Multi-channel Protocol Research Articles

A Multi-Channel Data Simulator Based on the Time Unification System

In satellite and airborne electro-optical tracking systems, there are numerous processing devices and complex data flows. To ensure the coordinated operation of the system, the multiple devices within the target system must operate under unified time control for data acquisition, computation, and output. This study introduces a multi-channel data simulator based on a time unification system. The complete simulation system includes the host computer, simulator, target system, and time reference generator. The simulator has programmable input and output interfaces for multi-channel protocols and has storage and real-time working modes. In the storage mode, the simulated data are pre-transmitted to the simulator’s storage and sent to the target system according to the time reference generator. The simulator simultaneously stores the target system results. In the real-time mode, the host computer generates simulated data based on the target system’s results and outputs the data through the simulator in real time. The main contribution of the simulator is that it achieves system-level closed-loop simulation and completes the functional and performance verification of the target system. Through experimental verification, it is found that the simulator can achieve 4.2 Gbps of simulated data transmission and 1.6 Gbps of data reception and storage, with a closed-loop delay of 39.9 µs.

Demonstrating Redundancy Advantages of a Three-Channel Communication Protocol

Multi-Channel communications have the potential to provide advantages in security and redundancy. One widespread example of additional security is the use of 2 Factor Authentication wherein an authorization code is sent via a separate channel. As another example, spread spectrum technology offers resilience against channel interference. However, no currently deployed communication protocols take advantage of the full spectrum of security and performance gains that can be obtained through transmitting data over multiple channels. Taking inspiration from Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) and their use of data striping and mirroring, a secure multi-channel communication protocol was developed that is able to have greater security than an equivalent single channel system while also having greater resiliency against data corruption, therefore requiring fewer, if any, retransmissions than a single channel system when operating in a low availability environment. This approach admittedly comes with significant overhead, both in the use of additional channels and the need for additional processing. Whether the security and availability gains are worth the costs is an open question, with specific answers highly dependent on the particular applications. A specific multi-channel communication protocol, with three independent channels, and incorporating duplication on the bit level, was built and exercised within the OMNeT++ simulation environment in order to examine specific aspects of performance and security of the protocol. This exercise demonstrates that a secure multi-channel protocol operates with less latency than an equivalent single channel system when experiencing less than 50% channel corruption due to adversarial injection, resulting in reduced data loss and need for re-transmissions.

Improved Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a potential technology to enhance the ability and availability of wireless networks. WMN consists of wireless mesh routers and terminals connected by wireless multi-hop communication. Besides, in WMN, each wireless node owns many interfaces, and each interface operates on many channels. However, effectively using multiple orthogonal channels and multiple interfaces to increase the performance of WMN and decrease the radio link transmission interference is of significant challenge. In this paper, we consider routing issues in WMN. Then, we proposed an on-demand routing protocol, adaptive multi-channel multi-interface operation, improved from the AODV protocol. This protocol is capable of effectively managing communication in the WMN and limited effects of co-channel interference. The simulation results on NS2 show that our proposed protocol improves throughput, delay and packet delivery rate compared to existing traditional protocols.

Blockchain Towards Prioritization-Based Distributed Storage of Big Data for Internet of Vehicles

This paper proposes a prioritization-based distributed storage of big data processing application in Internet of Vehicle (IoV) system. Designing a scalable, high-performance big data distributed storage system for IoV, an advanced data-processing system for car services. The novel contribution focused on developing vehicular multi-channel control protocol that control the prioritization of services, according to bit rate, transmit power, speed, inter-vehicle distance. The proposed scheme can achieve higher performance in IoV storage system. Index Terms- IoV, sensor fusion, distributed storage, prioritization, edge computing, cloud computing.

