Multiband Antenna Research Articles

Design and implementation of wideband terahertz on-chip antenna for terahertz frequency application

Microstrip antenna have been adaptable because of their appealing features such as low profile, low weight, and low cost, microstrip antennas have been widely used in modern wireless communication, satellite communication, 2G/3G mobile services, marine or land vehicle navigations (GPS), wireless LAN access, and many small devices embedded with Bluetooth, UWB, Zigbee, DVB, and so on. Confirmability, as well as compatibility with MMIC designs. This paper presented a multi-band antenna for multifunctional wireless message employing a defective ground plane. The antenna is employed in twelve slots in a ground plane, and they function as electronics band gap tuning, allowing us to tune the frequency for a variety of wireless communication applications. The suggested design operates in four bands: 4.6 GHz to 5 GHz, 5.2 GHz to 5.5 GHz, and 5.6 to 6.2 GHz.and 6.5 to 8.9 GHz. The exciting patch, also known as a radiator patch, is made up of a parasitic and rectangular slot, as well as a segregated ground and exciting patch that runs through a FR4 dielectric substrate. The radiation patch and ground are linked by a 0.5 mm hole. A design's structure is concise and straightforward. A proposed antenna has dimensions of 20*24*1.5 mm3 with regard to wavelength 0.30, where 0 is a free space wavelength. The proposed design is appropriate for numerous wireless communication protocols, including WLAN, WiMAX, and X band applications. A proposed antenna has a bandwidth of 61%, a VSWR of 2, a minimum return loss of −20dBi, and a directivity of 7dBi.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-BAND COMPACT MICROSTRIP ANTENNA IN GSM1900/WLAN/WiMAX/DSRC/X-BAND FREQUENCY BANDS FOR VEHICLE APPLICATIONS

This study focuses the design and analysis of a compact, multi-band microstrip patch antenna for wireless communications operations. The design antenna exhibits distinct quad resonance frequency bands I from 1.879 GHz to 1.986 GHz, II from 3.1 GHz to 3.87 GHz, and III from 4.97 GHz to 6.515 GHz, IV from 7.26 GHz to 8.6 GHz, which covers GSM 1.900 GHz, WLAN (5.2/5.8 GHz), DSRC 5.9 GHz and WiMAX (3.5/5.5 GHz) bands. In addition, it can also support the X-band from 7.26 to 8.6 GHz. The antenna is designed on an inexpensive substrate of FR4 with dimensions of 36(L) × 25(W) mm2 and consists of two branches of curved strips for a quad-band response. The antenna is designed and analyzed using electromagnetic 3D computer simulation software. The designed antenna can provide advantages in GSM/WLAN/WiMAX/DSRC/X-band satellite applications for vehicle communication with four resonant frequency bands, nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristics, and acceptable gain.

Gain Enhancement of Metamaterial-Inspired Multiband Antenna for Wireless Applications

In this project, a metamaterial-inspired multiband antenna with a size of 32 × 22 × 1.6 mm3 is designed on FR4 dielectric material that operates at eight wireless standards with gain enhancement application. The antenna has electrical dimension of 0.2581 λ × 0.1775 λ × 0.0129 λ (32 × 22 × 1.6 mm3), at a lower resonant frequency of 2.42 GHz. The proposed design has slots with Quasi CSRR (complementary split ring resonator) and SRR (split ring resonator) cell, respectively. Antenna achieves octa-band resonant modes for IoT and wireless applications S-band WLAN, bottom C-band WAIC, WLAN, bottom X-band, superior X-band, bottom Ku-band, superior Ku-band and bottom K band with optimized radiation properties. By the implementation of the proposed frequency selective surface (FSS) with design, antenna gain is improved for the resonant bands.

Low-Profile Meander Line Multiband Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Applications with SAR Analysis

In this work, we propose a novel multiband meander line antenna that can operate at three different frequency bands and offer suitable performance for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The net geometry of the antenna is 36 × 30 × 1.524 mm3. The proposed low-profile antenna is analytically modeled and designed in full wave ANSYS HFSS using Rogers TMM4 as the substrate, followed by in-lab prototyping. The designed antenna resonates at 4.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz and maintains positive gain, efficiency, and acceptable specific absorption rates at each resonant band. The effectiveness of the antenna for WBAN applications is demonstrated using an in-lab manufactured phantom. The fabrication process of the phantom is described, and dielectric characterization of the phantom mimicking different human tissue layers is presented. Considering results with and without human body phantoms available in the full wave ANSYS HFSS tool, a comparative analysis between simulated and measured antenna parameters concludes this work. Both the simulated and measured results show good agreement.

