Pond Mud Research Articles

Effect of bacteriophage on histopathology and disease resistance of Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the causative agent of shrimp diseases, the most serious of which is acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Bacteriophage is a virus of bacteria that can parasitize and destroy bacteria, so it is considered a potential alternative to antibiotics. The study was carried out to evaluate the treatment ability of bacteriophages on Litopenaeus vannamei after being infected by V. parahaemolyticus B4XOT2.2 isolated from the bottom mud of shrimp ponds infected with AHPND. The study used the histopathological survey method on shrimp at all three ages: postlarvae, adult shrimp at the ages of 30–45 days, and 55–60 days old, which were arranged into three treatments: healthy shrimp, diseased shrimp, and bacteriophage-treated shrimp. The results showed that: the concentration of Vibrio spp. in bacteriophage-treated treatment was decreased in all three groups (postlarvae, shrimp at the ages of 30–45 days, and 55–60 days old) from 3,7x103 CFU/mL to 2,2x102 CFU/mL after two days, from 4,6x104 CFU/mL to 3,3x102 CFU/mL after two days and from 4,6x104 CFU/mL to 5,6x103 CFU/mL after three days, respectively. The pathological signs and histological features of the infected shrimp samples were similar to those typical of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and recovered in shrimp tissue after being treated with bacteriophages such as the hepatopancreas was also darker, the intestines gradually filled, no hematoma around the tubules were found, in the lumen of the tube reduced sloughing cells and blood cells, no melanization was observed.

Modeling Contaminant Transport from a Red Mud Pond – A Case Study from South India

The present study focused on impact assessment of redmud pond on groundwater using numerical groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling using pertinent data including water quality and 2D electrical resistivity imaging data. The observed groundwater depths range from 1.2 to 25.8 meters below ground level with deeper levels observed in upstream and higher elevated regions in the study area. Elevated pH and electrical conductivity (>3000 μS/cm) characterize the Redmud ponds, while other groundwater samples meet BIS drinking water standards. Major ion concentrations contouring indicates high total dissolved solids (TDS) around Redmud ponds due to leakage and in the downstream due to domestic sewage pollution. Most locations adhere to BIS drinking water limits except for one downstream site. The resistivity data indicated hard formations (>18 m depth) with resistivity >500 Ohm.m, weathered basalt (12-18 m, 60-150 Ohm.m), and saturated water (12 m, 1-5 Ohm.m). Contaminated aquifers (<1 Ohm.m) are detected up to 3 m depth, and noticed accumulating contaminated water (27 m depth) in the NW corner of the Redmud pond from seepage. Predominant groundwater flow from the Redmud pond towards public water bodies and streams is highlighted by simulated contaminant transport model. Collaboration and comprehensive management are recommended to protect the watershed’s environmental integrity and public health.

A novel electropolymerized molecularly imprinted dual-mode sensor for bisphenol AF detection in pond mud

Recently, bisphenol AF (BPAF) as most commonly used bisphenol A analogs had the increasing higher level in the environment with unknown risks. Herein, a synchronous dual-mode sensor had been established based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for the detection of BPAF in pond mud. Firstly, the sensing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films were prepared by electrochemical polymerization procedure with 3,4-ethoxylene dioxy thiophene (EDOT) as the functional monomer, BPAF as the template molecule and MXene as the supporting electrolyte. Due to unique characters of PEDOT and MXene, the constructed MIP films were stable and highly conductive. Meanwhile, zinc-doped bismuth sulfide quantum dots (Zn-Bi2S3 QDs) were synthesized as a nano-emitter to generate strong ECL signals in the MIP film. In the sensing process, a pulsed voltage applied to the PEDOT/MXene MIP film to generate both DPV and ECL signals for simultaneous dual-mode detection. Additionally, the liquid-liquid extraction with deep eutectic solvent (menthol: octanol 1:1) was used for the pre-concentration of the BPAF in the pond mud. Based on the sensing system, the ECL and DPV response showed the good linear relationships with the concentration of BPAF with the ranges of 0.01 μM–50 μM and 0.1 μM–50 μM and the detection limits of 0.0060 μM and 0.059 μM, respectively.

