Multi-criteria Analysis Approach Research Articles

Supporting Sustainability of City Coastlines with Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach

City coastlines are places that enhance the wellbeing of citizens, promote sociality and enhance the city's aesthetic andquality of life due to the variety of activities, visuality and air supplement. It also contributes to urban sustainability with allthese aspects. (The Gonzales et al., 2023) study's multi-criteria analysis approach was applied to evaluate how sustainableurban coastlines are. The study covered two primary aspects of sustainability. These elements include the social activitiesand the environmental features of the coastal districts. With this method, it is aimed to reveal the daily use of the KarşıyakaCoastline and to examine the impact of these activities on the sustainability of there. Through the method, the contributionof city coastlines to the quality of urban life and city sustainability can be revealed with numerical data and it is expectedto guide in the site selection, design and implementation stages of new planning.

Fuzzy AHP Approach for Multi-Criteria Stress Analysis During COVID-19: A Case Study

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a challenging and stressful situation among people from 2019 to date globally. This study analyzes various factors responsible for the stress intensity among India's urban cities to identify the most affected metropolitan city. The study identified six Indian urban cities and three major stress factors: routine, social, and job, with each factor having sub-criteria. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to model the situation, and a synthetic extent analysis method (EAM) is employed to solve the model. The modified EAM has been also applied and the two results compared. It has been found that the modified method is more robust than EAM. The concept of the minimum degree of possibility is applied to obtain the weight vector for the main criteria. After identifying the main stress criteria and its sub-criteria and six metropolitan cities, the hierarchy of identifying India's most affected metropolitan cities during COVID-19 is structured. The study found that using the EAM, Mumbai is the worst affected city, followed by Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi-NCR, and Hyderabad. While using the modified method, the most affected areas are found to be Pune, followed by Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi-NRC, and Bengaluru. It further discovered that routine stress-related is the most critical factor in identifying the most affected metropolitan city, followed by social and job-related stresses.

Assessing the performance of banks through an improved sigma-mu multicriteria analysis approach

The σ-μ efficiency methodology has been recently introduced for multicriteria evaluation problems, based on the framework of Stochastic Multi-Attribute Acceptability analysis (SMAA), to address the uncertainty in the performance of a set of decision alternatives. The methodology builds, iteratively, a set of Pareto-Koopmans efficiency frontiers, which are used to assess the alternatives with respect to their expected performance and its variability, measured across different scenarios for the weights of the evaluation criteria. This paper presents an improved algorithmic implementation of this methodology that provides results that are consistent with the Pareto dominance relation between the alternatives. The proposed approach is employed to evaluate the performance of a sample of European banks which participated in the European stress tests conducted by the European Banking Authority, over the last five years available (2017–2021). The performance and efficiency of the banks is analyzed using financial criteria along with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Results from comprehensive and disaggregated analysis reveal performance disparities among banks in financial and ESG factors, highlighting the influence of country-specific green policies and individual bank practices. Valuable for the banking sector and regulators, the findings help identify operational inefficiencies and propose areas for performance enhancement, operational improvement, and innovation, with a focus on green practices.

Computing Multivalued Mathematical Morphology on Multiband Images Using Algorithms for Multicriteria Analysis

Mathematical morphology (MM) is a powerful tool for spatial multispectral and hyperspectral image analyses. However, MM was originally developed for single-band images in which each pixel is represented by a numerical value. The most commonly used method for extending MM to multiband images is to process each band independently without considering its correlations with other bands. This can lead to the creation of artificial false spectral signatures and result in object misidentification. Therefore, extending MM to multiband images requires the use of an adequate vector ordering strategy to fully exploit its potential. This work proposes new vector ordering algorithms for the computation of multivalued MM. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) system is used as a tool for establishing an ordering of vectors. Two MCA approaches, namely, an "analytic hierarchy process" and a "preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation," are developed to define ordering relations between vectors. To ensure the validity of the proposed vector ordering algorithms, the computed multivalued morphological profiles are compared using the proposed vector ordering approaches and conventional schemes. The results of applying the proposed vector ordering algorithms for computing morphological profiles show that good classification accuracies were achieved for urban structures in ROSIS hyperspectral images.