Quad-Band Uniformly Spaced Array Antenna Using Diverse Patch and Fractal Antennas

Multi-band antennas have received significant interest because they can support multiple wireless communication services with a single antenna. However, an array antenna consisting of these element antennas can suffer from non-periodic arrangement due to the irregular sizes of the elements. In this paper, various shapes of patch antennas with fractal antennas are used to ensure the periodic arrangement of the array antenna, and antenna array incorporated with a feed network is proposed. Four different antenna arrays operating at 2.45/3.7/4.3/5.0 GHz are aggregated in an antenna with interleaved disposition of the different element antennas. It is observed that mutual couplings between two elements are sufficiently low, at less than −23 dB. Peak antenna gain ranging from 11.1 dBi to 14.4 dBi at the four different bands is obtained.

Pre-Design of Multi-Band Planar Antennas by Artificial Neural Networks

In this communication, artificial neural networks are used to estimate the initial structure of a multiband planar antenna. The neural networks are trained on a set of selected normalized multiband antennas characterized by time-efficient modal analysis with limited accuracy. Using the Deep Learning Toolbox in Matlab, several types of neural networks have been created and trained on the sample planar multiband antennas. In the neural network learning process, suitable network types were selected for the design of these antennas. The trained networks, depending on the desired operating bands, will select the appropriate antenna geometry. This is further optimized using Newton’s method in HFSS. The use of the neural pre-design concept speeds up and simplifies the design of multiband planar antennas. The findings presented in this paper will be used to refine and accelerate the design of planar multiband antennas.

A Hybrid Fractal Metamaterial Antenna for Wireless Applications with Gain Enhancement

In this paper, a metamaterial-loaded hybrid fractal multiband antenna, using Moore and Koch curves regarding wireless standards, is presented. The antenna has an electrical dimension of 0.344 λ × 0.257 λ × 0.0187 λ (29.5 × 22 × 1.6 mm3) at 3.5 GHz and is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate. The structure resonates at multiple frequencies, i.e. 3.5, 4.41, 5.8, 8.26, 10.48, 13.35 and 14.42 GHz with appropriate impedance matching (S11 ≤ −10 dB) and achieves the peak gains 1.98, 2.38, 2.62, 3.91, 2.24, 3.28 and 4.11 dBi, respectively. The comparison of the simulated and measured results shows a good agreement. The frequency selective surface (FSS) is fabricated and tested. FSS is implemented with the antenna structure to enhance the antenna gain at achieved operating bands.

Suppression of Common-Mode Resonance in Multiband Base Station Antennas

5G demands a significant increment in the number of connected devices. As a result, gNodeBs are constantly pushed to serve more spectrum and smaller sectors. These increased capacity demands are met by using multiband antennas in base stations. One of the key challenges with multiband antennas is the pattern distortions due to the presence of other surrounding antenna element structures. This work provides a novel approach to address the challenge of pattern distortion in the lower frequency band 690-960 MHz due to common-mode (CM) currents in the high- frequency-band antenna element operating in the 1810-2690 MHz band. A common-mode suppression circuit is integrated with the impedance matching network of the high-band antenna element to reduce these common-mode currents. The experimental results verified that the common-mode suppression circuit reduces the common-mode currents at low-band frequencies by moving the common-mode resonance frequency outside the low frequency band, resulting in cleaner low-band patterns meeting pattern specifications.

Fabrication of the double-layer millimeter wave frequency selective surface by femtosecond laser

With the rapid development of communication technology, frequency selective surface (FSS) operating at higher frequencies is required and it is necessary to design and fabricate new FSS. In this paper, a broadband double-layer FSS is proposed which is composed of one layer of foam, two metal layers, and four layers of substrate. The simulation result shows that a high transmission in the band of 60.03–89.33 GHz (covering the E band) with a relative bandwidth up to 29 % is achieved. In addition, the effects of the key structural parameters, oblique incidence angle, and TE/TM polarization on the transmission performance are further explored. The results indicate that the proposed FSS has good oblique incidence angular stability and polarization insensitivity up to 60°. Finally, the proposed FSS is fabricated by the femtosecond laser and measured by the waveguide method. Experimental results show that the machined sample has high precision and the machining error is within 1 µm, and good agreement between the simulated and measured results is observed. Therefore, the proposed FSS could be used as spatial filters or sub-reflectors of multiband antennas and the corresponding processing method could be extended to other millimeter wave functional devices, such as absorbers, radomes, etc.

