Mucous Membrane Of Nose Research Articles

Effectiveness of ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaf (Chromolaena odorata L) on the increase the fibroblasts and angiogenesis in nose mucosa of rabbit (lepus curpaneums)

Wounds are the loss or damage to a part of the body's tissue that disrupts the tissue's continuity.Kirinyuh plants have been used as a traditional wound treatment in various cultures worldwide. Purpose: To provethe effectiveness of topical ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaf ointment on increasing angiogenesis and fibroblasts inhealing rabbit nasal mucosal incisions. Methods: This research is an experimental study with a posttest-only controlgroup design. The research subjects consisted of 25 rabbits divided into five groups; one positive control group, onenegative control group, and three treatment groups. The positive control group was given betadine ointment, thenegative control group was made by incision of the nasal mucosa, and the three treatment groups were given 5%,10%, and 15% concentrations of kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract ointment. Results: The results showed thatadministering kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract ointment with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% could improve thehealing of rabbit nasal mucosal incisions (Lepus Curpaneums), which were characterized by an increase in thenumber of fibroblasts and angiogenesis. In general, the increase in fibroblast cells between the concentrations of theethanol extract of kirinyuh leaf ointment was significantly different (p0.05) with a negative correlation (r= -0.538).Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the amount of angiogenesis between concentrations (p0.05) witha positive relationship (r=0.099).Conclusion: the ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaf ointment applied topically improvesthe healing of rabbit nasal mucosal incisions KEYWORDS: ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaf ointment, wound healing, fibroblast, angiogenesis

Mode of transmission of COVID-19, Oral Manifestations, Precautionary Measures/Clinical Strategies and Treatment Considerations in dentistry

Background: So far more than 253 million cases & more than 5 million casualties worldwide, while more than 1 million cases and more than 28 thousand casualties have been reported in Pakistan due to pandemic of Novel Corona Virus (COVID19). At the end of December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak began in Wuhan China, which then quickly spread to entire world. The viral pneumonia was named “Corona Virus Disease (COVID19)” by WHO on 11th February 2020. On March 11, 2020; WHO declared this outbreak as “Pandemic”. Its mode of transmission includes contact transmission through mucous membranes of nose, mouth & fomites, and direct transmission through sneeze, cough and inhalation of droplets. It can be transmitted indirectly or directly via saliva, aerosols formed throughout clinical procedures and via contact. Clinical symptoms included fever, muscle ache or pain, cough. Incubation period of 1–14 days. In this pandemic, dentists are rated as highly exposed health care professionals to this disease Aims: To describe Coronaviruses and its modes of transmission and to discuss treatment considerations and precautionary measures or clinical strategies adopted by Oral health professionals to protect themselves and to prevent the spread of coronavirus in the dental setup Methodology: Since it’s a Literature review article, so no methodology was required as such Results: It’s a Literature review article Conclusion Standard precautionary measures and highly responsible behavior of a dentist will prevent the spread of this disease especially from asymptomatic patients. Keywords Aerosols generation, COVID-19, Dental procedures, Oral health professionals, Pandemic, Precautionary measures

Amoxicylin-Klavulanate and Cefadroxyl Resistance Toward Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Children's Nose Mucosa