Exploring the Intricate Connections between the Influence of Fishing on Marine Biodiversity and Their Delivery of Ecological Services Driven by Different Management Frameworks

The goal of this project is to assess the state of marine biodiversity in the Natura 2000 marine network in Spain and analyze the impact of fishing policies on it. The study focuses on three marine demarcations in Spain: North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and the Strait of Gibraltar and Alborán Sea. The research uses the DPSIR (Drivers of Change-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework, a multi-criteria analysis approach to understand the relationships between biodiversity loss, fishing, marine ecosystem integrity, and the provision of ecosystem services. Our results revealed a significant decline in biodiversity since 1985 in the four marine areas studied; this loss was more pronounced in the Gulf of Cadiz (in Andalusia) and less intense in the northern regions of Spain (Galicia and Asturias). This trend aligns with the global degradation of marine ecosystems and loss of biodiversity caused by human activities. The main drivers behind this decline are economic factors promoting industrial fishing and overexploitation. However, there has been a reduction in the industrial fishing fleet since the 2000s, supported by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund for transitioning toward sustainable fishing methods. Despite the increase in regulations and the establishment of marine protected areas, these measures have not been effective enough to stop the loss of marine biodiversity. The results highlight the importance of combining administrative measures such as creating marine protected areas and implementing fisheries management regulations with the preservation of cultural services provided by these ecosystems. Successful governance models that involve collaboration between fishermen and decision-makers have been observed in northern Galicia and the Gulf of Cádiz.

Determining Priorities for Handling Environmental Road Sections in Palu City (Case Study in West Palu District)

Palu City has numerous roads, including environmental road networks, where the function of many environmental roads has decreased due to heavy traffic and damaged road structures. The improvement of environmental road infrastructure is a complex issue that requires objective policymakers. Sometimes, the work carried out to address environmental issues on roads is not prioritized effectively. To tackle this problem, a research study was conducted to determine the priority order for handling environmental roads in the West Palu sub-district of Palu City. The study used a multi-criteria analysis approach to determine priorities, where the criteria were weighted based on input from respondents from government agencies related to road infrastructure. The criteria used to determine priorities in this research were road conditions, traffic volume, land use, and development planning deliberation proposals. The criteria for road conditions and traffic volume were given the highest priority weighting with weight values of 39.10% and 28.10%, respectively. This was followed by the development planning deliberation proposal criteria at 21.50% and land use criteria at 11.30%. By weighting criteria and scoring criteria based on operational criteria variables, the analysis obtained the top 5 priority orders for handling environmental road sections on Jl. Srikaya. Lr. Sirsak II Kel. Kamonji, Jl. Mas Mansyur Lr. Kel. Baru, Jl. Samudra II Lr. II Kel. Lere, Jl. Lasoso Lr I Kel. Lere and Jl. Durian Lr. Kel. Kamonji.

Landslide susceptibility assessment along the Red Sea Coast in Egypt, based on multi-criteria spatial analysis and GIS techniques

The Egyptian Red Sea coast, a mountainous coastal region, is periodically exposed to landslide that cause severe man and economic losses. That is due to its geological, hydrogeomorphological, and seismological nature. This research aims to map landslide susceptibility in the study area using a multi-criteria overlay analysis approach. Slopes, elevations, aspects, curvature, lineaments, faults, earthquakes, rainfall, stream network, and rock units are the factors used to derive the landslide's susceptibility map. The data were obtained from research organizations and open-source geospatial platforms. The landslide susceptibility map of the area under investigation ranges from low to high as follows: 1) low (23 %), 2) moderate (43 %), and 3) high (34 %) from total area. The used model is validated using direct field check and statistical analysis by Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve test 40 landslides events. Based on ROC, the multi-criteria overlay analysis approach can predict landslides by 82 % at a 95 % confidence level. The leading causes of landslides are geological, topographical, hydrogeomorphological, and seismological. For long-term development, the study's findings would assist decision-makers in lowering the risks connected with landslides in the areas. To reduce the chance of landslides, the study recommended it is important to take into account the rugged topography of zones where landslides are likely to occur and implement rockfall protection systems like barriers, embankments, or mesh.