Idler-free multi-channel discrimination via multipartite probe states

The characterisation of Quantum Channel Discrimination (QCD) offers critical insight for future quantum technologies in quantum metrology, sensing and communications. The task of multi-channel discrimination creates a scenario in which the discrimination of multiple quantum channels can be equated to the idea of pattern recognition, highly relevant to the tasks of quantum reading, illumination and more. Although the optimal quantum strategy for many scenarios is an entangled idler-assisted protocol, the extension to a multi-hypothesis setting invites the exploration of discrimination strategies based on unassisted, multipartite probe states. In this work, we expand the space of possible quantum-enhanced protocols by formulating general classes of unassisted multi-channel discrimination protocols which are not assisted by idler modes. Developing a general framework for idler-free protocols, we perform an explicit investigation in the bosonic setting, studying prominent Gaussian channel discrimination problems for real-world applications. Our findings uncover the existence of strongly quantum advantageous, idler-free protocols for the discrimination of bosonic loss and environmental noise. This circumvents the necessity for idler assistance to achieve quantum advantage in some of the most relevant discrimination settings, significantly loosening practical requirements for prominent quantum-sensing applications.

A Review of Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are witnessing a momentum spread especially with the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Indeed, WSNs are considered as the main enabling infrastructure for IoT networks. Nowadays, the emerging WSNs applications require not only long network lifespan but also considerably high data rate. Consequently, conceiving Multichannel MAC protocols that save the scarceenergy budget of sensor nodes while providing high network throughput is crucial for the emerging WSNs applications. In this paper, a thorough review of recent multichannel MAC protocols is provided along with a classification framework to deeply understand the design aspects for each protocol.

A new approach to radiochromic film dosimetry based on non-local means

Radiochromic film in conjunction with flatbed scanners are frequently employed as dosimeters for advanced techniques in radiotherapy. Their strengths are as follows: light element composition, low energy dependence, near biological tissue equivalence and high spatial resolution. However, they have some weaknesses as well: non-uniformities, read out noise, and scanning artifacts. Several processing protocols have been proposed intending to correct the perturbations these weaknesses produce. The aim of this paper is to present a new processing protocol for radiochromic film dosimetry based on a non-local means denoising algorithm. Three dose distributions of open square fields and a spatial combination of these fields using different angles of incidence and monitor units have been employed to validate the protocol. The dose distributions are traceable to ionization chamber measurements. Additionally, a real dose distribution of a treatment was used to simulate scanning data with noise and scanning lateral artifact, and to study how the protocol behaves under these perturbations. The same measured raw data have been processed by means of an implementation of the multichannel protocol (multigaussian method). It has been found that the proposed protocol reduces dose uncertainty even though it uses fewer scans than the multichannel protocol.

Neuron Blockchain Algorithm for Legal Problems in Inheritance of Legacy

This paper discusses the worldwide trend of aging as the lifespan of humans increases. Nonetheless, most people do not write wills, which results in many legal problems after their death. There are many reasons for this including the problem of the validity of their heritage possibly not being legally certified. Wills can be divided into two categories, i.e., testimony and documents. A lawyer in the middle should notarize them, however, instead of providing these notarized services, we propose more transparent algorithms, blockchain shading, and smart country functions. Architectures are designed based on a neural network, the blockchain deep neural network (DNN), and deep neural network-based units are built with a necessary artificial neural network (ANN) base. A heritage inherited blockchain architecture is designed to communicate between nodes based on the minimum distance algorithm and multichannel protocol. In addition, neurons refer to the nerve cells that make up the nervous system of an organism, and artificial neurons are an abstraction of the functions of dendrite, soma, and axon that constitute the neurons of an organism. Similar to the neurons in organisms, artificial neural algorithms such as the depth-first search (DFS) algorithm are expressed in pseudocode. In addition, all blockchain nodes are equipped with verified nodes. A research model is proposed for an artificial network blockchain that is needed for this purpose. The experimental environment builds the server and network environments based on deep neural networks that require verification. Weights are also set for the required verification and performance. This paper verifies the blockchain algorithm equipped with this non-fiction preprocessor function. We also study the blockchain neuron engine that can safely construct a block node for a suicide blockchain. After empirical testing of the will system with artificial intelligence and blockchain, the values are close to 2 and 10 and the distribution is good. The blockchain node also tested 50 nodes more than 150 times, and we concluded that it was suitable for actual testing by completing a demonstration test with 4500 TPS.