CPW Fractal Antenna with Third Iteration of Pentagonal Sierpinski Gasket Island for 3.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.2 GHz WLAN Applications

Nowadays, the compact and multiband antennas are typically required for personal communication devices in the continuously developing wireless communication industry. The fractal antenna with the third iteration of the pentagonal Sierpinski gasket island for WiMAX and WLAN applications is presented in this work. It starts with the fundamental design of the square patch (Antenna A1) and pentagonal patch (Antenna A2). This simulation work is done using CST Microwave Studio simulation studio by applying the concept of the zero, first, second and third fractal iteration. Then, it goes on to use the fractal geometry concept of the Sierpinski gasket island structure with three designs step. The designs consist of the first iteration (Antenna B1), second iteration (Antenna B2) and third iteration (Antenna B3) of fractal geometry. The simulation work of Antenna B3 is compared with the fabrication work of the same design. After that, the measurement of the Antenna B3 is done in laboratory with - 29.55 dB at 3.41 GHz and - 20.40 dB at 5.28 GHz for its operating frequencies with bandwidth of 3.52 GHz and 5.48 GHz, respectively. At targeting 3.5 GHz WiMAX, 5.2 GHz WLAN application and 7.24 GHz of Antenna B3, the antenna shows the – 17.78 dB, - 29.63 dB and – 22.73 dB, respectively, and this value is feasible for WiMAX and WLAN operation.

Design and performance analysis of a rectenna system for charging a mobile phone from ambient EM waves

Advances in information technology have dramatically enhanced mobile phones. Power capacity is one of the most significant limitations of a mobile phone. As a result, efficient energy management in such devices is critical everywhere. The goal of this research is to find a way to charge electronic devices wirelessly using radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) waves (Rectenna using energy detection-based spectrum sensing). Mechanical deformations cause frequency detuning, which lowers the effectiveness of antennas and rectennas that would otherwise allow wireless communication and RF energy harvesting in the far field. A rectenna based on a stretchable multiband antenna is designed as a self-powered system to perform reliably and integrate RF power received across its multiband despite mechanical deformations. Depending on what the battery needs, the proposed multiband antenna will work at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, and 2.45 GHz as both an RF transducer and an RF energy harvester. Depending on the received RF power density (high), the receiving RF wave will be utilized for both communication and RF energy harvesting (RF-EH) when the battery's current voltage is less than 20% (referred to as “low voltage”). Otherwise, the received RF wave will be used only for RF-EH. The installed multiband rectifiers function perfectly in terms of efficiency and bandwidth. This proposed technique would reduce the charging crisis by 60–90% depending on the location of the mobile phone or receiver of ambient EM signals. This paper could help researchers in the field of RF energy-based wireless charging systems.

A Christmas Tree-Shaped Quadband Compact Antenna with Triple Slots for Various Wireless Technologies

A compact, coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed multiband antenna is developed and analyzed in this paper for quad-band applications. Christmas tree-like monopole antennae with three symmetric slots are designed on a low-cost FR4 epoxy substrate with the overall dimensions of 0.312λ 1 × 0.364λ 1 × 0.0083λ 1 where λ 1 is the wavelength corresponding to the lower cut-off frequency. Three rectangular-shaped slots of different dimensions are etched on the three triangular-shaped stacked patches to enhance the current carrying path due to which the proposed antenna resonates at the required frequency bands. Different antenna parameters such as reflection coefficient (S 11), gain, radiation efficiency, surface current, radiation pattern, group delay and magnitude response of transfer function (S 21) are analyzed for inspecting the antenna performance. The quad-band antenna offers measured bandwidths of 3.1–3.9 GHz (22.86%), 5.46–5.98 GHz (9.1%) 9.76–11.74 GHz (18.42%) and 17.55–19.25 GHz (9.24%). The antenna shows nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns in all resonating bands with the highest gain of 4.5 dBi and measured radiation efficiency greater than 70% in all the bands. The antenna also offers stable group delay response and linear S 21 response in its operational spectrums. All these characteristics ensure the antenna’s applicability in IEEE 802.16 WiMAX band, 5.5 GHz Wi-Fi band, 5.8 GHz ISM band, terrestrial broadband, radiolocation and earth explorer satellite applications.