A multi-criteria model approach for identifying priorities in road maintenance in the province of Lampung, Indonesia

The source of financing largely determines the implementation of road maintenance. Due to the limited funding capacity of the Regional Government, the performance of road maintenance cannot be handled throughout the provincial road network, so it is necessary to determine the priorities and types of maintenance that must be performed carefully and accurately following the conditions. Therefore, this article conducts a study to determine the priority scale in road maintenance in the province of Lampung (Indonesia), which is limited by the government's financial capacity to make comprehensive improvements through a multi-criteria analysis approach. The approach used is a survey method with purposive sampling, integrated with a multi-criteria analysis approach to find eigenvalues as a priority for improvement. There are at least eight groups with 238 respondents who provide input in determining the priority of road preservation in the province of Lampung. The results show that there are ten main parameter criteria to assess the implementation of road preservation in the Lampung province, including accessibility, social, regional development, economy, number of vehicles, security, congestion, road damage, road safety, and regional disparities. The results of the calculation of the multi-criteria analysis of the parameters found that the "road damage" parameter has the highest weight or eigenvalue. The following parameter that becomes the main consideration is the economic aspect and accessibility, with the second and third largest eigenvalues. The security parameter is a factor that is not considered because it is ranked the lowest.

Multicriteria characterization of feasibility parameters, implementation of seawater intake selection along the Moroccan coastline

Determining the optimal seawater intake types and is influenced by factors including location, geology, ecology, costs, regulations, and stakeholder input. Employing multicriteria analysis, this approach systematically evaluates factors through objective scoring, ensuring a methodical decision-making methodology. This analysis focuses on crafting a decision support interface that meticulously coordinates a range of vital factors to assess the viability of seawater intake locations both offshore and onshore. These factors encompass geological, geographical, hydrological, and hydrogeological conditions, as well as topographic and bathymetric data, water capacity, demand, environmental constraints, technical specifications, economic impacts, and local requirements. The cornerstone of our multicriteria analysis approach is the methodical organization of the gathered data within a structured Excel database. Concurrently, an interactive VBA-based interface is designed to extract insights from this integrated database. Stakeholders can evaluate potential sites based on predefined criteria, customize outcomes, and engage interactively based on preferences. The interface adapts to user selections, expertly guiding them toward the optimal intake type. This process is governed by rules in the VBA code and carefully defined constraints, ultimately providing a precise intake type via a comprehensive elimination and ranking process.

Assessing land suitability for sustainable aquaculture development in Muzaffarpur, Bihar using integrated approach of multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS

The study aimed to assess land suitability for sustainable aquaculture development inMuzaffarpur, Bihar, India, utilising a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and GIS-based approach. In India, issues such as water and soil degradation, insufficient infrastructure and inadequate maintenance pose significant challenges to aquaculture growth. The research employed 15 base layers, including water quality, soil characteristics, engineeringparameters and high-resolution satellite imagery, analysed through the Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation. Results revealed 9.85% highly suitable and 35.09% unsuitable areas for fish farming, achieving an 80% overall accuracy through validation with satellite images and field visits. The study provides valuable insights for policy makers, farmers, and resource managers in selecting suitable sites for sustainable aquaculture, enhancing resource management in the region. Keywords: Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Fish farming, Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Thematic maps

Assessing the Impact of IrrigaSys Decision Support System on Farmers’ Irrigation Practices in Southern Portugal: A Post Evaluation Study