A System State Aware Switched-Multichannel Protocol for Energy Harvesting CRNs

In this paper, we propose a novel system state aware multichannel protocol for energy harvesting cognitive radio networks (EH-CRNs). In contrast with the state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed scheme jointly accounts for the primary users traffic characteristics as well as the instantaneous channel state over a particular channel. Our analysis demonstrates that the channel state is a critical parameter for both transmission and harvesting. The proposed protocol, depending on the states of multiple channels and its data transmission versus energy harvesting priority, intelligently decides whether to enter transmission mode over a channel or harvesting mode over a potentially different channel, and the corresponding time duration. Further, exploiting the temporal correlation present in channel and also the PU traffic characteristics, the proposed protocol computes the inter-sensing interval instead of sensing the channel in every time slot, thereby enhancing the energy efficiency. Our numerical results, verified through extensive event-driven simulations, demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers an energy efficiency gain as high as 1.36 times over its nearest competitive approach.

LISA: Visible light based initialization and SMS based authentication of constrained IoT devices

Future healthcare systems, smart homes, power managementsystems will all involve a large number of smart inter-connected wireless devices (such as wireless sensor and IoT nodes). One of the major challenges to securing these systems presents loading initial cryptographic credentials into a relatively large number of wireless devices. This challenge is further aggravated by the fact that many of these technologies and systems involve low-cost and highly interface constrained devices — lacking usual wired interfaces, displays, keypads, and alike.In this paper we propose two novel multichannel key deployment schemes for wireless (sensor) networks, LISA and LISAT, that only require a presence of a light source device, such as a multi-touch screen, tablet or a smartphone device. Both key deployment schemes are secret key-based multichannel protocols and are suitable for interface/resource constrained wireless devices. We use one-way visible light channel (VLC) of multitouch screens (the flashing displays) to initialize sensor devices in a secure, usable and scalable way. More interestingly, LISAT protocol is suited for initialization of geographically remote devices via a trusted third party device. We provide formal analysis of the proposed protocols using the automated verification tool. From the user’s perspective of protocol execution, device initialization is quite simple as user simply places the devices on the top of the multitouch screen after which the remaining process is fully automatized. Indeed, through the experiments with 34 users we showed that our solution is user-friendly and has a good performance concerning the time consumption.

Adaptive and Beacon-based multi-channel protocol for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a novel protocol for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN), which is called Adaptive and Beacon-based Multi-Channel Protocol (ABMP), and combines multi-channel communication, real-time link quality estimation, and dynamic channel allocation, to deal with the problems that affect the link quality in industrial environments. A hybrid channel diversity mechanism is employed, in which the beacon frames are transmitted using channel hopping, and the unicast data packets are transmitted using channel adaptation. The network dynamically allocates the channels to deal with temporal and spatial variations in the channel quality. Referring to ABMP, the end-nodes do not need to receive all the beacons to maintain the communication. As demonstrated in this paper, the proposed approach makes the network more robust against problems related to the beacon reception. The ABMP has been compared to the protocols TSCH, and CSMA/CA for networks with the star and the tree topologies, using theoretical and simulation studies, with a realistic channel model for the IWSN. The results indicate that the proposed protocol presents a better performance in comparison to the MAC protocols defined by the new standards for IWSN, in terms of packet delivery rate, delay, and determinism.

A comparison of interval division methods in adaptive IEEE 802.11p–based multi-channel medium access control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks, which organize communications between vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructures, have played an important role in providing safe transportation and info...

A Joint Multi-Path and Multi-Channel Protocol for Traffic Routing in Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks.

