Multi-interface Multi-channel Research Articles

Mobility-prediction and energy optimization for multi-channel multi-interface ad hoc networks in the presence of location errors

We present a mobility-prediction and energy optimization solution for multi-channel multi-interface (MCMI) ad hoc networks in the presence of location errors. This solution includes routing of the MCMI communication links that adapt to dynamic channel, traffic conditions, interference and mobility of nodes. We start first with implementing a novel cross-layer routing solution in order to share information between network and MAC layer, the benefit of this technique is to collect information about the channel quality and residual energy of the nodes and send them directly to the network layer. Next, we present a mobility-prediction model using Kalman filter to predict accurate locations and enhance routing performance, through estimating link duration and selecting reliable routes. The performance of proposed mechanism is measured using NS2.35 simulations with different scenarios and varying load in a network. Comparative analysis of simulation results shows better performance of our protocol (ME-MCMI AODV) in terms of reducing end-to-end delay, total dropped packets and increasing network lifetime and packet delivery ratio (PDR).

A Routing and Interface Assignment Algorithm for Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we present a routing and interface assignment algorithm for multi-channel multi-interface (MCMI) wireless ad hoc networks. An MCMI network consists of nodes that have more than one interface, and more than one channel available for transmission. The proposed algorithm takes into account both the number of hops between the source to the destination nodes, and the effects of adjacent hop interference. The algorithm has two decoupled steps: route selection and interface assignment. The step of route selection finds the path that has the minimum lower bound among all possible routes between the source and the destination while the step of interface assignment assigns an interface to a channel on each hop on that path. The interface assignment is based on the use of the Viterbi algorithm. The use of decoupled steps makes the algorithm computationally efficient, while the use of the lower bound metrics in route selection and the Viterbi algorithm in interface assignment helps improving the global optimality of the routing. Computer simulation and examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed technique. Comparisons are made to other existing routing techniques in the area of dynamical spectrum access.

An enhanced multiinterface multichannel algorithm for high quality live video streaming over hybrid WMNs

Recently, providing live video streaming over hybrid wireless mesh networks (WMNs) has been of great interest. In this kind of network, most of the users usually move with low speed and always keep their connections within the network by attaching to different mesh routers (MRs). When evaluating a mesh technology, it is important to pay special attention to this kind of device as it is mostly handled by thenal user. These devices, known as STA nodes, neither run a routing protocol nor perform forwarding operations. Although our proposed distributed locator service in GREENIE makes hybrid WMNs more efficient for supporting STA nodes, video distortion increases when the number of them sharply augments. In order to address this problem, we equip MRs with an efficient multiinterface multichannel (MIMC) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is an engineering solution that completely considers the channel status and its queue length. Moreover, it is cost effective and simple in its implementation without imposing unnecessary complexity on the network. Simulation results using OMNET++ show that all the tested routing protocols, and GREENIE in particular, efficiently exploit the advantages of the designed MIMC algorithm by improving the video distortion, total capacity of successfully received video packets, number of successfully received video frames, packet delay variation, and end-to-end delay metrics. As a result, better video quality can be provided on STA nodes.

Throughput–Delay Tradeoff for Wireless Multichannel Multi-Interface Random Networks

Capturing throughput-delay tradeoff in wireless networks has drawn considerable attention, as it could bring better usage experience by considering different requirements of throughput/delay demands. Traditional works consider only typical single-channel single-interface networks, whereas multichannel multi-interface (MCMI) networks will become mainstream since they provide concurrent transmissions in different channels, which in turn helps each node to obtain better performance. Unlike previous works, this paper investigates the throughput-delay tradeoff for MCMI random networks. Two queuing systems, i.e., the M/M/m queuing system and the m M/M/1 queuing system, are established for MCMI nodes, and a parameter in routing implementation named routing deviation is also considered in the analytical model. This paper studies concurrent transmission capacity (CTC) using the physical interference model and also explores the impact on CTC of different physical parameters. Moreover, the relations between throughput and delay are achieved using two queuing systems in MCMI random networks respectively. The deterministic results obtained with a group of real network configuration parameters demonstrate that the proposed tradeoff model could be applied to the real network scenarios.