The IrrigaSys decision support system (DSS) has supported farmers’ decision-making regarding irrigation scheduling in the Sorraia Valley irrigation district in Southern Portugal over a span of six years (2017–2022). This study aims to conduct a postevaluation of farmers’ adherence to the DSS, employing a multicriteria analysis (MCA) approach with data from the 2019 (driest year) and 2020 (average year) growing seasons. Two distinct scenarios were taken into consideration: the first focused on water conservation, and the second centered on farmers’ economic returns. The outcomes of the first scenario revealed that farmers exhibited a reasonable level of expertise, particularly during the driest season. They achieved water-saving indicators comparable to those obtained when adhering to optimized irrigation schedules generated weekly by the DSS. In the wetter season, discrepancies emerged between farmers’ and model indicators, primarily attributed to challenges in integrating reliable information from precipitation forecasts into the decision-making process. In the second scenario, both farmers’ and model results exhibited close economic indicators throughout both seasons. While IrrigaSys requires further developments, these results show that the DSS has effectively contributed to supporting irrigation water management in the study region.

Assessing the Institutional Domain: A Comprehensive Analysis of White Prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) Fisheries Management in Cilacap Regency through Ecosystem Approach and Multi-criteria Analysis

The concept of fisheries management in coastal and marine areas refers to the concept of sustainable development, which emphasizes the balance between economic growth, environmental quality, and the quality of natural resources. Data were collected using observation, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with 20 respondents. This study aims to determine the condition of the management of white prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) resources from the institutional domain which has 6 indicators based on the score criteria in EAFM. This research uses a simple composite approach with flag modeling technique. The flag modeling technique is done by analyzing a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach in which a set of criteria is built as a basis for analyzing the state of fisheries management areas seen from the ecosystem approach in fisheries management (EAFM) through the development of composite indices. Based on the results of the research, the condition of the institutional domain in the management of white prawn in Cilacap Regency obtained a composite index value of 75.80, this fig. indicates that the condition is in the good category. Each indicator in the institutional domain obtained different valuesand conditions. For the Fisheries Management Plan indicator, it received a score of 1, which means it is in the poor category. For the indicators of the completeness of the rules of the game and the decision- making mechanism, each received a score of 2, which is a moderate category. Then, the indicator of compliance with the principles of responsible fisheries in fisheries management, the indicator of the level of synergy of fisheries management policies and institutions, and the indicator of stakeholder capacity received a score of 3, meaning that each of these indicators was in a good category. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the condition of the institutional domain in the management of white prawn in Cilacap Regency has a good category and still needs a strategy for improvement.

Management of Malabar Red Snapper, Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801): Based on the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) in Rembang Regency

Malabar Red Snapper, Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801), is one of the leading commodities in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (WPPNRI 712). According to central statistics agency (2018), the trend for Malabar red snapper production has continuously increased over the last 5 years (2016-2020). The trend of red snapper production is inversely proportional to the state of the demersal fish resource potential in WPP 712, which is fully exploited (Rizal et al., 2023). Open-access fish resources must always be monitored and regulated for their utilization. An effective fisheries management model, namely the Ecosystem Approach To Fisheries Management (EAFM), was used. Research on red snapper fisheries management with EAFM provides an opportunity to address key challenges in fisheries management within Indonesia. A significant advantage of EAFM is its comprehensive scope, encompassing the entire fish resources and the important role of institutions in their management. The aim of this study is to analyze the current status regarding the management of the Red Snapper fishery for the development of a strategic plan. The data collection from each EAFM indicator was conducted using the Multi-stage proportional sampling technique. Data analysis used the multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach. The assessment of red snapper resource management in Rembang Regency, based on the analysis of all ecosystem domains, obtained a score of 49.8. This score showed that the current status of red snapper resource management is in line with the implementation of EAFM, so that yellow flag color code is required.

Assessment of flood mitigation strategy based on integrated approach of remote sensing and coastal vulnerability geospatial modeling at the coastal plain of Suriname

