchy, with the general psychopathology (p) factor explaining most covariance with multimodal imaging features, while the internalizing, externalizing, and neurodevelopmental dimensions were each associated with distinct morphological and functional connectivity signatures. Connectivity signatures associated with the p factor and neurodevelopmental dimensions followed the sensory-to-transmodal axis of cortical organization, which is related to the emergence of complex cognition and risk for psychopathology. Results were consistent in two separate data subsamples and robust to variations in analytical parameters. Although model parameters yielded statistically significant brain-behavior associations in unseen data, generalizability of the model was rather limited for all three latent components (r change from within- to out-of-sample statistics: LC1within=0.36, LC1out=0.03; LC2within=0.34, LC2out=0.05; LC3within=0.35, LC3out=0.07). Our findings help in better understanding biological mechanisms underpinning dimensions of psychopathology, and could provide brain-based vulnerability markers.

The Way You Do It Like You Do: Moon Jae-in’s Mediation in the U.S.–DPRK Crisis (2017–2018)

This article examines South Korean President Moon Jae-in’s mediation during the 2017–2018 U.S.–DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) crisis, emphasising the importance of a multidimensional approach to power in international crisis mediation. This study argues that both strategic strengths—such as resource-based powers—and tactical strengths, including personal skills, are critical for successful mediation. Moon skilfully utilised South Korea’s relational, expert and reward powers while employing innovative tactics like the ‘borrowing tactic’, where he drew on South Korea’s international alliances and connections to create a link between the DPRK’s flexibility and its capacity to secure political concessions. His mediation helped de-escalate tensions and facilitated dialogue, leading to the first U.S.–DPRK summit. This analysis highlights the intricate interplay between a mediator’s resource-based powers and their tactical behaviour in crisis scenarios, underscoring how both elements are crucial for shaping preventive diplomacy efforts and their outcomes in high-stakes situations. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that it is not only what a mediator has at their disposal that matters, but also—equally importantly—how they use it.

Scopoletin: A Validated Protector against Cerulein-induced Acute Pancreatitis & Associated Lung Injury by Regulating PPAR- γ "A Multidimensional Approach".

Our previous study established the effectiveness of scopoletin (SC) in protecting mice against acute pancreatitis (AP) induced by cerulein and subsequent pulmonary injury. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying SC protective effects have yet to be elucidated. This research suggests that SC reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) in mice suffering from AP. We observed the protective role of SC against the male Swiss mice with hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50µg/kg) for six hours, followed by the administration of SC (10mg/kg) one hour after AP induction, with or without the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (0.3mg/kg). The study exploration into the anti-inflammatory effects of SC revealed that a concentration of 25µM enhanced the phagocytic clearance of dying pancreatic acinar cells by triggering the PPAR-γ signaling activation. Conversely, an in vitro assessment confirmed the presence of GW9662 counteracted the beneficial impact of SC on acinar cells. Molecular docking and simulation studies have shown that SC prompts significant structural changes in PPAR-γ. The in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses suggest that SC has potent anti-inflammatory properties that may be mediated by the activation of PPAR-γ signaling in cerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis.

Virtual reality-guided therapy on a stroke unit: a feasibility study

BackgroundVR (Virtual Reality) has emerged as a recent treatment approach in neurorehabilitation. The feasibility of VR-guided therapy in the acute phase after stroke has not been assessed.MethodsThis was a cohort study of consecutive patients with suspected stroke who were admitted to the Essen University Hospital Stroke Unit between March 2022 and May 2022. All patients who had an indication for physical or occupational therapy due to upper extremity sensorimotor, cognitive or perceptual deficits were included and considered for VR-guided treatment. We excluded patients with predominant deficits in lower extremity function, since these could not be targeted with our VR system. A multidimensional approach was used to assess the feasibility of VR-guided therapy, which included characterization of eligible patients, resource utilization as well as treatment acceptance. For this purpose, we analyzed baseline and clinical characteristics, causes for withholding the treatment as well as qualitative and quantitative treatment metrics in patients who received VR-guided therapy.ResultsOut of 326 patients admitted with suspected stroke, n = 172 were included in our final analysis. Of these, n = 37 (21.5%) received VR-guided therapy. The most common cause for withholding treatment were neuropsychological limitations (22.9%), followed by physical impairment, comorbidity and level of consciousness alterations (all 17.8%). Patients who received VR-guided therapy tended to have better functional status and less severe neurological deficits. VR-guided sessions had a median duration of 20 min (IQR 17–29) with additional 13 min (IQR 9–17) of preparation time. In the majority of patients who received VR-guided therapy, motivation was rated equal or higher as compared with conventional treatment (76%) and therapists considered VR-guided therapy well feasible (65%).ConclusionsDespite important treatment barriers, VR may provide additional opportunities to enhance functional recovery in the acute phase after stroke for selected patients. Our findings could aid in planning further randomized controlled trials which are required to refine approaches and assess the effectiveness of VR-guided therapy in the acute setting.