Developing countries play an important role in the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics because they are home to the majority of the world's population. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been widely reported, one of which is Staphylococcus Aureus against various ?-lactam antibiotics. The high level of resistance to amoxicillin causes the use of amoxicillin-clavulanate to start increasing in the community even without culture data or epidemiological data. Antibiotics that are often used in the treatment of fever complaints in children in Indonesia are cefadroxil, followed by cefixime and amoxicillin. This research objective was to analyze the antibiotic resistance of amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil against Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria in children. This research used Staphylococcus Aureus samples from the nasal mucosa of healthy children. Cultures were tested with an antibiotic disk of amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefadroxil and cefoxitin using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion disk method to assess the zone of inhibition of each antibiotic. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus was different between amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil. Amoxicillin-clavulanate has experienced resistance in 5 of the 6 samples tested while cefadroxil is sensitive to the 6 tested samples so it can be concluded that amoxicillin-clavulanate has been resistant and cefadroxil is still sensitive to Staphylococcus Aureus . Abstrak: Negara berkembang memegang peranan penting dalam kemunculan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik karena merupakan tempat tinggal bagi mayoritas penduduk dunia. Peningkatan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik telah banyak dilaporkan, salah satunya Staphylococcus aureus terhadap berbagai antibiotik golongan ?-laktam. Tingginya tingkat resistensi terhadap amoksisilin menyebabkan penggunaan amoksisilin-klavulanat mulai meningkat di masyarakat walaupun tanpa data kultur atau data epidemiologi. Antibiotik yang sering digunakan dalam terapi keluhan demam pada anak di Indonesia adalah sefadroksil , diikuti oleh sefiksim dan amoxicillin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis resistensi antibiotik amoksisilin-klavulanat dan sefadroksil terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel Staphylococcus aureus hasil kultur dari mukosa hidung anak sehat. Kultur di uji dengan disk antibiotik amoksisilin-klavulanat, sefadroksil dan cefoxitin dengan metode disk difusi Kirby-bauer untuk menilai zona hambat masing-masing antibiotik. Diameter zona hambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus berbeda antara amoksisilin-klavulanat dengan sefadroksil. Amoksisilin-klavulanat telah mengalami resistensi pada 5 dari 6 sampel yang diuji sedangakn sefadroksil sensitif terhadap 6 sampel yang diuji sehingga dapat disimpulakn bahwa amoksisilin-klavulanat telah resisten dan sefadroksil masih sensitif terhadap Staphylococcus aureus.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM AND SINUSITIS AT ENT DEPARTMENT OF SKMCH, MUZAFFARPUR, BIHAR

Background: Chronic sinusitis (CS) is an extremely prevalent disorder. It affects up to two percent of the world population. It has a significant impact on the quality of life of people. Basically, the word “sinusitis‟ refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses. Deviated Nasal septum is one of the most common disorder that presents up to 62% of the population. Its role in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis remains uncertain. Methods: Two groups were included in this study.Each group had 30 cases with Midline nasal septum & Deviated nasal septum. This study conducted in the Department. of ENT, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. The duration of the study was over a period of six months from August 2019 to January 2020. Results: We were studied two groups, 30 cases involved in group I of Midline nasal septum and in group II 30 cases involved with Deviated nasal septum. In this study we showed symptom & sign of rhinoscopy. In the group I, 14 cases had congested nasal mucosa followed by 10 cases of nasal discharge, 4 cases of inferior turbinate hypertrophy & 2 cases of Middle turbinate hypertrophy. Conclusions: that management of chronic maxillary sinusitis should include simultaneous treatment of any anatomical variation. For treating chronic sinusitis along with deviated nasal septum, nowadays treatment of choice is Septoplasty along with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS). FESS technique is used for managing sinus infection and ostial obstruction.

OUTCOME OF INITIAL 100 CASES OF ENDOSCOPIC DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY IN KIRKUK

This study aimed at determining the effect and safety of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (ENDO-DCR) in initial 100 cases of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This study was done in Kirkuk general hospital from 2010 to 2017 with a total of 100 cases. A standardized method was applied to all cases through employing an endonasal technique to the lachrymal sac. Then, an operative resection was applied to the mucosa of nose, lacrimal bone and a part of the anterior maxilla. Next, a complete removal of the medial wall of the lacrimal sac was done. A tube of canalicular silicone intubation was placed for 6 months after operation. The key results of such measures were epiphora resolution, lack of discharge and clearness of the ostium. The success of ENDO-DCR method with adjunctive tube of canalicular silicon intubation was demonstrated in 80 cases (80%) and 10 cases represented acceptable improvements. However, there were minor complications faced during or after operation period. Finaly Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is a safe and effective method for treating nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults and children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and epiphora.