MINE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE COAL MINING PROCESS

The open mining method has the potential for the formation of mine water. Mine water is characterized by a high degree of acidity which affects the life of organisms and the quality of the environment indirectly or directly, therefore it needs to be managed. This study examines mine water management at PT Adaro Indonesia. The methods used in the research were field studies and laboratory experiments. Grab sampling is used to take water samples, with the test parameters being pH, Fe and Mn metals and total suspended solid (TSS). Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptively. The mine water management used is in the form of a settling pond. The settling pond consists of several compartments, namely sedimentation pond, safety pond, treatment pond and mud pond. The quality of mine water management through a series of settling ponds obtained changes in pH to 6.07, Fe metal 0.0465 mg/l, Mn metal 1.3513, and TSS 35 mg/l with an efficiency of more than 50%. The quality of mine water produced after going through management has met the established regulations, namely Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 1347/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLA.4/12/2022.

Trans-dimensional inversion for seafloor properties for three mud depocenters on the New England shelf under dynamical oceanographic conditionsa).

This paper presents inversion results for three datasets collected on three spatially separated mud depocenters (hereafter called mud ponds) during the 2022 Seabed Characterization Experiment (SBCEX). The data considered here represent modal time-frequency (TF) dispersion as estimated from a single hydrophone. Inversion is performed using a trans-dimensional (trans-D) Bayesian inference method that jointly estimates water-column and seabed properties along with associated uncertainties. This enables successful estimation of the seafloor properties, consistent with in situ acoustic core measurements, even when the water column is dynamical and mostly unknown. A quantitative analysis is performed to (1) compare results with previous modal TF trans-D studies for one mud pond but under different oceanographic condition, and (2) inter-compare the new SBCEX22 results for the three mud ponds. Overall, the estimated mud geoacoustic properties show no significant temporal variability. Further, no significant spatial variability is found between two of the mud ponds while the estimated geoacoustic properties of the third are different. Two hypotheses, considered to be equally likely, are explored to explain this apparent spatial variability: it may be the result of actual differences in the mud properties, or the mud properties may be similar but the inversion results are driven by difference in data information content.

Isolation and characterization of cyanobacteria and microalgae from a sulfuric pond: Plant growth-promoting and soil bioconsolidation activities

<p>Sustainable alternatives are essential to improving agriculture production to meet the growing world's critical demands. Cyanobacteria and microalgae are considered renewable resources with a wide range of potential uses in the agricultural sector. We aimed to isolate cyanobacteria and microalgae from the mud of a carbon dioxide-rich sulfur pond and to investigate their plant growth-promoting (PGP) and soil bio-consolidating ability. Mud samples were subjected to DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the prokaryotic community. Phototrophic culturable microbiota was isolated and evaluated for different PGP properties. The most relevant isolates were combined in a consortium and used for <italic>in vitro</italic> bioconsolidation activity. In a greenhouse experiment, the isolates were evaluated for their ability to promote salinity stress tolerance in sunflower plants. Metabarcoding results showed that most Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASV) were associated with Actinobacteriota (35%), Proteobacteria (19%), and Acidobacteriota (11%) at the phylum level and <italic>Unknown</italic> (32%) and uncultured (31%) lineages at the genus level. The culture-dependent method yielded eight isolates associated with cyanobacteria and microalgae genera. The isolates obtained showed interesting PGP activities. Isolates C1, C2, and M1 were selected based on phosphate solubilization (85.6 µg PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> mL<sup>−1</sup> on average), indoles (C1 and M1 0.54 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> IAA equivalents on average), and ACC deaminase activity (C2 and M1 6.00 µmol α-KB mg proteins<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1)</sup>. The consortium efficiently consolidated sand particles in the presence of calcium carbonate by forming biomineralized aggregates. <italic>In planta</italic> results showed positive effects of the consortium on <italic>Helianthus annuus L</italic>., plant growth under normal conditions and salt stress. The positive effects on soil and plants indicated their effectiveness as bioconsolidants and biostimulant agents. Our findings highlight the interesting potential of cyanobacteria and microalgae applications in sustainable agriculture.</p>

Assessment of bacterial loads and water quality parameters of three different types of fish pond

The present study was conducted to determine bacterial loads in the water columns and mud of three different pond systems,includingan overwintering fish fry pond,a brood fish rearing pond, anda recreational fish pond (L-shaped fish pond) situated at the Field Laboratory Complex of the Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.Three samplings were done atevery 15-day interval. Bacterial loads in water columns and mud were determined using the drop count method. Water quality parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia, were also determined. Significantly (p<.001),the highest bacterial loads in three different water columns were observed in the overwintering fish fry pond, and the lowest bacterial loadswere found in the L-shaped fish pondat all sampling points. Bacterial loads in the bottom water were also significantly higher than those in the surface and middle layers of the water in all ponds. Pond mud was significantly (p<.001) richer in bacterial loads than pond water. Bacterial load was strongly correlated with temperature, and the correlation faded with the increase in depth of the water column.

Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Copper and Zinc) in Three Tissues of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Collected from a Mud Culture

The current study was conducted to find out the bioaccumulation of the three elements cadmium, copper and zinc, in tissues of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L., they were gills, muscles and viscera. Cultivated in three mud ponds in Thi Qar Governorate - Nasiriyah city, Shatrah district, in the village of Al-Ajjah Al-Buhan, near Al-Ghamouqa Valley, it is 55 km away from the center of Al-Nasiriyah. The fish were distributed to the lakes with uniform densities for the period from 5/11/2022 to 5/4/2023, by 1000 fish/m3 were used, it was divided into three lakes equally, with an average weight of 20 gm. A standard local diet was used to feed the fish, standard methods were used to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals in tissues, by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results were recorded in tissues for cadmium in gills, muscles and viscera. The highest values were in the autumn season for gills and muscles, respectively (12.13-12.77 μg/gm dry weight). The highest concentration recorded in spring for tissues was (8.3 μg/gm dry weight). Copper recorded the highest value in gills, muscles and viscera, in the spring season (222.14, 334.77 and 110.65μg/gm dry weight), respectively. Zinc recorded high concentrations in the gills, viscera, and muscles, i In autumn (350.34, 259.17 and 303.34 μg/g dry weight), respectively. The results showed that the accumulation of elements; Heavy was in the following order: Zinc > copper > cadmium. Cadmium: gills > viscera > muscles. Copper: gills > muscles > viscera. Zinc: gills > viscera > muscles.

Perancangan Sign System Kawasan Outbound Edukasi Satwa, Agro & Perikanan di Alas Outbound Prambon

Alas Outbound is an educational tourist destination in Simpang village, Prambon District, Sidoarjo regency, which offers various facilities and activities, such as playground rides, swimming pools, fish ponds, mud ponds, and education about animals, plantations, Fisheries, and natural scenery. The Merdeka Campus Competition Program (PKKM) of the Visual Communication Design Education Program of the National Development University "Veteran" East Java was held here with the aim of designing a sign system design and a floor plan for the educational outbound area. Its remote location makes it difficult for the community to find it, so it needs environmental graphics in the form of a sign system that includes area plans, location instructions, and information about various areas on the educational outbound pedestal. The design of this sign system is divided into three phases: pre-production, production, and post-production. The graphics used in this sign system are taken from the theme of several areas in Alas Outbound education that focuses on the advantages of Agro Education. There are three main types of sign systems, including 14 animal education information sign designs, 6 plantation education information sign designs, 1 fisheries education information sign Design, 2 welcome signs that highlight animal education & agro education, and 1 map sign. Although each type of sign system has uniformity in the form of boards and text colors, gate signs have differences in the form of plates and text colors to be easily distinguished by visitors. All signs are placed around the educational animal and Agro educational educational outbound Alas Prambon, Sidoarjo, in accordance with the type and purpose of each to provide clear guidance to visitors about the location, information, and areas that they can visit in the educational outbound Alas.

The impact of various nutmeg concentrations on some common carp growth indicators L. Cyprinus carpio

The study was conducted in special cages in a mud pond, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Animal Production Department, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, from 1/10/2020 to 10/12/2021to study the effect of different levels of nutmeg on some growth parameters of common carp. A total of 100 common carp fish, Cyprinus carpio, were brought from a private fish breeding lake in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Al-Mihnawiya District, with an average weight of ±.94 gm. 80 fish were selected and distributed randomly and evenly to the experimental cages, put in each aquarium 5 fish for acclimatization, the fish persisted during the acclimatization period, which amounted to 10 days, were starved for one day and then fed with 1% of the weight of the live mass in each tank at the rate of two meals per day. The four treatments were T1 control, T2 0.005%, T3 0.01% and T4 0.015% nutmeg. The results indicated a significant decrease in the final body weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, relative growth rate and specific growth rate in all nutmeg treatments compared to the control treatment. Keywords: Nutmeg, growth parameters, common carp Cyprinus carpio L