Reconfiguring abandoned urban landscapes: a multidimensional place-making approach towards sustainable transformation of industrial waterfronts

Reconfiguring abandoned urban landscapes: a multidimensional place-making approach towards sustainable transformation of industrial waterfronts

Innovative Insights into Single-Cell Technologies and Multi-Omics Integration in Livestock and Poultry

In recent years, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has marked significant strides in livestock and poultry research, especially when integrated with multi-omics approaches. These advancements provide a nuanced view into complex regulatory networks and cellular dynamics. This review outlines the application of scRNA-seq in key species, including poultry, swine, and ruminants, with a focus on outcomes related to cellular heterogeneity, developmental biology, and reproductive mechanisms. We emphasize the synergistic power of combining scRNA-seq with epigenomic, proteomic, and spatial transcriptomic data, enhancing molecular breeding precision, optimizing health management strategies, and refining production traits in livestock and poultry. The integration of these technologies offers a multidimensional approach that not only broadens the scope of data analysis but also provides actionable insights for improving animal health and productivity.

Spatio-temporal variability of surface temperatures in High Arctic periglacial environment using UAV thermal imagery and in-situ measurements

ABSTRACT The rapidly changing climate in the High Arctic is posing significant challenges to its ecosystem. To better understand the changes, this study uses Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology equipped with a thermal camera to investigate ground and water temperatures in the catchments of southwest Spitsbergen. This approach provides high-resolution, real-time data, offering a detailed understanding of surface temperatures in this remote and harsh environment. Integrating UAV technology with in-situ measurements enables data collection at high spatial and temporal scales, facilitating a thorough analysis of temperature trends and patterns. The research introduces a new processing workflow using open-source packages to create thermal orthomosaics, enhancing the analysis’s accuracy and efficiency. The final developed orthomosaics examine spatial variations in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Water Surface Temperature (WST) and explore factors influencing them. Additionally, the study investigates thermal patterns in Arctic hydrological systems, such as channels and ponds, allowing for the identification and characterization of flow paths, including groundwater intrusions and surface water mixing, within the catchments. This multidimensional approach aims to provide valuable insights into the complex interactions between cryo-, hydro-, and meteorological dynamics in the High Arctic.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and its Associated Factors among the Elderly Population: A Cross-sectional Study from Rural Area of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction: Elderly malnutrition is an iceberg phenomenon and remains undiagnosed most of the time. The elderly people are at risk of malnutrition due to physical, psychological, social, dietary and environmental risk factors. When malnutrition gets compounded with various co-morbidities, it turns into a vicious cycle. Aim: To focus on the assessment of nutritional status and its associated factors among the elderly population above 60 years of age in a rural area of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: This was a community-based crosssectional study done for a period of four months in the rural field practice area of Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Following ethical clearance, study subjects were selected by using single stage area wise cluster sampling technique. Data was collected from 240 elderly individuals by face to face interview using semistructured questionnaire. Details regarding socio-demographic variables like age, gender, educational status, occupational status, economic dependency and place of residence were taken. Nestle’s Short Form Mini Nutritional Assessment (SF-MNA) screening tool was used to assess the nutritional status of the study participants. The association was assessed by Chi-square test. Significance level was considered at p-value of ≤0.05. Results: Prevalence of malnutrition was seen among 33 (13.75%) individuals. A 105 (43.75%) were at the risk of malnutrition and 102 (42.5%) had satisfactory nutritional status. The comparison between well nourished, at risk of malnutrition and malnourished groups showed significant differences with respect to age (p-value=0.016), economic dependency (p-value=0.002), place of residence (p-value=0.004), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p-value=0.024), calf circumference (p-value=0.016) and presence of co-morbid illness (p-value=0.015). Conclusion: The findings of the present study clearly indicate that malnutrition is a multifactorial condition associated with socio-demographic, somatic and functional status. A multidimensional approach is required to deal with these issues. Nutritional assessment and screening of elderly people should be done by opportunistic screening for early detection of malnutrition and to implement an appropriate nutritional intervention.