Melanoma of nasal cavity. Literature review and clinical case report

Primary malignant melanoma of the nose mucosa is a rare disease and seen in less than 0,5–0,7% among all melanomas, but has a worse prognosis because of its aggressiveness compared with that of the cutaneous form. Most of the nasal melanomas are not detected in early stage and survival statistics have not improved over the last years. The incisional biopsy is contraindicated, as this may increase metastatic spread. Cytology is definitely a simpler and safer method of getting a quick diagnosis.
 Most melanomas of nasal mucosa were found when infiltrating muscle, cartilage, or bone, that's why craniofacial resection remains the «gold standard» for these tumors, but and endoscopic resection of sinonasal mucosal melanoma (at limited tumors) has comparable outcomes to open approaches.
 In report review the relevant medical literature (clinic, classification, histology, treatment and survival) and case observation of patient with primary nasal malignant melanoma.

Особенности биоценоза слизистой оболочки глотки и носа у больных с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов, ассоциированной с хламидийной инфекцией

Objective: to study the characteristics of microbiocenosis of throat and nose mucosa in patients with chronic pathology of upper respiratory tract associated with Chlamydia infection. In order to verify Chlamydia we implemented the methods of direct and indirect identification of infection Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumonia. Laboratory study for microflora involved bacteriological tests for the material and determination of enzyme activity of expressed staphylococcus. We have studied microflora obtained from throat and nose mucosa in 84 patients with chronic ENT pathology. The main group was represented by 35 patients with verified Chlamydia, the rest of the subjects (49 participants) composed control cohort. The results of the research showed the peculiarities of quantitative and qualitative content of microbiocenosis of throat and nose mucosa in the group of patients with identified Chlamydia infection as well as the strengthening of pathogenic factors in staphylococcus isolated strains in Chlamydia infected cohort.

DYSFUNCTIONS OF NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

The problem of rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP) is a difficult task and doesn’t lose its relevance. Children with CCLP often suffer from repeated acute viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and upper respiratory tract, which leads to a forced delay in surgical, orthodontic treatment, adequate speech therapy and complications after staged surgical operations. The development of inflammatory processes in children with CCLP is associated with anatomical and topographic features that facilitate the penetration of pathogenic microflora in oral and nose mucosa and, consequently, negative changes in the immune system (IS). The key cells of IS in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring oral health are neutrophil granulocytes (NG). NG dysfunctions in CCLP interfere with the elimination of pathogens and support their persistence. This can occur against the background of previously existing defects in the functioning of the NG system and is aggravated by the significant pathogenicity and massiveness of the impact of various infectious agents. Full diagnostics of NG dysfunctions is necessary for the further implementation of their timely immune correction and prevention of the development of pathological chronic inflammation in response to the pathogenic microflora long-term on the mucous membrane of the mouth and nose. For this purpose study was conducted of the functional activity and phenotypic characteristics of NG in children with CCLP at different stages of complex rehabilitation. Blood samples of 56 children with CCLP 1-3 years (n = 20, group 1), 4-6 years (n = 20, group 2), and 7-12 years (n = 20, group 3) at different stages of complex rehabilitation and 30 conditionally healthy children (control groups) of the corresponding age was studied. A violation of the microbiocenosis of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities was revealed, which may be a cause or a consequence of a decrease in antibacterial immunity, first of all NG dysfunctions. Common for all age groups children with CCLP NG dysfunction was found: the appearance of NG expressing CD14 receptors that are absent in children of all three control groups, which indicates the presence of viral and bacterial load; defects of phagocytosis associated with a decrease in the number of actively phagocytic NG, impaired NG capture functions; impaired NADPH oxidase release with partial or complete blockade of the response to additional antigenic load, even in the absence of acute clinical manifestations. Comparative analysis of the studied indicators of the expression level of the receptors CD64, CD16, CD32, CD14 NG in children with CCLP demonstrates different equipment, which determines the inconsistency of the phagocytic and microbicidal function of NG in different age periods. Thus, an increase in the expression of these membrane markers, especially CD64 and CD14, in older age groups is accompanied by more significant defects in phagocytic and killing functions of NG, which is associated not only with recurrent viral respiratory infections, but also with a high frequency of associated bacterial infections of the respiratory system and ENT – organs. Revealed NG dysfunctions in children with CCLP of various age groups indicate their inability to implement adequate anti-infective protection, which can lead to atypically occurring viral – bacterial infections and the occurrence of various, including purulent complications in the postoperative period, which requires the development of targeted immunotherapy, included in the program of comprehensive rehabilitation in children with CCLP and aimed at restoring impaired NG functions.