Suriname is the smallest South American nation with a low-lying coastal plain that is vulnerable to inundation from the Atlantic Ocean and inland rivers, as well as pluvial flooding primarily due to rainfall. Paramaribo, the capital of Suriname, has the highest population density, and its demographics extend into the surrounding districts of Wanica and Commewijne. Suriname has experienced flood disasters almost annually, which has exacerbated in recent years, posing a significant socioeconomic challenge. The country must balance the need for flood disaster adaptation and climate resilience with the potential impact on its resources and well-being of settlement areas. Policymakers and other stakeholders are working to address environmental impacts on the coast, but there is still a need for a comprehensive approach to monitor and manage flood impacts. This research has three objectives. The first is to analyze flood frequency events from 2021 to 2023 using multi-temporal satellite image processing from Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). The second is to generate a Coastal Flood Vulnerability Index (CFVI) for floods using a geospatial multi-criteria analysis approach based on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. The third objective is to assess the mitigation strategy for floods in settlement areas based on an integrated analysis of CFVI and stakeholder perception. The research methodology uses a multi-criteria analysis regarding settlement areas and ranking each component by expert opinion in an equation derived from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report at district level. The CFVI indices rely on secondary data acquisition from national and global datasets or referenced works. Interviews were conducted to better understand the stakeholder’s perspectives that are at a strategic or governing level, and to evaluate the existence of flood early-warning and other adaptation capabilities. A flood mitigation strategy is then suggested for the most vulnerable district by CFVI score.

Version [1.2]- [pyrepo-mcda - Reference Objects based MCDA Software Package

This paper presents an update of the pyrepo-mcda Python package, providing a broad set of multi-criteria methods and methods supporting decision analysis, such as determining compromise rankings, criteria weights, distance metrics, and performing sensitive analysis. The pyrepo-mcda package was extended with the Vector Measure Construction Method (VMCM). This update expands the scope of multi-criteria analysis approaches offered by the proposed package. Several features of the VMCM method, such as considering non-typical objects, the possibility of individual defining patterns, and classifying evaluated objects, are sought by decision-makers in many decision-making problems, especially sustainability assessment.

Sustainable Leachate Treatment Plant System at Landfill Site: A Multicriteria Analysis Approach

Leachate generated from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill may cause various negative impacts, therefore it should be treated properly in a Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP). The paper aims to select a more sustainable LTP system in Indonesia by applying Analytic Network Process (ANP) as multicriteria analysis approach. 5 alternative LTP systems were analyzed using 5 criteria namely economic, environmental, social, technical, and institutional capacity with a total of 25 sub-criteria. Total 36 respondents from municipality staffs, academics, professionals, and LTP operators were interviewed by adopting pair wise comparison. The results from Driving Dependence Power Analysis (DDPA) showed that sub-criteria for operating costs (E2), maintenance costs (E3), processing effectiveness (T1) and monitoring needs (T3) have the highest dependence power value. Sub-criteria of the operational cost (E2) and the availability of regulations (K2) have the highest driving power value. Main considerations for selecting LTP system at a final disposal site by respondents were economic criteria (weight 0.3219) and water protection sub-criteria (L2, weight 0.17). Top priority of the technology chosen by respondents were Alternative#1 consist of Anaerobic, Facultative and Maturation ponds and Biofilter.

Status pengelolaan perikanan tongkol yang berbasis di PPP Pasongsongan Sumenep, Jawa Timur : suatu pendekatan ekosistem

Introduction: The increase in the purse seine fishing fleet and the decline in tuna production will have an impact on the decline in CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) per year. The CPUE trend that continues to decline every year is feared to have a negative impact on fish resource stocks and even the tendency of overfishing. Therefore, to overcome the existing problems, an integrated approach to fisheries management is needed through the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). This study aims to assess the status and formulate management actions for tuna fisheries based in the Pasongsongan Coastal Fishing Port (PPP), Sumenep Regency. Methods: The types and sources of data used in this research are primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through survey and observation methods. Interviews were conducted with 40 randomly selected purse seine fishermen respondents, as well as 1 employee of the Sumenep District Fisheries Office. Secondary data were collected through existing data such as tuna catch, number of trips, number of purse seine fleets, fish prices. Analysis was conducted through an indicator approach using the Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) approach. Results: The results of the analysis show that the institutional domain shows a very good status, while for the domains of fish resources, fishing techniques, and social with good status, then the economic domain has a moderate status. Conclusion: Based on these indicators, the management status of tuna resources based in the Pasongsongan Coastal Fishing Port is generally in good condition.