Survey of routing metrics for multi channel multi interface wireless mesh networks

WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks) represent a new trend in wireless communications, providing greater flexibility, reliability and better network performances than standard WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks). Having in mind a need for more efficient and faster data transmission, one of the greatest challenges in designing WMNs is to provide greater throughput. This is done by introducing networks the nodes of which have multiple interfaces that can work on one of multiple channels (the channel is chosen by a predefined algorithm), so-called Multi-Channel Multi-Interface (MCMI) WMNs. In order to provide better network performances, it is necessary to define routing protocols and metrics used to find and select the optimal route from the source to the destination node. Since WMNs are characterised by a high dynamic range of the received signal level, especially when they are realized in complex environments such as indoors, it is necessary to define routing metrics that can follow these fast changes in propagation conditions that occur in each link in the network. This paper presents a critical review of the most well-known routing metrics for MCMI-WMNs. The paper is organised as follows: Introduction In this section, it is pointed that the need for wireless communications is growing in the modern society. Since wireless networks are widely used, the overall wireless communication is greatly increased. In order to provide greater throughput of user data, it is very important to select the optimal route between the source and the destination node. Therefore, a great attention is dedicated to creating an optimal routing protocol and routing metrics. Routing protocols have an important role in finding paths form the source to the destination nodes, and the routing metrics have the task to select the optimal route form multiple routes. Criteria for creating metrics In order to find the optimal metric, it is necessary to define criteria to be taken into account when the metric is formed. These criteria are: interference (intra-flow, inter-flow and external), the amount of information, link load, agility, stability and ability to track rapid changes at every link in the network. In this section, each of the criteria is defined and it is explained what a metric should have in order to satisfy the defined criteria. Overview of the metrics available in the literature In this section, the metrics available in the literature are described. Based on the criteria taken into account, metrics are divided into two categories: hop count metric and link-quality metrics. Link-quality metrics described in this paper are: ETX (Expected Transmission Count), LAETT (Load Aware Expected Transmission Time), EETT (Exclusive Expected Transmission Time), WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time), iAWARE (Interference Aware Routing), MIC (Metric of Interference and Channel-switching), powerETX, powerWCETT, and powerMIC. The rest of this section is organised into the following sub-sections: Hop count metric ETX (Expected Transmission Count) metric LAETT (Load Aware Expected Transmission Time) metric EETT (Exclusive Expected Transmission Time) metric WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) metric iAWARE (Interference Aware Routing) metric MIC (Metric of Interference and Channel-switching) metric powerETX (power Expected Transmission Count) metric powerWCETT (power Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time), and powerMIC (power Metric of Interference and Channel-switching) metrics In each of the sub-sections, a detailed description of a particular metric is given as well as its basic characteristics. The metric forming formulas are given as well. Comparative analysis of the described metrics In this section, the comparative analysis of the previously described metrics is given. Besides, the comparative analysis in the terms of throughput of user data and average end to end delay is provided, based on the results given in the literature. The analysis is performed on six metrics: ETX, WCETT, MIC, powerETX, powerWCETT and powerMIC. The first three metrics are chosen since they are most frequently used in the literature, and the other three metrics are formed based on the first three by introducing a parameter that follows fast changes in the state of each link independently. Conclusion In the final section, the concluding remarks are given. This section represents an overview of the entire paper, as well as the reasons why this subject was chosen as a topic of this paper.

Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Multi-interface Multi-channel Wireless Multi-hop Networks

In this paper, an analytical framework is proposed for the optimization of network performance through joint congestion control, channel allocation, rate allocation, power control, scheduling, and routing with the consideration of fairness in multi-channel wireless multihop networks. More specifically, the framework models the network by a generalized network utility maximization (NUM) problem under an elastic link data rate and power constraints. Using the dual decomposition technique, the NUM problem is decomposed into four subproblems - flow control; next-hop routing; rate allocation and scheduling; power control; and channel allocation - and finally solved by a low-complexity distributed method. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed algorithm significantly improves the network throughput and energy efficiency compared with previous algorithms.