In order to improve the management mechanisms of the electric energy transport infrastructures, the smart grid networks have associated data networks that are responsible for transporting the necessary information between the different elements of the electricity network and the control center. Besides, they make possible a more efficient use of this type of energy. Part of these data networks is comprised of the Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs), which are responsible for interconnecting the different smart meters and other possible devices present at the consumers’ premises with the control center. Among the proposed network technologies for NANs, wireless technologies are becoming more relevant due to their flexibility and increasing available bandwidth. In this paper, some general modifications are proposed for the routing protocol of the wireless multi-hop mesh networks standardized by the IEEE. In particular, the possibility of using multiple paths and transmission channels at the same time, depending on the quality of service needs of the different network traffic, is added. The proposed modifications have been implemented in the ns-3 simulator and evaluated in situations of high traffic load. Simulation results show improvements in the network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and network transit time.

RTMCH: real-time multichannel MAC for wireless video sensor networks

Exclusive benefits gained by using the image and video sensors in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), make the Wireless Video Sensor Networks (WVSNs), design and development of their structures, a trending topic. The main challenges of WSNs which are more critical in WVSNs are throughput and end-to-end delay. The radio transceivers recently used in WSN motes can work on different channels with very low switching time. Therefore, many multichannel protocols are proposed to improve the efficiency and throughput and decrease the packet drop rate of the network. Proposed algorithms rarely provide a particular solution to the end-to-end problem. Such delays are necessary parameters in real-time applications. In this paper a real-time multichannel protocol called RTMCH is suggested to address the end-to-end delay of a stream in WVSN. A flow-based channel assignment strategy is used for this purpose. Orthogonal channels are assigned to each flows based on many-to-one data-flow to minimize the contention and collision between different flows. Transmission power is a parameter that can be controlled to achieve desired link quality and to control link delay. Channel assignment problem aligns to a constrained optimization problem to make the specified end-to-end delay of each flow. A channel assignment and real-time packet forwarding scheme are then presented. Simulation results based on realistic channel and radio model shows that the RTMCH can efficiently use multiple channels and transmission power to meet specified end-to-end delay. The results also show better performance for RTMCH over a recent real-time protocol and basic multichannel schemes.

DESIGNING A MAINTENANCE FREE MULTI-CHANNEL WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK PROTOCOL

Wireless sensors are low powered device that is scattered to monitor its surroundings. These energy-constrained devices are usually constructed in a hierarchical structured manner where after sometime some of the nodes may deplete energy resulting disruption of the routing topology in a wireless sensor network. A faulty parent node may cause the reconstruction of the network’s routing topology if a maintenance solution is not provided to the protocol. Thus this study focuses on the maintenance free environment for a multi-channel wireless sensor network. A tree-based solution is proposed for the multi-channel protocol and a route diversion is proposed for the maintenance solution. The multi-channel characteristics is used as a tool to determine the route diversion of the children node. A simulation is built to compare the proposed protocol with existing tree-based multi-channel protocol. The result of the proposed protocol shows an improvement to the packet delivery rate by 15%.

Multi-channel medium access control protocols: review and comparison

Multi-Channel networks has been widely implemented and used in wired domain. The use of multi-channel provides increased network performance by efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth. The notion of multi-channels in wireless domain isn't as mature as their wired counterparts are. In past, many protocols have been invented using the concept of multi-channels in wireless domain. In this paper, all these major techniques has been presented, discussed and compared with respect to medium access control (MAC) methods of these techniques and protocols.