A Microstrip Antenna Using I-Shaped Metamaterial Superstrate with Enhanced Gain for Multiband Wireless Systems

This paper presents the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) using the I-shaped metamaterial (MTM) superstrate. A seven × seven array of the I-shaped MTM unit cell is used as the superstrate to enhance the antenna performance. The antenna is fed by a microstrip feeding technique and a 50 Ω coaxial connector. An in-phase electric field area is created on the top layer of the superstrate to improve the performance of the antenna. The proposed I-shaped MTM-based rectangular MPA produces three operating frequencies at 6.18 GHz, 9.65 GHz, and 11.45 GHz. The gain values of the proposed antenna at 6.18 GHz, 9.65 GHz and 11.45 GHz are 4.19 dBi, 2.4 dBi, and 5.68 dBi, respectively. The obtained bandwidth at frequencies 6.18 GHz, 9.65 GHz and 11.45 GHz are 240 MHz (3.88%), 850 MHz (8.8%), and 1010 MHz (8.82%), respectively. The design and simulation of the antenna are done using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) studio suite and MATLAB. The proposed I-shaped MTM-based rectangular MPA is fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 substrate and measured using the Agilent 8719ET network analyzer. The proposed antenna has an overall dimension of 70 × 70 × 1.6 mm3. A significant improvement in the gain of the antenna up to 74.28% is achieved. The obtained results confirm that the proposed multiband antenna has a high gain, and enhancement in bandwidth and radiation efficiency. These properties make the proposed antenna suitable for the multiband wireless communications systems such as Wi-Fi devices, radar systems, short- and long-range tracking systems, etc.

Wearable Textile Multiband Antenna for WBAN Applications

A wearable textile multiband antenna with full ground plane for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications is presented in this article. The bandwidth enhancement techniques of slots and multiresonant radiators with capacitive coupling are used to achieve multiband operation including an UWB standard. Antenna optimization is performed using characteristics mode analysis (CMA) to improve the bandwidth of high- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> resonances by introducing a new independent resonance while preserving other spectral features. The proposed antenna is operable in the UWB high band specified by IEEE 802.15.6 and WLAN bands at 2.45 and 5 GHz. The antenna offers a desired directional radiation pattern with an overall antenna size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.55\lambda _{L} \times \,\,0.67\lambda _{L} \times \,\,0.03\lambda _{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the lowest operating wavelength. The antenna can offer an averaged maximum gain of 7.2 dBi throughout the operating range and preserve its radiation performance under on-body environment and bending conditions. To our knowledge, the proposed antenna is the first wearable textile antenna with full ground plane operable in the UWB high band and the WLAN bands of 2.45 and 5 GHz.

Design and Analysis of MSPA using FR-4 Epoxy Dielectric for Wireless Broadband Application

In modern communication devices, microstrip patch antennas are preferred to conventional antennas due to their size. In this review, a survey of commonly used techniques and designs for microstrip antennas is conducted. These techniques and designs were used by the authors to design an effective, low-profile, small, compatible, and affordable microstrip antenna. They were mostly used to design reconfigurable, multiband, and wideband antennas. After that, a initiator patch design with dimensions is provided on which technique will be used to analyze various antenna parameters. In recent years, research into microstrip patch antennas has made significant progress. Microstrip patch horns outperform conventional microstrip patches in a number of ways, including their low cost, ease of integration with integrated microwave circuits (MICs), low volume, small size, high performance, and low weight.

Penta-band rectangular slot antenna for multi-function wireless communication with linear and circular polarizations

AbstractThis paper presents a multi-band rectangular slot antenna, which can be used in Beidou navigation system, 4G, WLAN and 5G system. The proposed antenna adopts a single feeding line, generating circular polarization for satellite navigation, and linear polarization for mobile communication systems. The proposed antenna consists of three c-type resonators and three rectangular loop slots. A c-type resonator and a rectangular loop slot work together to produce a usable frequency band. Multiple frequency bands can be generated by increasing the number of c-type resonator and rectangular loop slots. It is found that the c-type resonator changes the current distribution on the antenna surface, making the axial ratio less than 3 dB in the low frequency bands. Eventually, five operation frequency bands are realized. Experimentally, it is verified that the impedance bandwidths of each frequency band are 11.8% (1.12–1.26 GHz), 15.4% (1.5–1.75 GHz), 11.9% (2.36–2.66 GHz), 19.7% (3.15–3.84 GHz) and 2.6% (4.47–4.59 GHz), respectively. The measured 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 20 MHz at 1.2 and 1.56 GHz, fully covering BDS B1 and B2 bands. The measured gains are 3, 3.59, 4.07, 4.2 and 4.35 dBi, respectively.

Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost, Multiband and High Gain Square Tooth-Enabled Metamaterial Superstrate Microstrip Patch Antenna.

