Mucosa Of Upper Respiratory Tract Research Articles

The impact of the experimental route of challenge on the host responses and pathogenesis of the Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) infectious bronchitis virus infection in laying chickens

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection can be associated with respiratory, renal, and/or reproductive diseases in chickens. Under natural conditions, conjunctiva, mucosa of upper respiratory tract, and cloaca are the main routes of IBV entry. Experimentally, the study of IBV infection involved various routes of inoculation. This study investigated the impact of adding the trachea as a potential route of viral entry to the oculo-nasal infection on the host responses, pathogenicity, and tissue tropism of the Canadian IBV Delmarva (DMV/1639) strain in laying chickens. Specific-pathogen-free laying chickens were divided into three experimental groups: control group (Con group), oculo-nasal challenged group (ON group), and oculo-nasal/intratracheal challenged group (ON/IT group); all groups were observed for 12 days post-infection (dpi). The clinical signs and reduction in egg production in the ON/IT group started slightly earlier compared to the ON group. At 12 dpi, the gross lesions in the ON/IT group were confined to the ovary, while the ON group showed regressed ovary and atrophied oviduct. Only the ON group showed significantly higher microscopic lesion scores in the lung, kidney, magnum, and uterus compared to the control group at 12 dpi. The oviduct tissues of the ON group showed a significant increase in B cells infiltration compared to ON/IT and control groups. The viral shedding (detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)), tissue tropism (detected either by qRT-PCR or immunohistochemistry (IHC)), T/natural killer cells infiltration in reproductive tract (detected by IHC), and antibody-mediated immune responses (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) showed similar patterns in the ON and ON/IT groups.

Inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles induces mucosal immune responses and effective protection against challenge

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. The mucosa of upper respiratory tract, specially the trachea, is the primary replication site for this virus. However, conventional inactivate IBV vaccines usually elicit reduced mucosal immune responses and local protection. Thus, an inactivated IBV vaccine containing BR-I genotype strain encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (IBV-CS) was produced by ionic gelation method to be administered by oculo-nasal route to chickens. IBV-CS vaccine administered alone resulted in markedly mucosal immune responses, characterized by high levels of anti-IBV IgA isotype antibodies and IFNγ gene expression at 1dpi. The association of live attenuated Massachusetts IBV and IBV-CS vaccine also induced strong mucosal immune responses, though a switch from IgA isotype to IgG was observed, and IFNγ gene expression peak was late (at 5 dpi). Efficacy of IBV-CS was evaluated by tracheal ciliostasis analysis, histopathology examination, and viral load determination in the trachea and kidney. The results indicated that IBV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with a live attenuated heterologous vaccine induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses at the primary site of viral replication, and provided an effective protection against IBV infection at local (trachea) and systemic (kidney) sites.

A clinicopathological study of Rhinosporidiosis

Introduction: Rhinosporidiosis is one of the common tropical diseases in ENT practice in this subcontinent having the affinity for the mucosa of upper respiratory tract –chiefly the nose & nasopharynx. Though this chronic granulomatous disease is quite common in this subcontinent but its distribution is not even.Objectives: The aim of this study is to find out the age distribution, clinical sign-symptoms& attachment of rhinosporidiosis, that’s mean to establish the clinical profile of the patient.Method: A cross sectional study was done at the department of ENT & HNS, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital from January to December 2012. The study included 49 patients treated in this department and histologically proved.Rersults: Among 49 patients there was male predominance(37), female were-12. Majority of the patient presented with the feature of nasal obstruction(27), nasal mass(23) and it’s majority site of attachment was nasal septum(30). In anatomical site distribution majority cases(39) it was distributed in nose & nasopharynx.Conclusion: This study suggests total excision, wide base cauterization and regular follow up to prevent recurrence.Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2015; 21(2): 94-96

Vasomotor Responses of Mucosa of Upper Respiratory Tract to Thermal Stimuli

Chilling of the cutaneous surface was assumed in the past to be associated with congestion of the mucous membrane of the nose and throat and that this congestion was favorable to bacterial invasion. The reverse have been the findings in the experiments conducted. A cold stimulus applied to the cutaneous surface produces a reflex vaso-constriction and a lowering of the temperature of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and a hot stimulus produces a reflex vaso-dilatation.One hundred and sixty-four experiments were performed and distributed as follows: 81 general experiments on one normal man, 52 experiments on 8 normal men, 31 experiments on 15 hyperesthetic rhinitis cases including 3 children. These experiments were conducted in a regular laboratory room with a temperature varying between 21° and 26°C., and in which drafts were minimized. The thermo-electric method was employed with a thermopile electrode applied to the mucosa of the nose and the E. M. F. measured through a potentiometer. Cold air,...