Effect of varied amounts of ginger oil in the feed on common carp growth metrics L. Cyprinus Carpio

The current study was conducted in experimental cages in a mud pond, First Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to determine the effect of different levels of ginger oil on the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L., the experiment lasted for 82 days, including the 10-day acclimatization period. 80 common carp fish with an average weight of 77±0.56 g was used. It was randomly distributed to 5 treatments with 3 replicates (5 fish each replicate). The fish were fed on experimental diets, divided into four equal treatments in terms of protein percentages and different levels of ginger oil, and the percentage of seeds added to the treatments was 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, respectively. The fish were fed on the experimental diets at 5% of the live weight, divided into 4 meals daily. The results indicated a significant superiority of all ginger oil treatments in the growth parameters of carp fish, represented by body weight, weight gain, and daily, specific and relative growth rate. Adding 0.50% ginger oil gave the best results, compared with all ginger oil treatments in growth parameters of carp fish. Keywords: ginger oil, growth parameters, common carp Cyprinus Carpio L.

Effects of varying safflower seed powder intake on some common carp development and blood parameters L. Cyprinus carpio

The study was conducted in special cages in the mud pond, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Animal Production Department, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the partial replacement of safflower seed powder by levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15%, in the diets, instead barley and yellow corn, and the effects on the growth and blood parameters of common carp fish. The experiment was designed as four treatments with four replicates for each treatment (five fish/ replicate). The results indicated that there was a significant increase in T1, T3 and T4 in Final Weight (FW), Weight Gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) compared to T2. A significant improvement in T2 was shown in Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) compared to T1, T3 and T4. Significant increase in Protein Production Value (PPV) in T1 and T3 compared to T2 and T4. As for the hematological characteristics, an increase in hemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, and White Blood Cell count (WBC) was observed in T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2. It was concluded that 10% of raw safflower seed powder had a good role in growth and blood parameters. Keywords: safflower seed, growth, blood, common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Characterization and Adsorption Capacity of Modified Biochar for Sulfamethylimidine and Methylene Blue in Water.

In this study, a composite of pond mud and lanthanum- and nano-zero valent iron-modified-biochar was investigated for its ability to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). La-modified attapulgite and nano-zero valent iron (surface area enhanced by 43.7% via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis) were successfully loaded onto the straw-sediment biochar (BC) surface. With the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the biocompatibility yield, the H, O, and N content, and the ratio of carbon elements decreased, while the pH value, surficial micropores, C element, and ash content increased. The biocarbon small molecules were gradually and tightly ordered, and the organic groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl groups, and carbon oxygen double bonds were gradually lost or disappeared. The original Fe-BC had more phenolic hydroxyl groups forming an intermolecular hydrogen bond than others with a higher adsorption capacity possibly through the Schiff base reaction. The effect of various pH (2-9), temperature (15-35 °C), and initial concentration (1-25 mg L-1) on adsorption was investigated. pH and temperature were the main factors governing the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 4. The adsorption performances for MB followed the order Fe-BC > La-BC > BC, and the maximum removal rate was over 98.45% with pH = 7. The three types of BC dosages between 0.2 (6.67 g L-1) and 0.4 g showed a removal rate of 99% for MB. The adsorption capacity of Fe-BC, La-BC, and BC for MB was 2.201, 1.905, and 2.401 mg L-1 with pH = 4, while 4.79, 4.58, and 5.55 mg g-1 were observed with BC dosage at 0.025 g. For SMZ, the higher the temperature, the better the adsorption effect, and it reaches saturation at approximately 25 °C. To further evaluate the nature of adsorption, Langmuir/Freundlich/Temkin models were tested and the adsorption capacities were evaluated on the surface of the BC composite. The three modified materials were physisorbed to SMZ, while MB was chemisorbed. For MB, the adsorption performance of BC is the best < 0.2 g (6.67 g L-1) at pH 7.0 at 35 °C. The Elovich model was more suitable for MB, while the Freundlich and Temkin models could better fit the adsorption process of MB. The preparatory secondary dynamics equation and Langmuir equation were more compliant for SMZ, and the saturated adsorption capacities of straw-modified, La-BC, and Fe-BC reached 5.699, 6.088, and 5.678 mg L-1, respectively.