Pharmacokinetic Study of Bioactive Glycopeptide from Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis After Intranasal Administration to Rats Using Biomarker Approach.

A glycopeptide fraction (GPF) from internal organs of green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Müller, Strongylocentrotidae) has been reported to be an effective bronchitis treatment. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of GPF, following single and repeated intranasal (i/n) administration over the course of seven days in rats. The method measuring lactate dehydrogenase as biomarker was used to analyse the plasma and tissue concentrations of GPF. GPF appears in the plasma 15 min after single i/n administration (100 µg/kg) and reaches its maximum at 45 min. The area under the curve (AUC)0–24 and Cmax were similar using both i/n and intravenous administration, while mean residence time (MRT) and T1/2 after i/n administration were significantly higher compared with intravenous (i/v) administration. The absolute bioavailability of GPF after i/n administration was 89%. The values of tissue availability (ft) provided evidence about the highest concentration of GPF in the nose mucosa (ft = 34.9), followed by spleen (ft = 4.1), adrenal glands (ft = 3.8), striated muscle (ft = 1.8), kidneys (ft = 0.5), and liver (ft = 0.3). After repeated dose administration, GPF exhibited significantly higher AUC0–24 and MRT, indicating its accumulation in the plasma.

A comparative study of diagnostic nasal endoscopy and computed tomography in chronic rhinosinusitis

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition in medical practice. It is defined as inflammation of the mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses, the fluids within these cavities, and/or the underlying bone that has been present with or without treatment for at least 12 weeks' duration. Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation of nasal endoscopy examination and computed tomography (CT) in the early diagnosis of CRS. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in outpatient Department of Otorhinolaryngology, in Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil. A total of 60 patients with clinical evidence of sinonasal diseases were evaluated with nasal endoscopy and computed tomographic evaluation. Patients with previous variation of paranasal sinus anatomy due to facial trauma and former sinus surgery were rejected. Patients with history of having malignant neoplasms or congenital malformations were also excluded from the study. Results: Sixty patients with chronic rhinosinusitis participated in the study. Their mean age + standard deviation was 38.18 + 10.19 years, ranging from 20 to 63 years. The median was 37.5 years. The largest proportion (41.7%) of the sample aged 30–39 years old, and only 16.7% aged ≥50 years. The main symptoms of the patients were nasal obstruction (80%), ear pressure (80%), and nasal discharge (78.3%). No significant difference was detected between the two tests regarding their findings. Conclusion: Nasal endoscopy have sensitivity and specificity almost as good as CT scanning, and being an outpatient procedure, it may reduce unnecessary diagnostic scanning procedures.

Characteristic of respiratory ways mucosa microflora in patients with cicatrical stenoses of larynx and trachea

The authors defined microbial landscape of mucous membranes of nose, oropharynx and trachea in patients with chronic cicatrical stenoses of larynx and trachea. 42 patients with tracheostomy have been examined. It was revealed that the growth of microorganism had been observed in 95–99% of cases, mainly in the monoculture. There predominated two-component associations. The main microorganisms supporting inflammatory reaction in trachea are Staphylococcus aureus, Group D Streptococcus, gram-negative bacilli. Tracheal mucosa microflora corresponded to the nasal cavity and pharynx biocenosis, hence it can be concluded that the tracheal mucosa seeding occurs from the upper regions of respiratory tract with the secretion aspiration from the nasal cavity and pharynx. Therefore, comprehensive care of the nasal cavity and pharynx in intensive care patient is essential for prevention of cicatricial process in the larynx and trachea to prevent aspiration of the discharge thereof in the lower respiratory tract.