Semi-supervised learning for skeleton behavior recognition: A multi-dimensional graph comparison approach

Semi-supervised learning for skeleton behavior recognition: A multi-dimensional graph comparison approach

Distributed Task Processing Platform for Infrastructure-Less IoT Networks: A Multi-Dimensional Optimization Approach

Distributed Task Processing Platform for Infrastructure-Less IoT Networks: A Multi-Dimensional Optimization Approach

Sensory and affective dimensions in loudness perception: Insights from young adults

Traditional psychoacoustic measures often lack accuracy in diagnosing hyperacusis and other sound tolerance disorders, possibly due to their reliance on artificial stimuli and unidimensional scales. The aim of this study was to assess loudness across sensory and affective dimensions using natural sounds, drawing on pain research wherein intensity and unpleasantness are assessed separately. We hypothesized that similar distinctions apply to loudness perception. A total of 102 young adults with normal to mild hearing loss rated 32 sound stimuli (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and artificial) at 10 intensities (40 to 100 dBA) on sensory and affective scales. They also completed the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, the Noise Sensitivity Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Mixed linear models indicated both correlations and dissociations between scales that varied according to intensity and valence. Louder stimuli were rated as more unpleasant, but only at high intensities. On the sensory scale, sounds were perceived as louder with increasing intensity; however, at low to moderate intensities, pleasant and neutral sounds were rated as louder, whereas at higher intensities, artificial and unpleasant stimuli were rated as louder. On the affective scale, the perception of unpleasantness also increased with intensity, but less steeply. At high intensities, artificial stimuli were rated similarly to unpleasant stimuli. Noise sensitivity scores predicted louder and more unpleasant ratings, whereas depression scores were associated with softer and less pleasant perceptions. This study highlights the need for multidimensional approaches in audiology and suggests that the integration of sensory and affective scales with natural stimuli may improve the diagnosis and treatment of sound tolerance disorders.

Multidimensional child poverty and its determinants: Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Poverty has been a subject of global discourse most especially in sub-Saharan Africa where little progress has been achieved. Most literature sources regard poverty mainly as a household threat rather than one to affectsthe children living within the household. Thus, through a multidimensional approach, this study analyses poverty, specifically in the context of its effect on children. In carrying out this study, the General Household Survey dataset for Nigeria (the mostpopulous country in sub-Saharan Africa) for 2018/2019 obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) was used. Descriptive statistics, the Multidimensional Poverty Measure, and the Tobit Regression Model were usedin this study. The results showed that there are more male children (52.17%) than females (47.83%), with most of the children falling within the middle-age group of households (45.51%). Less than half of the household heads were found to be literate, while the mean size of the household amounted to nine. This study found that the poverty dimension,mainly affecting the research sample of Nigerian children,was their deprivation in terms of sanitation, while the least significant dimension was their lack of food. Child poverty is prevalent among the three respective age groups of children, among rural dwellers (57.16%), and among residents in the northern divide of the country. The rural sector, the residents in the north-eastern region of the country, and the gender of the household head were found to be significant variablesinfluencing child poverty in Nigeria. As such, poverty reduction strategies directed towards the rural sector, the northern region, and the identified age groups of children should be of primary focus in tackling child poverty in Nigeria to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG1) -“End poverty in all its forms everywhere”.

Cooper 등의 다차원 정책분석 모형을 활용한「고등·평생교육지원 특별회계」정책 분석

This study aims to comprehensively understand and systematically analyze the policy-making process of the 'Special Account for Supporting Higher and Lifelong Education' by taking a multi-dimensional approach. To achieve the research objectives, various materials such as national laws and regulations, government policy documents, press releases, research papers, and internet portal articles were collected. The multidimensional policy analysis model of Cooper et al. was utilized to analyze it in normative, structural, constituent, and technical dimensions. First, at the normative level, the Special Account was promoted with the goals of optimizing education finance and supporting university innovation. Second, structurally, the Special Account was influenced by institutional structures such as tuition freezes and the vulnerability of higher education financing. Third, in terms of its constituent dimension, the policy-making process of the Special Account revealed interactions among the central and local governments, higher education institutions, and elementary, secondary, and middle education institutions. Fourth, the technical dimension discussed the adoption of a temporary operation and funding method as a compromise, and it highlighted that the government's vision was being realized through the budget size and utilization process. Additionally, the urgency of policy evaluation for securing sustainable higher education funding was emphasized. Based on the findings, it is suggested that establishing a long-term financing measure, such as a Higher Education Finance Grant, is essential to enhance the stability and predictability of higher education funding.