The manuscript represents a novel square tooth-enabled superstrate metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna for the multiple frequency band operation. The proposed tooth-based metamaterial antenna provides better gain and directivity. Four antenna structures are numerically investigated for the different geometry of the patch and tooth. These proposed structures are simulated, fabricated, measured, and compared for the frequency range of 3 GHz to 9 GHz. The electrical equivalent model of the split-ring resonator is also analyzed in the manuscript. The comparative analysis of all of the proposed structures has been carried out, in terms of several bands, reflectance response, VSWR, gain and bandwidth. The results are compared with previously published works. The effects are simulated using a high-frequency structure simulator tool with the finite element method. The measured and fabricated results are compared for verification purposes. The proposed structure provides seven bands of operation and 8.57 dB of gain. It is observed that the proposed design offers the multiple frequency band operation with a good gain. The proposed tooth-based metamaterial antenna suits applications, such as the surveillance radar, satellite communication, weather monitoring and many other wireless devices.

Miniaturized multiband antenna for terahertz applications in wireless body area network

A miniaturized multiband antenna for the Terahertz application is presented in this work. The proposed antenna is structurally simple and compact 0.24×0.24λo at 0.18THz. It is a tri-band antenna with a peak gain at the lower, middle, and upper bands are 4.5 dB, 4.1 dB, and 5.5 dB respectively. In addition, the lowest radiation efficiency in the lower, middle, and upper bands is 73.4 %, 72.9 %, and 53 % respectively. The parametric analysis of the proposed antenna is investigated and presented. The bending response is investigated, analyzed, and presented. The comparative analysis of the proposed antenna shows that it is most compact with suitable gain, efficiency, and bending resonance response. Hence, the proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for multiband Terahertz communications such as wireless body area networks, Imaging, and, the Internet of Things..

High-directive multiband microstrip patch antenna for biomedical applications, inspired by metamaterial

Recent advancements in medical technology impose a limited number of devices for biomedical applications. A variety of techniques are being proposed to improve the performance of novel antenna designs in response to the rapid development of modern wireless technologies. A miniaturised microstrip antenna structure based on metamaterial (MTM) is presented here. The objective of this work is to present a high-directive antenna for wireless systems utilising MTM properties. Directivity is improved by the incorporation of the MTM structure on the ground structure. In order to improve the performance parameters of the antenna for medical applications, this study provides the design and analysis of a multiband patch antenna employing split-ring MTM. The split-ring resonator (SRR) MTM structures are embedded in a unique and novel way in the ground structure of the antenna. So that subwavelength modes get introduced in the patch cavity and a good performance characteristics is obtained. The reference antenna is a rectangular microstrip patch antenna exhibiting a directivity of 1.1823[Formula: see text]dB that resonates at a frequency of 2.32[Formula: see text]GHz. The optimised SRR MTM is positioned in the ground plane of the suggested antenna to increase the directivity of the antenna. This technology covers the frequency range between 2.24 and 3.96[Formula: see text]GHz used for biomedical applications and the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from 4.48 to 9.08[Formula: see text]GHz used for medical applications, industrial and scientific areas. The number of gaps of the rectangular-shaped SRRs is a key component of the enhancement of directivity from 1.1823 to 8.88823[Formula: see text]dB.

Novel Multiband Millimeter Wave Antennas

The design of multiband antennas is useful for providing multiple resonance frequencies required for multiple application scenarios. However, there is a scarcity of compact-sized antennas in the 70-110 GHz band. In this regard, this paper proposes two multiband millimeter wave antennas in the W and D bands. A small-sized antenna operating at five different frequencies (penta band) with an overall dimension of 4.8 × 5.4 mm2 and resonances at 35.84 GHz, 46.07 GHz, 56.74 GHz, 81.6 GHz, and 110.09 GHz is proposed first. The second one is an array antenna from the first antenna with a size of 11.1 by 6.4 mm2 and resonances at 28.03 GHz, 36.5 GHz, 53.11 GHz, 65.98 GHz, 77.64 GHz, 89.3 GHz, 100.52 GHz, 111.74 GHz, and 122.19 GHz. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio tool is used for antenna design purposes. At the two larger frequencies of 81.6 GHz and 110.09 GHz of the first antenna, (the BW, the directivity, the gain, and radiation efficiency) are (3.3 GHz, 6.486 dBi, 6.22 dB, and 94.06%), and (10.01 GHz, 8.797 dBi, 8.506 dB, and 93.52%), respectively. At 77.64 GHz, and 111.74 GHz of the array antenna, (the BW, the directivity, the gain, and radiation efficiency) are (3.73 GHz, 12.35 dBi, 10.68 dB, and 67.9%), (4.4 GHz, 15.31 dBi, 14.07 dB, and 75.23%), respectively. The advantage of the proposed antennas over the currently available 80 GHz and 110 GHz antennas is that they are compact in size while maintaining high bandwidth and gain. Hence, the proposed antennas have potential applications in satellite communications, the Internet of things, compact biomedical devices, and interferometry radars.