Clinicotherapeutic Profile of Patients Suffering from Sinusitis

Background: Sinusitis is a group of diseases which affects the mucosa of nose and PNS. There are various anatomical variations that may at times be the cause of disease by blocking the normal drainage of PNS. In India approximately 15% population suffers from PNS. It is not just health implication but also affect the economic and quality of life aspects of affected patients. The purpose of study was to characterize the clinic therapeutic profile of patients suffering of sinusitis and to correlate the clinical profile with treatment. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted on 50 patients visiting outpatients department of otorhinolaryngology, after they gave a written informed consent. Patients with symptoms of sinusitis were evaluated with anterior rhinos copy, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, confirmation of diagnosis was done using radiological investigation. Results: The main clinical symptoms present in all patients were nasal obstruction, postnasal drip, headache, and sneezing. Few patients also reported facial pain, hyposmia/anosmia, cough, fatigue and fever. Treatment given to patients included antibiotics to 20 patients, oral decongestant to 14 patients, nasal decongestant to 16 patients, analgesic to 1 patients, and oral steroid to 1 patients. Septoplasty was done in 32 patients, whereas, functional endoscopic sinus surgery was done in 8 patients. Conclusion: In the present study most common symptoms were nasal obstruction, post nasal drip, headache and sneezing. Most common anatomical variation was septal deviation. Septoplasty was adequate for treatment of sinusitis with deviated septum and functional endoscopic sinus surgery was most effective treatment for chronic sinusitis.

Intra-arterial versus intra venous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine head.

BackgroundThe anatomical complexity of the horse’s head limits the abilities of radiography. Computed tomography (CT) in combination with contrast enhanced CT is used more often for diagnosing various head pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to compare intravenous and intra-arterial contrast-enhancement techniques and describe normal and abnormal contrast enhancement in the horse’s head.ResultsAll 24 horses included in the study recovered without complication from the procedures. Compared to the pre-contrast studies, post-contrast studies showed significant contrast enhancement in the pituitary gland (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p < 0.0001), IA nose septum (p = 0.002), nose mucosa (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p = 0.02), parotid salivary gland (IA: p < 0.0001; IV p < 0.0001), cerebrum (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p < 0.0001), rectus capitis muscle (IA: p < 0.0001; IV p = 0.001), IA temporal muscle (p < 0.0001), IA masseter muscle (p <0.0001) and IV brainstem (p = 0.01). No significant contrast enhancement was seen in the eye (IA: p = 0.23; IV p = 0.33), tongue (IA p = 0.2; IV p = 0.57), IA brainstem (p = 0.88), IV nose septum (p = 0.26), IV temporal muscle (p = 0.09) and IV masseter muscle (p = 0.46). Three different categories of abnormal enhancement were detected: a strong vascularised mass, an enhanced rim surrounding an unenhanced structure and an inflamed anatomical structure with abnormal contrast enhancement.ConclusionUsing the intra-arterial technique, similar contrast enhancement is achieved using less contrast medium compared to the intravenous technique. And a potential major advantage of the IA technique is the ability to evaluate lesions that are characterized by increased blood flow. Using the intravenous technique, a symmetrical and homogenous enhancement is achieved, however timing is more crucial and the contrast dosage is more of influence in the IV protocol. And a potential major advantage of the IV technique is the ability to evaluate lesions that are characterized by increased vascular permeability. Knowing the different normal contrast enhancement patterns will facilitate the recognition of abnormal contrast enhancements.

Comparative Evaluation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients by Conventional Radiography, Computed Tomography and Diagnostic Nasal Endoscopy (DNE).

