MQTT Communication Protocol Research Articles

Development of a Prototype System for Monitoring and Controlling Apple Cider Vinegar Fermentation Using IoT-Based Fuzzy Methods

The apple cider vinegar fermentation process requires careful monitoring and control of variables such as pH, alcohol content, and amount of acetic acid. This research adopts Fuzzy Logic Control by utilizing the MQTT communication protocol, pH, alcohol and water pump sensors, as well as solenoid valves and DC motors as actuators. This Internet of Things (IoT) based solution provides real-time monitoring information on the fermentation process. The results showed that the test system succeeded in maintaining a stable pH of around 3.9-4.0 during the initial stages of fermentation, while industrial data showed greater variations. Alcohol content increased consistently in the test system, in contrast to the spike on day 7 in industry data. At the formulation stage, the pH dropped to 3.68 in the test system, while the industry maintained 3.70. At medium and slow mixing stages, the test system showed a significant decrease in pH and a consistent increase in alcohol. At the harvest stage, the pH was lower in the test system compared to industrial, with slightly higher alcohol content. Test results show that the implementation of this system can reduce the fermentation process time by up to 2 days faster compared to conventional methods. This conclusion shows that IoT-based systems are able to provide better control and monitoring than conventional systems, so they have great potential for wider adoption in the apple vinegar fermentation industry to increase production effectiveness.

A Secure IoT-Enabled Machine Learning Framework for Brain Tumor Classification and Prediction Using MR Image Data

Brain tumor identification and classification have improved due to the quick development of medical imaging and machine learning technology. This paper presents two approaches to secure image transmission in the Internet of Things (IoT): a comprehensive approach for brain tumor prediction and classification using a strong IoT infrastructure with cutting-edge machine learning models and a security approach with the implementation of the AES-ECC hybrid model in the MQTT communication protocol for image data encryption and decryption. We make use of a heterogeneous dataset that we sourced from the Kaggle Dataset platform, which includes four different types of MRI scans of brain tumors from 2870 patients. Our proposed methodology starts with the safe acquisition and transfer of MRI images through an IoT protocol infrastructure to a cloud-based platform. CNN, DenseNet, ResNet and G-Net are some of the sophisticated machine learning models that are used to interpret and analyse these pictures. The computer is trained to identify photos of brain tumors into the appropriate groups using all above four models. According to the data, our suggested CNN model performs better than the others, obtaining an amazing 89% accuracy rate. Nonetheless, we want to achieve even greater improvement in forecast precision by utilising ensemble boosting methodologies. Boosting the CNN model with Ada-Boost, Gradient Boost, XG Boost and Cat Boost algorithms aims to maximize prediction performance. We find that the CNN algorithm combined with XG Boost outperforms all other ensemble methods with an amazing accuracy rate of 97%. This encouraging result highlights how combining cutting-edge machine learning algorithms with IoT infrastructure can lead to better brain tumor classification and prognosis. The creation of more precise and effective diagnostic instruments for the identification of brain tumors is one of our study's many implications, one that will ultimately improve patient outcomes and the healthcare industry.

Development of Web-Based Teleoperation VOCAFE Service Robot

The design and implementation of a service robot that communicates effectively via the MQTT Protocol is presented in this research. This study focuses on creating a web-based application to control and monitor the movement of restaurant service robots in one of the university's cafes called VOCAFE. This research uses the MQTT communication protocol which allows smooth interaction between the robot and the operator. The design and construction of service robots, including their mechanical parts and communication systems, is described in the engineering section. The test results show the response time of the robot's navigation system, showing performance within a reasonable range. The conclusion highlights the importance of additional testing and research to improve the system. Overall, this research advances the creation of teleoperated restaurant service robots with reliable and effective communication using MQTT.

IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY MONITORING AT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI TELKOM PURWOKERTO

Measurement of electric power usage is carried out using simple measuring instruments and the recording is still manual so that the data obtained is not real-time and accurate. This research aims to implement an electrical energy monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT) to obtain real-time information related to electrical energy in the education industry. This research uses an Industrial Grade Power Meter to get a more accurate measurement value. To connect the Power Meter device with the IoT system, this research uses Modbus RS485 communication and a mini PC to process data from the meter, so that the data can be sent to a server using the MQTT communication protocol, and displayed on the Dashboard. The test results of this study indicate that the monitoring system can be implemented and the system runs well with end-to-end measurement results. From the measurement results, the current value (3 phase average) has an average deviation of 0.001 Amperes, Voltage (3 phase average) has an average deviation of 0.519 V, Power factor has an average deviation of 0.012, Active power has a deviation average of 0.000 kW, reactive power with an average deviation of 0.000 kVAR, apparent power with an average deviation of 0.000 kVA and frequency with an average deviation of 0.124 Hz. Then the MQTT protocol has a quality of service with index 4 based on TIPHON standardization on delay, throughput, and packet loss parameters, and index 3 based on TIPHON standardization on jitter parameters.

Research on IOT Control module for Smart Kitchen Based on AIOT Technology

In the Internet of Things, the smart kitchen field has broad market prospects and development potential. In order to solve the problems of wireless kitchen electric system in smart kitchen, such as lack of universality, poor autonomy and controllability, vulnerability to network attacks which lead to illegal data theft. In this paper, an IOT control module for smart kitchen based on AIOT is proposed. Through the design of module hardware and MQTT communication protocol, problems such as few wireless links supported by the IOT control module and no national security algorithm for security authentication can be solved. It can connect various smart kitchen appliances in the smart kitchen system and ensure the security of data.

The demonstration device for remote light control via the Internet by using MQTT protocol and Dual-Chip ESP32

In this article, the primary purpose is to design and implement a remote light control example that makes use of the Arduino IDE platform for programming, the MQTT protocol, and an ESP32 microcontroller, which has a dual-core CPU as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. This aspect is related to the Internet of Things (IoT), which allows any fundamental device to be linked and become a smart device via the application of the Internet. As a result, these devices can be operated from a significantly long-distance, eliminating the need to physically interact with the switches to turn them on or off. The first part of the paper is a discussion of the fundamental theory that is provided to examine the potential of remote control methods, followed by a short overview of the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), MQTT communication protocol, and PWM technique to regulate the brightness of lights. The second section is devoted to hands-on work, such as setting up an environment connection over the Internet, compiling and designing a printed circuit board (PCB).

Condition Monitoring of Rotary Machinery Using Industrial IOT Framework

Modern maintenance strategies, such as predictive and prescriptive maintenance, which derived from the concept of Industry and Maintenance 4.0, involve the application of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to connect maintenance objects enabling data collection and analysis that can help make better decisions on maintenance activities. Data collection is the initial step and the foundation of any modern Predictive or Prescriptive maintenance strategy because it collects data that can then be analysed to provide useful information about the state of maintenance objects. Condition monitoring of rotary equipment is one of the most popular maintenance methods because it can distinguish machine state between multiple fault types. The topic of this paper is the presentation of an automated system for data collection, processing and interpretation of rotary equipment state that is based on IIoT framework consisting of an IIoT accelerometer, edge and fog devices, web API and database. Additionally, ISO 10816-1 guidance has been followed to develop module for evaluation of vibration severity. The collected data is also visualized in a dashboard in a near-real time and shown to maintenance engineering, which is crucial for pattern monitoring. The developed system was launched in laboratory conditions using rotating equipment failure simulator to test the logic of data collection and processing. A proposed system has shown that it is capable of automated periodic data collection and processing from remote places which is achieved using Node RED programming environment and MQTT communication protocol that enables reliable, lightweight, and secure data transmission.

System Design and Simulation for Square Dance Movement Monitoring Based on Machine Learning.