Ketersediaan N dan Fe-larut pada Tanah Ultisol yang diaplikasikan Lumpur Kolam Ikan

The use of fish pond mud in improving soil quality is generally still not widely used. This study used various doses of pond mud to determine the effect of pond mud doses on the availability of N and Fe-soluble in Ultisol soil planted with mustard greens. The research was conducted in the Greenhouse in April - May 2022 with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), five doses of fish pond sludge namely at doses of 0; 0.5: 7.5: 10; and 12.5% applied to Ultisol soil. The results showed that applying fish pond sludge significantly affected soil pH, N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and Fe-soluble. Soil pH decreases due to a reaction between water and Fe compounds that bind OH- and release H+. Whereas N-NO3-, N-NH4+, and soluble-Fe significantly increased due to chemical reactions that produced soluble salts which reacted with water. As for the soil parameters, the effect of pond mud decreases soil pH at all doses of addition of mud and increases N-NO3-, N-NH4+, and soluble-Fe Ultisol, with the best doses of M3 (equivalent to 1 kg mud + 9 kg of soil). There is a relationship between the chemical properties of the soil and the fresh weight of the plants, as evidenced by the increase in the wet weight of the mustard plants.

PENGARUH MEDIA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS CACING SUTERA (Tubifex sp)

Silk worms (Tubifex sp) is one of the natural feeds that are the main needs of larvae because they have more complete and complex nutrition compared to artificial feed. The existence in nature that is uncertain and very fluctuating makes silkworms difficult to obtain. To maintain its availability, it is necessary to conduct research and technological development in cultivation, especially finding out the type of culture media that is effective for reducing silkworms. Padang Jaya District, North Bengkulu Regency. This study aims to determine the best culture media composition to increase silkworm prodoktivity. This research was carried out at the Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (BPBAT) of Bengkulu Province, Sido Luhur Village, Padang Jaya District, North Bengkulu Regency. In April – May 2019, using a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 repeats. Treatment A (pond mud 10%), B (pond mud 50% + chicken manure 20% + palm waste 30%), C (pond mud 50% + chicken manure 25% + palm oil waste 25%), D (pond mud 50% + chicken manure 30% + palm oil waste 20%). The variables observed during the study were absolute weight, organic matter content of the medium, water quality including temperature, and pH. The data was analyzed using fingerprint analysis and continued with the BNT test of 95% confidence level. The results showed that the influence of media on the productivity of silkworms (Tubifex sp) had a significantly different effect on the productivity of silkworms. It was concluded that treatment D is the media with the best composition to increase the productivity of silkworms with an absolute growth of 10.06 grams or 16.77%. The best C/N ratio was obtained by D media of 48.75.

Characterization of a pigmented Brevundimonas sp. isolated from red mud pond samples of a bauxite mine

Aim: The present study aimed to isolate useful bacterial strains of industrial importance from the red mud pond of Utkal Alumina, Odisha, India. Methodology: Samples were collected, serially diluted and spread on Nutrient Agar medium. An orange-colored bacterium was isolated and subjected to molecular characterization through 16S rDNA analysis followed by phylogenetic analysis. The pigment was isolated and characterized through FTIR study. Antimicrobial and radical scavenging activities were also studied. Results: The isolate was identified as Brevundimonas sp. FTIR study showed the pigment to be a beta-carotene, which significantly increased under salt and pH stress, however, was severely affected under metallic stress conditions. The ethanolic extract showed a moderate antibacterial activity. The pigment showeda good radical scavenging activity of approximately 86 % in 30 min. Interpretation: Species of Brevundimonas have not been reported in red mud ponds. The isolated pigment shows a good radical scavenging activity in vitro. It may be useful for cosmetic industry. Key words: Red mud, 16S rDNA, Alkali tolerant, Beta-carotene, Brevundimonas, FTIR spectroscopy