IEEE 802.11s 무선 메쉬 네트워크에서 종단간 대역폭 예약을 위한 멀티 인터페이스 멀티 채널 R-HWMP 라우팅 프로토콜

무선 메쉬 네트워크는 인프라 없이 무선 멀티홉으로 네트워크를 구성해야 하는 환경에서 매우 각광받고 있는 기술로서 현재 IEEE 802.11s 메쉬 네트워크 표준이 제정되었다. 이 표준과 기존 IEEE 802.11과의 큰 차이점 중의 하나는 메쉬 표준에서 QoS를 지원하기 위한 MAC 인 MCCA 가 추가된 것이다. MCCA 는 이웃 노드와의 대역폭 예약을 제공하고 이를 통해 대역폭 보장의 QoS를 만족할 수 있다. 그러나 MCCA 는 종단간 대역폭을 보장할 수 없는 단점이 있고, 또한 표준에서는 메쉬 노드가 멀티 인터페이스, 멀티 채널을 지원하는 경우 대역폭 예약 프로토콜과 무선 채널의 예약 방법 등이 규정되어 있지 않다. 이에 본 논문에서는 싱글 인터페이스에서의 종단간 대역폭 예약을 수행하는 예약 기반의 HWMP 프로토콜(R-HWMP)을 멀티인터페이스, 멀티 채널로 확장한 MIMC R-HWMP를 제안하고, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 멀티 인터페이스를 지원하는 무선 메쉬네트워크에서 종단간 대역폭의 보장과 인터페이스 확장에 따른 가용 대역폭의 증가를 보였다.

Novel power-based routing metrics for multi-channel multi-interface wireless mesh networks

In this paper the problem of selecting optimal paths in a MCMI (Multi-Channel Multi-Interface) WMN (Wireless Mesh Network) is considered. The WMNs are characterized by high dynamic range of the received signal level, especially in the indoor environment. To improve the existing routing metrics and track fast changes that occur in the link state, a corresponding parameter based on the received signal level was assigned to each link. By combining this parameter and known metrics, ETX (Expected Transmission Count), WCETT (Weighted Cumulative ETT) and MIC (Metric of Interference and Channel-switching), three new metrics were formed. All metrics were incorporated in MCR (Multi Channel Routing) protocol and an appropriate propagation model was used for simulations in a real, indoor environment. Proposed metrics, original metrics, MCR protocol, and indoor propagation model were implemented in Glomosim simulator. New metrics were compared against known metrics and also among each other in terms of throughput of user data and average end-to-end delay of the network. The results have shown that proposed metrics significantly outperform original metrics. With this approach, better network performance can be achieved without any additional hardware and with minimal software changes.

A Real Time Video Transmission Routing Protocol in Multi-Interface Multi-Channel Ad Hoc Based on Queue Length and Delay Contraint

Real-time video transmission demands tremendous bandwidth, throughput and strict delay. For transmitting real-time video in the multi-interface multi-channel Ad hoc, firstly, we applied multi-interface multi-channel extension methods to the AOMDV (Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol, and improved extant channel switching algorithm, called MIMC-AOMDV (Multi-Interface Multi-Channel AOMDV) routing protocol. Secondly, we proposed video streaming delay QoS(Quality of Service) constraint and link-quality metrics, which used the multi interface queue’s total used length to get QMMIMC-AOMDV (Quality metric MIMC -AOMDV) routing protocol. The simulations show that the proposed QMMIMC-AOMDV can reduce the frame delay effectively and raise frame decodable rate and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), it is more suitable for real-time video streams.

The capacity of multi‐channel multi‐interface wireless networks with multi‐packet reception and directional antenna

ABSTRACTThe capacity of wireless networks can be improved by the use of multi‐channel multi‐interface (MCMI), multi‐packet reception (MPR), and directional antenna (DA). MCMI can provide the concurrent transmission in different channels for each node with multiple interfaces; MPR offers an increased number of concurrent transmissions on the same channel; DA can be more effective than omni‐DA by reducing interference and increasing spatial reuse. This paper explores the capacity of wireless networks that integrate MCMI, MPR, and DA technologies. Unlike some previous research, which only employed one or two of the aforementioned technologies to improve the capacity of networks, this research captures the capacity bound of the networks with all the aforementioned technologies in arbitrary and random wireless networks. The research shows that such three‐technology networks can achieve at most capacity gain in arbitrary networks and capacity gain in random networks compared with MCMI wireless networks without DA and MPR. The paper also explored and analyzed the impact on the network capacity gain with different , θ, and k‐MPR ability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