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition in medical practice. It is defined as inflammation of the mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses, the fluids within these cavities, and/or the underlying bone that has been present with or without treatment for at least 12weeks duration. In 1997, a detailed definition of the syndrome was developed by the Rhinosinusitis Task Force of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, consisting of the major and minor diagnostic criterias. To study the role of conventional radiography, nasal endoscopy and computed tomography in the early diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences. A total of 100 patients with clinical evidence of sinonasal diseases were evaluated with conventional radiography, Nasal endoscopy and computed tomographic evaluation. Out of 100 patients; 58 were male and 42 were female. M:F ratio=1.38:1. Majority of the patients were being in the age group of 21-30years (30%). The most common finding on conventional radiography was opacification of maxillary sinus (42%) followed mucosal thickening (26%), haziness of the maxillary sinus (19%) followed by air-fluid level (13%). Five basic radiological patterns of sinonasal inflammatory disease are identified among 100 patients. These were (1) Infundibular 16%, (2) Ostiomeatal unit 32%, (3) Sphenoethmoidal 8%, (4) Sinonasal polyposis 28%, (5) Unclassified 16%. The sensitivity and specificity of plain film radiography for detecting sinus opacifications was unacceptably low for paranasal sinuses, hence conventional radiography should not be used as a single diagnostic tool in preoperative evaluation. Nasal endoscopy having sensitivity and specificity almost as good as CT scanning, and being an outpatient procedure may reduce unnecessary diagnostic CT scanning procedures. It allows an unparalleled vision with brilliant illumination of nose and paranasal sinuses. Endoscopic directed procedures have high accuracy due to vision controlled and incomparable guidance in treatment of nasal and nasopharyngeal pathologies. CT scan can be reserved as second level investigation for the subgroup of patients with negative endoscopy who remain symptomatic on follow up.

A Bacterial Extract of OM-85 Broncho-Vaxom Prevents Allergic Rhinitis in Mice

According to the hygiene hypothesis, bacterial infections during early life contribute to a reduced incidence of asthma in animals. However, the effects of microbial products at a safe dose and within a rational time course on the prevention of allergic rhinitis (AR) have been inconclusive. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of oral administration of a bacterial extract, OM-85 Broncho-Vaxom (BV), with a low dose and general time course, which is currently used for respiratory infections in humans, on AR inflammation in mice. We developed a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR allergic inflammation in the nose mucosa of mice. Low doses of OM-85 BV were orally administered for 3 months (long term) before sensitization. We evaluated nasal symptoms, pathology in the nose, inflammatory cells, and the levels of T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokines in the nasal lavage fluids, and the serum levels of specific IgE and IgG1. We also observed enhanced effects of OM-85 BV with 1 month (short term) of treatment. We found that long-term pretreatment with OM-85 BV protected the mice from the majority of allergy-specific symptoms; specifically, OM-85 BV suppressed nasal symptoms, inhibited eosinophil infiltration in the nose, inhibited inflammatory infiltrates and the Th2 response by reducing cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13) in the nasal lavage fluids, and reduced IgE and IgG1 levels. Furthermore, short-term treatment with OM-85 BV decreased the levels of Th2 cytokines and IgE. Taken together, our data suggested that OM-85 BV is a low-cost alternative candidate to prevent AR with simple oral administration.

Ocular manifestations in hansen's disease-A clinical study

BackgroundLeprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic mildly contagious granulomatous disease of tropical and subtropical regions caused by the rod shaped bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It affects the skin, peripheral nerves in the hands and feet, mucous membrane of nose, throat and eyes. When left untreated, it is capable of producing various deformities and disfigurements.To study the ocular involvement in patients with Leprosy under the parameters of age group, sex type and duration of leprosy. To study the different ocular manifestations and identify the potentially sight threatening lesions and provide early management.MethodsThis was a prospective study which included 50 cases diagnosed with Hansen's disease. Detailed history and thorough clinical examination was done. Potentially sight threatening lesions were managed conservatively or surgically.ResultsOut of 50 cases of Leprosy, 58% had ocular involvement and majority were in the age group 21-40years. Ocular involvement was predominantly seen in Lepromatous type with 35% having ocular lesions. The most common ocular manifestation observed was superciliary madarosis (48%). Potentially sight threatening lesions accounted for 72.4% of which lagophthalmos was common. No cases of blindness seen.Visual impairment is preventable in Leprosy if detected early. The risk of ocular complications increases with the duration of the disease, despite being treated with systemic anti-leprosy drugs.