Multi-Channel Distributed DSA Networks: Connectivity and Rendezvous Tradeoffs

In this paper, we investigate and characterize the effects of multi-channel and rendezvous protocols on the connectivity of dynamic spectrum access networks using percolation theory. In particular, we focus on the scenario where the secondary nodes have plenty of vacant channels to choose from a phenomenon which we define as channel abundance. To cope with the existence of multi-channel, we use two types of rendezvous protocols: naive ones which do not guarantee a common channel and advanced ones which do. We show that, with more channel abundance, even with the use of either type of rendezvous protocols, it becomes difficult for two nodes to agree on a common channel, thereby, potentially remaining invisible to each other. We model this invisibility as a Poisson thinning process and show that invisibility is even more pronounced with channel abundance. Following the disk graph model, we represent the multiple channels as parallel edges in a graph and build a multi-layered graph (MLG) in $\boldsymbol {\mathcal {R}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ . In order to study the connectivity, we show how percolation occurs in the MLG by coupling it with a typical discrete percolation. Using a Boolean model and the MLG, we study both cases of primaries’ absence and presence. For both cases, we define and characterize connectivity of the secondary network in terms of the available number of channels, deployment densities, number of simultaneous transmissions per node, and communication range. When primary users are absent, we derive the critical number of channels which maintains super-criticality of the secondary network. When primary users are present, we characterize and analyze the connectivity for all the regions: channel abundance, optimal, and channel deprivation. For each region we show the requirement and the outcome of using either type of rendezvous techniques. Moreover, we find the tradeoff between deployment-density versus rendezvous probability which results in a connected network. Our results can be used to decide on the goodness of any channel rendezvous algorithm by computing the expected resultant connectivity. They also provide a guideline for achieving connectivity using minimal resources.

A Simulation Model for Industrial Multi-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks

The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in industrial environments is subject to problems, such as shadowing and fading. In addition, the wireless channel in many industrial environments is non-stationary for a long term, which can cause abrupt changes in the characteristics of the channel over time. A way to deal with those problems is the use of multi-channel protocols. However, it is difficult to evaluate, and compare different approaches because there is no reliable simulation model for industrial environments. This paper presents experimental results that characterize the wireless channel in industrial environments, and proposes a simulation model that captures the effects of fading, shadowing, and the non-stationary characteristics of the channel. It also considers the differences in the behavior of the different channels, and the asymmetry of the links. The model was integrated into the open source simulator Castalia. After the integration, two simulation studies were performed with the proposed model. In the first one, the Tree-based Multi-Channel Protocol was implemented and evaluated, and a comparison was made with the default model from Castalia. In the second case, CSMA/CA protocol, as defined in IEEE 802.15.4 standard, was compared to a protocol based on Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE 802.15.4e standard. The results showed that the use of TDMA and channel hopping is an alternative to deal with the problems of wireless channels in industrial environments.

A REVIEW: IMPROVED NETWORK MONITORING AND ANALYSIS BY MULTI-CHANNEL PACKET-ANALYSIS SYSTEM (MPAS)

Today we are seeing that computer networks are increasing in their sizes very rapidly. Number of its user increased in past few years and traffic flows in networks also increased, so it’s very important to monitor networks traffic as well as its user’s activities to keep the network smooth and efficient. For complex network it’s very tough task to maintain and monitor the network. For this purpose packet sniffing is used. Packet sniffing is important in network monitoring to watch network activities which help network administrators to find out problems. Previous paper[8] focuses on packet sniffer working in different environments, Behavior of already existing sniffer; their problems and challenges while performing sniffing. To accomplish monitoring task, a tool is developed which will remove deficiencies of existing tool. By using this packet sniffer we can capture traffic as well as analyze captured traffic. We can generate reports on the basis of analyzed traffic. Alerts generated on the occurring of suspected activities. In this paper , We present a multi-channel packet-analysis system (MPAS) that helps in debugging and verification for multi-channel protocols or applications. By using MPAS we will reduce the packet loss ratio.

Characterization of noise and digitizer response variability in radiochromic film dosimetry. Impact on treatment verification

PurposeTo study how noise and scanner response variability affect radiochromic film dosimetry. MethodsFive treatment plans were analyzed in this work with two different multichannel protocols: the multichannel algorithm of Mayer et al. and the efficient protocol of Lewis et al. Results and conclusionThe multichannel protocol of Mayer et al. is not able to compensate variability in scanner response, which is an important issue for radiochromic film dosimetry. The efficient protocol compensates variations of scanner response, so dose values and gamma scores become more accurate and reproducible. The compensation of digitizer scan variability of the efficient protocol, together with time averaging improve radiochromic film dosimetry. Noise is related to selected resolution in the scanner, our results show that if high resolution measurements are required, de-noising should be considered.