GIS-based multicriteria and artificial neural network (ANN) investigation for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability and pollution hazard in the Braga shallow aquifer (Central Tunisia): A critical review of generic and modified DRASTIC models

Groundwater vulnerability and pollution hazard in the Braga shallow aquifer were assessed through an integrated GIS-based multicriteria analysis and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach, using DRASTIC and DRASTIC-LU models. The DRASTIC model integrates seven geological parameters. The DRASTIC-LU model includes an eighth parameter in addition to the previous ones. This parameter is the land use that represents the human source of groundwater pollution. The DRASTIC map showed four classes: very low (12.06%), low (81.88%), moderate (5.16%) and high (0.9%), where the vulnerability index ranged between 43 and 159. The DRASTIC-LU vulnerability index ranged between 53 and 204 and showed five classes: very low (3.10%), low (14.06%), moderate (17.11%), high (27.08%) and very high (38.65%). The DRASTIC-LU vulnerability map indicated that the high pollution risk is imposed by the intensive vegetable cultivation and the domestic wastewater. The pollution hazard index (PHI) was calculated based on the ANN modelling, using the land-use as an input and the vulnerability as a hidden layer. The DRASTIC model-based PHI map showed six classes: rare hazard (8.6%), very low (30.97%), low (6.18%), moderate (51.45%), high (2.43%) and very high (0.37%). While, The DRASTIC-LU model-based PHI map (PHILU) showed seven classes: rare hazard (2.91%), very low (11.9%), low (12.33%), moderate (13.78%), high (9.23%), very high (15.46%) and extremely hazardous (34.39%). The validation of these maps indicated that the DRSTIC-LU-based PHI is more reliable as it accurately identifies the hazardous zones.

Insights into large landslide mechanisms in tectonically active Agadir, Morocco: The significance of lithological, geomorphological, and soil characteristics

Landslide susceptibility assessment is crucial for land use planning, infrastructure development, and hazard mitigation, particularly in tectonically active regions where lithology and soil characteristics significantly influence slope stability. This study aims to evaluate landslide susceptibility in the Agadir Ida-Ou-Tanane province, a tectonically active area, using a hierarchical multicriteria analysis approach. Eight factors influencing landslide occurrence were considered: lithology, slope, LULC, distance to main faults, hypsometry, drainage density, road density, and aspect. Pairwise comparison matrices and expert opinion were employed to determine the relative importance of these factors. The consistency ratio (CR) was calculated to ensure the reliability of the judgments. The resulting landslide susceptibility map reveals a spatial distribution ranging from very low to very high susceptibility zones. Lithology, mainly clay, and limestone formations, emerged as the most influential factor due to the active tectonic context of the study area. The model was validated using observed landslide locations and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) method, yielding a reasonable validation accuracy. The findings indicate that integrating these factors, with a particular emphasis on lithology and soil characteristics, effectively identifies areas prone to landslides, making the resulting map a valuable tool for land use planning and risk management in the Agadir Ida-Ou-Tanane region. This study contributes to understanding landslide susceptibility in tectonically active areas and provides a practical foundation for future research and decision-making. Regularly monitoring and updating the landslide susceptibility map is necessary to ensure its continued relevance and utility for stakeholders.

The European Union’s Energy Policy Efforts Regarding Emission Reduction in Cities—A Method Proposal

Decisions regarding waste and emission management systems are subject to many sustainability criteria, including environmental, social, and economic criteria. The problem is the multidimensionality of the energy transformation and its reading from different perspectives. This article aims to assess the effectiveness of the municipal energy policy. The VIKOR multicriteria analysis approach to modeling and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation were chosen for the method. The approach made it possible to create a ranking and choose a compromise solution. The analyses were carried out for four areas of intervention (ETS tariffs), in which a set of four general criteria and twelve specific criteria were distinguished, and based on the weights assigned, rankings were created highlighting the activities that have the greatest impact on low emission in urban areas. Based on the analyses, it was found that the most significant impact on reducing emissions in urban areas has led to decisions to increase investments in renewable energy sources and promote the reduction in household energy consumption.