Rhinosporidiosis: a clinicopathological study from a Rural Tertiary Health Care Centre, Bihar, India

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infection characterized by a bleeding polypoidal mass which commonly affects the nose and nasopharynx. The disease is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi . It grows in stagnant water and is thought to be transmitted to human by infected soil and water by gaining entry through traumatized epithelium and mucosa of nose and nasopharynx. It has a high incidence of occurrence among rural population. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Methods: Totally, 26 patients of histologically proven cases of rhinosporidiosis were included in this clinicopathological study. The mode of presentation in all these patients was polypoidal nasal mass causing recurrent bleeding and nasal obstruction. The period of study was from May 2010 to April 2014. All patients treated surgically were followed-up from 6 months to 1 year. Results: There were 26 patients of histologically proven rhinosporidiosis of nose and nasopharynx. Of total 26 cases, there were 19 males and 9 female patients in our study with a male to female ratio of 2.7:1. The age of presentation varied from 14 years to 67 years, most patients presenting in the second to sixth decade of life with maximum patients in the third and fourth decade of life and were from rural and poor socio-economic background. Recurrent cases were given dapsone. Conclusion: Rhinosporidiosis which was previously thought to be a fungus is now considered as a protoctista parasite, which involves fish and other amphibians, a fungus like protozoa of the class mesomycetozoea.

Rhinosporidiosis of the Left Wrist Joint: A Case Report

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. It usually occurs in the mucous membranes of nose, nasopharynx, and eyes, and less commonly in extra nasal sites such as skin, bones, genitalia, and even the internal organs. Rhinosporidiosis occurs in the wrist joint with isolated bony involvement is rare. We report one such case in a 50-year-old man who presented with a non-tender, fixed swelling over his anterolateral aspect of left forearm. Radiography and computed tomography showed a lytic destructive lesion involving the distal radius, ulna, carpals, and base of metacarpals. Biopsy revealed features of rhinosporidiosis. The patient underwent below-elbow amputation.

Polypoidal Lesions in the Nasal Cavity

Nasal polyps are polypoidal masses arising from mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinuses. They are overgrowths of the mucosa that frequently accompany allergic rhinitis. They are freely movable and nontender. The purpose of this study was to study the histopathologic spectrum of polypoidal lesions of the nasal cavity. The study comprised of 100 consecutive cases of polypoidal lesions in the nasal cavity, received in the department of pathology. The age and sex of the patients were recorded. The tissues were routinely processed for histopathologic sections and stained with haematoxylin and eosin stains. Special stains like Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) was done wherever applicable. The cases were classified into neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. The neoplastic lesions were further classified according to WHO classification on histopathologic examination. Analysis of 100 polypoidal lesions in the nose and paranasal sinuses with clinical diagnosis of nasal polyps, revealed 66 cases were nonneoplastic and 34 were neoplastic;17 (50%)were benign and 17(50%) were malignant. True nasal polyps both inflammatory and allergic together comprised 44 cases of the 100 polypoidal lesions in the nasal cavity. Angiofibroma and inverted papilloma were the most frequent benign tumour accounting for 12/17(0.7%). The most common malignant tumour was anaplastic carcinoma 7/17(0.4%). Nonneoplastic and benign tumours were common in younger age groups whereas malignant tumours were most common in older males. The majority of polypoidal lesions in the nasal cavity are nonneoplastic.

Rhinosporidiosis of distal radius: A case report with review of literature

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi , mainly affecting the mucous membrane of nose, nasopharynx, and eyes. Involvement of bone though rare has been reported along with other mucocutaneous lesions. But bony involvement without any mucocutaneous lesion is very rare and only few cases are documented. Here we report a case of rhinosporidiosis of distal radius without any other lesion, which has not been reported in English language-peer reviewed literature, to the best of our knowledge.