전술 애드 혹 네트워크에서 다중 홉 전송을 위한 자원 예약 및 백오프 기법

In multi-interface multi-channel(MIMC) based tactical ad hoc networks, QoS support for required operational capacity is one of the main challenging issues for multi-hop transmissions. To support QoS in such a harsh environment, we propose a novel MAC scheme to minimize multi-hop as well as per-hop delay. The current IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols should contend to reserve the channel resource at every hop by each sender. The every-hop channel contention results in a degradation of end-to-end delay for multi-hop transmissions. The basic idea of our scheme is to make a "multi-hop reservation" at the MAC layer by using the modified RTS frame. It contains additional information such as destination information, packet priority, and hop count, etc. In addition, we differentiate the contention window area according to the packet priority and the number of hops to deliver packets in the predefined allowed latency. Our scheme can minimize the multi-hop delay and support the QoS of the critical data in real time(i.e., VoIP, sensing video data, Video conference between commanders). Our simulation study and numerical analysis show that the proposed scheme outperforms the IEEE 802.11 MAC.

An Efficient Method For Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks With Pulse Coupled Neural Network

Multi cast communication is a key technology for wireless mesh networks. Multicast provides efficient data distribution among a group of nodes, Generally sensor networks and MANETs uses multicast algorithms which are designed to be energy efficient and to achieve optimal route discovery among mobile nodes whereas wireless mesh networks needs to maximize throughput. Here we propose two multicast algorithms: The Level Channel Assignment (LCA) algorithm and the Multi-Channel Multicast (MCM) algorithm to improve the throughput for multichannel sand multi interface mesh networks. The algorithm builds efficient multicast trees by minimizing the number of relay nodes and total hop count distance of the trees. Shortest path computation is a classical combinatorial optimization problem. Neural networks have been used for processing path optimization problem. Pulse Coupled Neural Networks (PCNNS) suffer from high computational cast for very long paths we propose a new PCNN modal called dual source PCNN (DSPCNN) which can improve the computational efficiency two auto waves are produced by DSPCNN one comes from source neuron and other from goal neuron when the auto waves from these two sources meet the DSPCNN stops and then the shortest path is found by backtracking the two auto waves.

Synchronisation-based, multi-channel multi-interface medium access scheme in ad hoc network

Multi-channel multi-interface (MCMI) medium access can provide high-throughput services for wireless ad hoc networks. However, the multi-channel hidden terminal problem and the rendezvous problem must be addressed. This study aims to design a low-cost integrated solution to address the two problems, so as to fully exploit the available wireless interfaces and channels to enhance the network performance, especially the network aggregated throughput. The authors propose a new MCMI synchronisation-based media access control (SMAC) protocol with the operation of two interfaces. Unlike other studies, the authors propose a novel interface classification using a synchronisation interface (SynIF) and a normal interface (NorIF). A synchronisation mechanism and a new channel coordination procedure are operated on SynIF, and data packets can be transmitted on SynIF and NorIF concurrently. All control messages occur only in a variable-length channel coordination window (CCW) on a common control channel. The maximum length of CCW and network throughput are analysed mathematically and the performance of the protocol is validated in ns-2 simulator through comparisons with few other MCMI-MAC protocols. In IEEE 802.11-based multi-interface ad hoc networks, when using MCMI-SMAC, the results show that the network aggregated throughput is enhanced significantly and the protocol overhead is very low.

Implementation and Evaluation of Multichannel Multi-Interface Routing Mechanism with QoS-Consideration for Ad-Hoc Networks

To accommodate real-time multimedia application while satisfying application-level QoS requirements in a wireless ad-hoc network, we need QoS control mechanisms. We proposed a new routing mechanism for a wireless ad-hoc network composed of nodes equipped with multiple network interfaces. By embedding information about channel usage in control messages of OLSRv2, each node obtains a view of topology and bandwidth information of the whole network. Based on the obtained information, a source node determines a logical path with the maximum available bandwidth to satisfy application-level QoS requirements. In this paper, we evaluated feasibility of the proposal through simulation and practical experiments and confirmed that our proposal effectively transferred multimedia packets over a logical path avoiding congested links. The load on a network is well distributed and the network can accommodate more sessions than OLSRv2 and QOLSR.