Since the reform and opening, China's economy has grown rapidly, and people's living standards have improved significantly. As one of the most effective ways to implement national fitness, square dance has gradually become the main lifestyle of urban communities, an important part of China's sports construction, and an important indicator to reflect the fitness of the masses and the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way. On the other hand, with the rapid development of internet of things technology, many people can use intelligent bracelets based on machine learning technology to realize motion detection. This technology is also applicable in square dance, which is of great significance to exercise and protect health. This paper first reviews the research status of the internet of things communication protocol and cloud platform, then introduces and analyzes the MQTT communication protocol and Netty high-performance network framework, and studies the integration technology of the internet of things and machine learning. Then, according to the characteristics of the internet of things, a scheme to realize data preprocessing is proposed. The value to be completed is calculated based on the correlation of other attributes corresponding to the k-nearest neighbor model (KNN) and the regression model. Finally, the machine learning algorithm is used to train the results of the three models to obtain the final filling value. The whole scheme design allows the machine learning algorithm to obtain relatively high-quality data in the internal environment. This paper designs a sports monitoring data system for square dance by combining machine learning and internet of things technology, so as to promote national fitness.

Learning-based Energy Consumption Prediction

As more people send information to the cloud-fog infrastructure, this brings many problems to the management of computer energy consumption. Therefore, energy consumption management of servers, fog devices and cloud computing platform should be investigated to comply with the Green IT requirement. In this paper, we propose an energy consumption prediction model consisting of several components such as hardware design, data pre-processing, characteristics extraction and selection. Our main goal is to develop a non-invasive meter based on a network of sensors that includes a microcontroller, the MQTT communication protocol and the energy measurement module. This meter measures voltage, current, power, frequency, energy and power factor while a dashboard is used to present the energy measurements in real-time. In particular, we perform measurements using a workstation that has similar characteristics to the servers of a Datacenter locate at the Information Technology Center in ESPOL, which currently provide this type of services in Ecuador. For convenience, we evaluated different linear regression models to select the best one and to predict future energy consumption based on the several measurements from the workstation during several hours which enables the consumer to optimize and to reduce the maintenance costs of the IT equipment. The supervised machine learning algorithms presented in this work allow us to predict the energy consumption by hours and by days.

Real time secure messaging service for internet of things applications using MQTT

Most of the IoT applications require real time and secure exchange of information among connected devices and hence, currently, security of communication protocols is becoming key topic of research. MQTT, a lightweight communication protocol, is used for real time communication between networks. Authors have reviewed numerous published researches on secure MQTT protocol for IoT networks and have discovered security loop holes of MQTT communication protocol that are needed to be addressed. This article proposes a secure and real time MQTT protocol by incorporating SSL certificate to MQTT broker for IoT applications without data loss. The research has been implemented in Raspberry Pi 3B system using Python 3.4.10 development platform along with Numpy 1.11.1 and scipy 0.18.0 (for mathematical analysis), paho-mqtt 1.5.0 (for MQTT publication/subscription), and Chromium (for displaying research outcome). The outcome of this research shows that the proposed MQTT protocol has tighten security during exchanging information over IoT networks without any loss of data. IIUC Studies Vol.17, December 2020: 27-42

Design automatic waitress in android based restaurant using MQTT communication protocol

Currently, many technologies are created to facilitate and help solve problems in society. The development of technology and industrial automation encourages people to fulfill their daily needs quickly, precisely and efficiently. At this time, a variety of automatic equipment that supports human performance in carrying out their duties has been widely used, ranging from simple control tools to robotics with a variety of up-to-date technology bases. how to queue in front of the cashier and be delivered by the waiter to the dining table which utilizes a lot of Human Resources with various risks such as dishes or even fallen humans. Automatic serving is an alternative for serving food in a modern style. In the process of serving food, it is carried out by placing the food on the robot, using a stepper motor, the robot can walk and by using the photodiode sensor to detect food running on the food tray it will automatically stop in front of the table of customers who have ordered through the android application that has been provided in each table to seat. This system is expected to be able to make the system at the restaurant and its visitors safer and more comfortable.

Implementation of Simon’s Algorithm in the Encryption Process of Publish-Subscribe Data Sending in the MQTT Protocol using the Raspberry

In the development of IoT there is a higher risk of security because the device can be used as a Botnet and can harm many parties. The use of the MQTT communication protocol on the Internet of Things devices is massive. Otherwise, the MQTT protocol does not have a security side that can secure data exchange in this protocol. In information security, it is explained that data must have a security side in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. One solution to address the problems that have been described is the addition of an encryption algorithm to the MQTT communication protocol so the data that moved remains safe. The SIMON algorithm is an algorithm released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 in the selection of the best lightweight cipher at that time. The selection of this secalgorithm is based on the efficiency, speed, and use of small power in carrying out the process. The encryption method will be implemented at the publisher node where the node will encrypt data first before sending it to the broker node. The decryption method will be implemented on the subscriber node where the node will perform subscribe function and decrypt function to get the plaintext. The SIMON algorithm that is used is SIMON 128/128 because it has been proven that this SIMON type has the fastest time in the encryption and decryption process. Functional testing shows that all nodes in the system can work properly according to their respective functions. On the attack test, two active attack methods are used, namely Ciphertext Only Attack and Known Plaintext Attack. Both attacks were unable to get the plaintext after several attempts. So it can be concluded that the SIMON algorithm has succeeded in securing the system using the MQTT communication protocol.

APPLICATION FOR FUNCTIONALITY AND REGISTRATION IN THE CLOUD OF A MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT BOARD FOR IOT IN AWS

The use of the Amazon Web Services cloud enables new functionalities that are not possible with traditional solutions: low latency, local data processing and storage, and direct connectivity to other cloud services. Reimagining the way IoT connectivity services are presented by combining AWS cloud technology with mobile connectivity offers rapid prototyping to help connect devices natively over Wi-Fi. For this, the MQTT communication protocol is used to interact with the IoT device and exchange data, which allows controlling the basic functions of a sensor node. The installation is realized through a software development kit (SDK), which allows the creation of an application for Android devices. This solution gives the option to integrate together, improving the connectivity of the IoT system. The results enable board logging and network configuration, and can also be used to control the IoT device. The embedded firmware provides the required security functions.

An Elasticity Framework for Distributed Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Brokers

An Elasticity Framework for Distributed Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Brokers

Open-hardware wireless controller and 3D-printed pumps for efficient liquid manipulation

Many routines in biological experiments require the precise handling of liquid volumes in the range of microliters up to liters. In this paper, we describe a new wireless controller that is adapted to liquid manipulation tasks, in particular when combined with the proposed 3D-printed pumps. It can be built from widely available electronic components and managed with open-source software. The use of peristaltic pumps enables to move volumes from milliliters to liters with a relative error below 1% or a syringe pump capable of injecting volumes in the range of milliliters with microliter accuracy. The system is remotely controllable over WiFi and easily automated using the MQTT communication protocol. The programming of the microcontroller is performed on the Arduino IDE. The WiFi settings and the calibration value can be easily modified, stored and exported in the form of a JSON file to create a user friendly, plug and play and easily scalable device. Additional sensors or actuators can be added, allowing the system to adapt to various usages. Finally, in addition to its low manufacturing cost and its capability to fit a large variety of tasks involving liquid handling, our system has been specifically designed for research environments where adaptability and repeatability of experiments is essential.

Komparasi Protokol Komunikasi pada Sistem Produksi Siber-Fisik berbasis IEC 61499

The change in the concept of an automation pyramid into an automation cloud in a cyber-physical production system makes data communication no longer stratified but can be done directly between devices. Based on IEC 61499, which defines the function blocks for building such communications, communication protocols can be run on various devices. Several communication protocols that can fulfill these requirements are OPC-UA, FBDK / IP, and MQTT. The research was conducted by comparing the three communication protocols for latency parameters and their jitters. The test method used to compare latency parameters is the variance analysis test and the Tukey test. The jitter value of the protocols are compared to the standard deviation parameter. The test results showed that the MQTT communication protocol had a faster latency value, with a 95% confidence level. The standard deviation of the variation value for OPC-UA, FBDK / IP, and MQTT showed the jitter value of 0.72 seconds, 0.35 seconds, and 0.64 seconds. Comparing the three communication protocols' standard deviation values showed that the FBDK / IP communication protocol has significantly less jitter than the OPC-UA and MQTT communication protocols.

IoT based Smart Home Testbed using MQTT Communication Protocol

Technology is developing day by day in the world. In addition, developing technologies bring innovations and conveniences to all areas of life. However, ensuring the continuity of these innovations brought by technology reveals different problems. Smart home approach, which increases the quality of human living areas, is one of the most popular working subjects of recent times. In a smart home, built with the Internet of Things technology products, it is very important that the sensors and control devices communicate in a safer way and work in a coordinated manner to ensure the ecosystem's continuity in a safer way. In this study, an IoT based smart home testbed was realized by using MQTT communication protocol which one of the most used IoT communication protocols. With the developed system, the control of the smart home and the operating performance of the system were controlled with the mobile application. The results obtained in the light of the data provided by the test show that the system developed with the MQTT communication protocol can successfully ensure data flow and control in Smart Home applications.

A Multi Platform for Utility using openFMBTM Reference Architecture: Chalenges and Lessons Learned

The exponential growth of smart micro grids is making centralized control unmanageable. Data generated by grid-edge devices are also inaccessible due to the installation of private micro grids with proprietary communication protocols. The OpenFMBTM reference architecture solves this interoperability issue and eases the manageability of huge data by creating a virtual node that would allow exchange information between field devices with the use of publish/subscribe paradigm. However, the OpenFMBTM framework is yet to be adopted by industries but researches related to the implementation of this framework is being conducted with the aim to find out the cost and reliability on performance issues such as accuracy, scalability and security. Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) provided a live demonstration of OpenFMBTM framework at DistribuTECH conference. DistribuTECH demo provides a guideline to setup simulators deployed in a single Linux machine. This paper discusses about the simulation demo and lessons learned to further developing the project. The implemented demo focuses on the use of MQTT communication protocol for transport layer data transfer. The experiment uses the guidelines of the DistribuTECH demo and addresses the challenge of deploying the framework in real devices at industry level.

Design of IOS smart Home System Based on MQTT Protocol and Speech Recognition

With the rapid development of Internet of Things technology in recent years, speech recognition technology based on artificial intelligence and Internet of Things has gradually penetrated into various fields.In the traditional field of smart home systems, users generally need to manually set function scenes, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive and inconvenient for human-machine system interaction. In order to better meet the needs of people's intelligent life, to provide users with better control experience on smart home appliances, improve the quality of intelligent home life. This article designed a smart home control system that uses iOS as the core, voice recognition module as the interactive means, and MQTT communication protocol as data transfer.The system uses speech recognition technology based on artificial intelligence and deep learning to improve the recognition rate of speech input, achieve perfect interaction between humans and computers, and enable users to truly experience the intelligent and humanized characteristics of smart home systems.

A real IoT device deployment for e-Health applications under lightweight communication protocols, activity classifier and edge data filtering

Recently the topic of health monitoring is growing in interest and several applications and devices were designed and put on the markets. This interest is promoted by an increasing enthusiasm about physical activities to improve health and wellness. In this work, we present a wearable device able to collect data from different body sensors to send them towards a cloud platform. The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport MQTT communication protocol is used to send data by customizing the messages payload and building up a customized protocol between devices and cloud. These data, are used to recognize user activity and health status sending alerts when an anomaly is detected. These results can be used to monitor performances or to investigate anomalies discovered during activities. In addition, we propose a fuzzy-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR) classifier which continuously acquire data from body sensors exploiting an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. In order to improve HAR, different classes of data filters have been analyzed to reduce the amount of data sent to the cloud. These filters introduce smart functionalities at the edge of the network reducing the data-flow without compromising the classifier goodness. A smart device based on embedded technologies is designed to realize the wearable device.