A Project to establish a shrimp farm in Basrah - Southern Iraq

Preparation of the shrimp breeding project began in 2018-2019. And the creation of suitable conditions for farming larvae of the white-legged shrimp, Penaeus vennami. The shrimp project is funded by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The shrimp project was designed by specialists at the Marine Science Centre (MSC). It aims to introduce P. vennami from neighboring Iranian shrimp farms and transfer experiences after reviewing all its details and sharing with them in similar environmental conditions. A contract was signed between MSC and an Iranian company in Abadan, which operates an integrated shrimp farm that includes a hatchery, ponds for breeding larvae, ponds for shrimp production, a plant for making pellets, and a factory for canning shrimp products, visits between both sides were conducted according to the signed contract, and a shrimp farm was designed in one of the mud ponds at the site of the University of Basra in Karmat Ali, with careful follow-up and under the supervision of specialists from both countries. So far, it is possible to start the project to be successful according to the considerations applied in shrimp farms from Iran. Two types of breeding systems were equipped, one of which is 3 fiberglass basins with dimensions of 2.5 m3, and the other system is a mud pond with dimensions of 2500 m2 with ideal specifications linked to a pond through four pipes covered on both sides with a 60-micron mesh. After passing through the mechanical filter made for the farm, a toilet was constructed with an area of 7 meters and a depth of 150 cm.

Characterization of a yellow pigmented, alkali and heavy metal tolerant Glutamicibacter sp. isolated from red mud

Red mud ponds are waste dumping sites of bauxite mines where highly alkaline and polluted red mud or bauxite residues are deposited. They harbour many microbial strains of environmental importance. In the present study, a yellow coloured bacterial colony was isolated which showed tolerance to high pH, and metals like lead, chromium and arsenic. Genomic DNA extraction followed by partial 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing study revealed the isolate to be Glutamicibacter sp. The bacterial strain showed luxuriant growth in pH ranging from pH5 to pH 11, and salt concentration up to 8% NaCl. The pigment was isolated by methanol extraction and identified to be beta-carotene through FTIR spectroscopy. The pigment showed absorption peaks at 436 nm and 466 nm. The pigment could not show antibacterial activity significantly. The pigments showed a good free radical scavenging activity which increased significantly under stress conditions. No such studies were done from the red mud ponds of Utkal Alumina earlier. Tolerance of the bacterial strain to various heavy metals indicates presence of heavy metals in the red mud. Identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the heavy metal resistance and use of the pigments as cosmetics can be carried out in future.

Impact of varying amounts of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the diet on a few aspects of common carp growth L. Cyprinus carpio

The current study was conducted in experimental cages in a mud pond, First Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to determine the effect of different levels of Moringa oleifera seed powder on the diets of common carp. A total of 75 common carp fish with an average weight of 65.08±0.42 g were used; it was randomly distributed to 5 treatments with three replicates (5 fish for each replicate). The fish that were fed on experimental diets was divided into five equal therapies in terms of protein percentages, different in the proportions of adding Moringa seed powder; the rate of seeds added to the treatments was 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%, respectively, the fish were fed on the experimental diets at 5% of the live weight, divided into four meals a day. The results showed a significant superiority of T2 and T3 treatments compared with other therapies on growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, specific and relative), and give the best feed conversion ratio, the highest food conversion and protein efficiency ratio. Indicates that adding Moringa seed powder to diets at rates of 0.5 and 1% led to fish growth promotion and increased utilization of feed intake. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, growth parameters, common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Effect of different levels of nutmeg on some blood parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

This study was aimed to the effect of different levels of nutmeg on some blood parameters of common carp, it was conducted at special cages in mud pond, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Animal Production Department, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University at Samawa city. A total of 100 common carp fish, Cyprinus carpio L. were brought from a private fish rearing lake in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Al-Mihnawiya District, with an average weight of 94 g. 80 fish were selected and distributed randomly and evenly to the experimental cages, put in each cage 5 fish for the purpose of acclimatization, the fish persisted during the acclimatization period, which amounted to 10 days, were starved for one day and then fed with 1% of the weight of the live mass in each tank at the rate of two meals per day. The four treatments were T1 control, T2 0.005%, T3 0.01% and T4 0.015% nutmeg. The results showed that there were no significant differences on the blood traits (hemoglobin concentration, Packed Cell Volume, red and white blood cells), also, there were no significant differences in the biochemical blood traits (total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose).