MPEG-1 Audio Layer Research Articles

A Universal Audio Steganalysis Scheme Based on Multiscale Spectrograms and DeepResNet

Given the popularity of audio and video applications, compressed audio has become an important carrier of covert communication on the Internet. Many novel compressed audio steganography schemes have emerged that offer good hiding capability and aural concealment. In this paper, a universal steganalysis scheme called MultiSpecNet is proposed to detect steganography based on multiple embedding domains (advanced audio coding (AAC) and MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3)), which are currently the two most popular compressed audio standards. The basic idea is that modification of either domain by a steganography scheme will change the time-frequency relationship of the audio signal after decoding. The proposed approach adopts the spectrogram as the input feature to extract richer information. DeepResNet is used to learn the distinguishing feature representations, and multiscale spectrograms are used to enrich the feature diversity. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is effective at detecting different steganography schemes based on the AAC and MP3 embedding domains. The detection accuracy of the proposed scheme is higher than that achieved by other state-of-the-art schemes. Using spectrograms as the input, DeepResNet achieves better performance than schemes using quantized modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coefficients and mel-spectrogram, although the quantized MDCT coefficient is the parameter modified by the steganography schemes directly and mel-spectrogram is very popular and effective for general audio signal analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first audio steganalysis scheme that can detect multiple steganography schemes in both the MP3 and AAC embedding domains. The method proposed in this paper can be extended to audio steganalysis for other codecs or for audio forensics purposes.

Natural language processing based advanced method of unnecessary video detection

<span>In this study we have described the process of identifying unnecessary video using an advanced combined method of natural language processing and machine learning. The system also includes a framework that contains analytics databases and which helps to find statistical accuracy and can detect, accept or reject unnecessary and unethical video content. In our video detection system, we extract text data from video content in two steps, first from video to MPEG-1 audio layer 3 (MP3) and then from MP3 to WAV format. We have used the text part of natural language processing to analyze and prepare the data set. We use both Naive Bayes and logistic regression classification algorithms in this detection system to determine the best accuracy for our system. In our research, our video MP4 data has converted to plain text data using the python advance library function. This brief study discusses the identification of unauthorized, unsocial, unnecessary, unfinished, and malicious videos when using oral video record data. By analyzing our data sets through this advanced model, we can decide which videos should be accepted or rejected for the further actions.</span>

A hand-driven portable triboelectric nanogenerator using whirligig spinning dynamics

Abstract Pervasive and portable energy solutions are highly desired in the era of Internet of Things for powering wide-range distributed electronics. Human body contains renewable biomechanical energy sources, which could be harnessed for sustainable electricity generation as portable power sources for wearable bioelectronics. Herein, we propose an ultralow-cost, efficient, portable hand-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (HD-TENG) enabled by whirligig spinning to harvest energy from low-frequency and linear human biomechanical motions. Remarkably, the operating HD-TENG could easily achieve a rotational speed of over 10,000 rpm with a gentle hand stretching in a linear and periodic manner. The reported HD-TENG was demonstrated to charge a 220 μ F commercial capacitor up to 3 V in less than 80 s, and continuously drive a smart bracelet for health monitoring, and a portable MPEG-1 audio layer III for music playing. With a collection features of high output power, light weight, excellent portability, ease of transport, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, the ingeniously designed HD-TENG represents a convenient green power supply approach for wearable bioelectronics in the era of Internet of Things.

Evolutionary Detection Accuracy of Secret Data in Audio Steganography for Securing 5G-Enabled Internet of Things

With the unprecedented growing demand for communication between Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the upcoming 5G and 6G technologies will pave the path to a widespread use of ultra-reliable low-latency applications in such networks. However, with most of the sensitive data being transmitted over wireless links, security, privacy and trust management are emerging as big challenges to handle. IoT applications vary, from self-driving vehicles, drone deliveries, online shopping, IoT smart cities, e-healthcare and robotic assisted surgery, with many applications focused on Voice over IP (VoIP) and require securing data from potential eavesdroppers and attackers. One well-known technique is a hidden exchange of secret data between the devices for which security can be achieved with audio steganography. Audio steganography is an efficient, reliable and low-latency mechanism used for securely communicating sensitive data over wireless links. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3’s (MP3’s) bit rate falls within the acceptable sound quality required for audio. Its low level of noise distortion does not affect its sound quality, which makes it a good carrier medium for steganography and watermarking. The strength of any embedding technique lies with its undetectability measure. Although there are many detection techniques available for both steganography and watermarking, the detection accuracy of secret data has been proven erroneous. It has yet to be confirmed whether different bit rates or a constant sampling rate for embedding eases detection. The accuracy of detecting hidden information in MP3 files drops with the influence of the compression rate or increases. This drop or increase is caused by either the increase in file track size, the sampling rate or the bit rate. This paper presents an experimental study that evaluates the detection accuracy of the secret data embedded in MP3. Training data were used for the embedding and detection of text messages in MP3 files. Several iterations were evaluated. The experimental results show that the used approach was effective in detecting the embedded data in MP3 files. An accuracy rate of 97.92% was recorded when detecting secret data in MP3 files under 128-kbps compression. This result outperformed the previous research work.

Psychoacoustic Calibration of Loss Functions for Efficient End-to-End Neural Audio Coding

Conventional audio coding technologies commonly leverage human perception of sound, or psychoacoustics, to reduce the bitrate while preserving the perceptual quality of the decoded audio signals. For neural audio codecs, however, the objective nature of the loss function usually leads to suboptimal sound quality as well as high run-time complexity due to the large model size. In this work, we present a psychoacoustic calibration scheme to re-define the loss functions of neural audio coding systems so that it can decode signals more perceptually similar to the reference, yet with a much lower model complexity. The proposed loss function incorporates the global masking threshold, allowing the reconstruction error that corresponds to inaudible artifacts. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the baseline neural codec twice as large and consuming 23.4% more bits per second. With the proposed method, a lightweight neural codec, with only 0.9 million parameters, performs near-transparent audio coding comparable with the commercial MPEG-1 Audio Layer III codec at 112 kbps.

Impact of a multi-criteria rating in e-commerce: the moderating effect of self-depletion on trust and purchase intention

Self-depletion is known to have a wide range of effects on the decision-making process. Two experimental studies investigate whether a purchase decision-making on an e-commerce product webpage is affected by the state of self-depletion when using a multi-criteria rating scale. A questionnaire was built to measure trust, distrust and purchase intention and was submitted to one hundred and twenty-two participants (categorised in two groups according to their self-depletion test) who have to judge different mp3 (Mpeg Audio Layer 3) players presented on a webpage. In both studies, the variance of ratings were investigated with the presence of a global rating (1st exp.) and the valence of the global rating (2nd exp.) of the products. Main results show that self-depletion moderated the effect of variance of the ratings on the judgment and also lead to a polarisation effect. Trust and purchase intention are highly correlated, while distrust is only loosely correlated to purchase intention, supporting the view of a dual trust-distrust construct, instead of a continuum.

Detecting double-compressed MP3 with the Same Bit-rate

The MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 can be recorded as archive and lawful evidence. However, this MP3 audio may often be forged by audio forgers for their own benefits in some significant events, which will cause double MP3 compression. In this paper, the statistical features based on scale factors under long window application in the iterative loop are extracted, and a Support Vector Machine is applied for classification to detect double MP3 compression. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate and effective for double MP3 compression detection at the same-bitrate condition. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to include other basic features in addition to MDCT coefficients in the scope of double audio compression detection.

A Novel Query-by-Singing/Humming Method by Estimating Matching Positions Based on Multi-layered Perceptron

The increase in the number of music files in smart phone and MP3 player makes it difficult to find the music files which people want. So, Query-by-Singing/Humming (QbSH) systems have been developed to retrieve music from a user’s humming or singing without having to know detailed information about the title or singer of song. Most previous researches on QbSH have been conducted using musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) files as reference songs. However, the production of MIDI files is a time-consuming process. In addition, more and more music files are newly published with the development of music market. Consequently, the method of using the more common MPEG-1 audio layer 3 (MP3) files for reference songs is considered as an alternative. However, there is little previous research on QbSH with MP3 files because an MP3 file has a different waveform due to background music and multiple (polyphonic) melodies compared to the humming/singing query. To overcome these problems, we propose a new QbSH method using MP3 files on mobile device. This research is novel in four ways. First, this is the first research on QbSH using MP3 files as reference songs. Second, the start and end positions on the MP3 file to be matched are estimated by using multi-layered perceptron (MLP) prior to performing the matching with humming/singing query file. Third, for more accurate results, four MLPs are used, which produce the start and end positions for dynamic time warping (DTW) matching algorithm, and those for chroma-based DTW algorithm, respectively. Fourth, two matching scores by the DTW and chroma-based DTW algorithms are combined by using PRODUCT rule, through which a higher matching accuracy is obtained. Experimental results with AFA MP3 database show that the accuracy (Top 1 accuracy of 98%, with an MRR of 0.989) of the proposed method is much higher than that of other methods. We also showed the effectiveness of the proposed system on consumer mobile device.

THE PILOT STUDY OF HEARING LOSS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS USE MP3 PLAYER

Background: Along with the technical progress, MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III) is modern person indispensable electronic product. Many studies showed that the the most noise source of recreational act...

Simulador de Deficiencias Auditivas

The audio compression standard for high-quality MPEG is a standard developed to compress signals without losing relevant information. In particular, the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III is based on Psychoacoustic Model I. Throughout this paper a system that exploits the characteristics of the perceptual model to simulate different types of hearing impairment based on the curves representing the threshold of hearing of the ear as a function of frequency. Subjective and objective experiments are made in order to analyze the performance of the simulator with some types of hearing impairment.

Simulador de Deficiencias Auditivas

The audio compression standard for high-quality MPEG is a standard developed to compress signals without losing relevant information. In particular, the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III is based on Psychoacoustic Model I. Throughout this paper a system that exploits the characteristics of the perceptual model to simulate different types of hearing impairment based on the curves representing the threshold of hearing of the ear as a function of frequency. Subjective and objective experiments are made in order to analyze the performance of the simulator with some types of hearing impairment.

1P1-F06 非圧縮音源と圧縮音源の違いに関する脳波解析(非接触センシング)

Currentry, many types of no-reversible compressed sound source, represented by MP3(MPEG Audio Layer-3) are popular in the world and they are widely used to make the music file size smaller. The sound data created in this way has less information as compared to pre-compressed data. The objective of this study is by analyzing EEG to determine if people can recognize such difference as differences in sound.

Detection of Double MP3 Compression

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audio format for consumer audio storage and a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital audio players. MP3 audio forgery manipulations generally uncompress a MP3 file, tamper with the file in the temporal domain, and then compress the doctored audio file back into MP3 format. If the compression quality of doctored MP3 file is different from the quality of original MP3 file, the doctored MP3 file is said to have undergone double MP3 compression. Although double MP3 compression does not prove a malicious tampering, it is evidence of manipulation and thus may warrant further forensic analysis since, e.g., faked MP3 files can be generated by using double MP3 compression at a higher bit-rate for the second compression to claim a higher quality of the audio files. To detect double MP3 compression, in this paper, we extract the statistical features on the modified discrete cosine transform and apply a support vector machine to the extracted features for classification. Experimental results show that our designed method is highly effective for detecting faked MP3 files. Our study also indicates that the detection performance is closely related to the bit-rate of the first-time MP3 encoding and the bit-rate of the second-time MP3 encoding.

Multi-level association rules for MP3P marketing strategies based on extensive marketing survey data

This study analyzes the purchase patterns of MPEG Audio Layer-3 Players (MP3) customers in Korea. Factor analysis, clustering, and association rules are used to find the purchase patterns of segmented groups. From our analysis, 7 major factors were identified: technique, business, stylishness, rationale, late adaptor, pragmatic propensity, and music. Based on these factors and demographic data, six types of user groups are identified. Subsequently, we identify the chain of purchase processes of each cluster of customers. Finally, we propose target marketing strategies for segmented groups. We expect that our study results can provide direction for marketing and public relations strategies for MP3P manufacturers.

A Watermarking Scheme for MP3 Audio Files

In this work, we present for the first time in our perception an efficient digital watermarking scheme for mpeg audio layer 3 files that operates directly in the compressed data domain, while manipulating the time and subband/channel domain. In addition, it does not need the original signal to detect the watermark. Our scheme was implemented taking special care for the efficient usage of the two limited resources of computer systems: time and space. It offers to the industrial user the capability of watermark embedding and detection in time immediately comparable to the real music time of the original audio file that depends on the mpeg compression, while the end user/audience does not face any artifacts or delays hearing the watermarked audio file. Furthermore, it overcomes the disadvantage of algorithms operating in the PCM- Data domain to be vulnerable to compression/recompression attacks, as it places the watermark in the scale factors domain and not in the digitized sound audio data. The strength of our scheme, that allows it to be used with success in both authentication and copyright protection, relies on the fact that it gives to the users the enhanced capability their ownership of the audio file not to be accomplished simply by detecting the bit pattern that comprises the watermark itself, but by showing that the legal owner knows a hard to compute property of the watermark. Keywords—Audio watermarking, mpeg audio layer 3, hard instance generation, NP-completeness.

Linear Technology Corp.

AbstractIT &Technology (MIC: 10.2 SIC: 3674 NAIC: 334413)Linear Technology designs, manufactures and markets a variety of standard linear integrated circuits. Applications for Co.'s products include telecommunications; cellular telephones; networking products; notebook computers; computer peripherals; video/multimedia; industrial instrumentation; security monitoring devices; consumer products such as digital cameras and MPEG Audio Layer 3 (M$3) players; medical devices; automotive electronics; factory automation; process control; and military and space systems. Co.'s principal product categories are: Amplifiers, High Speed Amplifiers, Voltage regulators, Voltage References, Interface, Data Converters, Radio Frequency Circuits, and Other.

Linear Technology Corp.

AbstractIT & Technology (MIC: 10.2 SIC: 3674 NAIC: 334413)Linear Technology designs, manufactures and markets a variety of standard linear integrated circuits. Applications for Co.'s products include telecommunications; cellular telephones; networking products; notebook computers; computer peripherals; video/multimedia; industrial instrumentation; security monitoring devices; consumer products such as digital cameras and MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3) players; medical devices; automotive electronics; factory automation; process control; and military and space systems. Co.'s principal product categories are: Amplifiers, High Speed Amplifiers, Voltage regulators, Voltage References, Interface, Data Converters, Radio Frequency Circuits, and Other.

Fast algorithm for computing the forward and inverse MDCT in MPEG audio coding

The modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) is always employed in transform-coding schemes as the analysis/synthesis filter bank. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for MDCT and inverse MDCT (IMDCT) computation for MPEG-1 audio layer III and MPEG-2 international audio-coding standards is proposed, using only the type-II DCT. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared to the similar algorithms in this paper.

Recent studies on music information processing

Music information processing has been widely deployed in music industries over the years. Of course, technologies oriented to musicians have long been studied including sound synthesis on music synthesizers, desktop music production based on MIDI sequencers, and various kinds of support for composing, performing, and recording music. Such tools have already become an essential part of the music-production process. But more recently, focus has shifted from these conventional tools to new technologies that target the direct enjoyment of music by end users who are not musicians. For example, it has become relatively easy to ‘‘rip’’ audio signals from compact discs (CD) and compress them and to deal with many musical pieces on a personal computer. It has also become possible to load a huge number of songs onto a portable music player (e.g., Apple iPod) enabling anyone to carry their personal collection of music anywhere and to listen to it at anytime. A variety of factors can be given for this trend including advances in computer hardware (high processing speeds and large-capacity/small-size memory and hard disks), spread of the Internet, and provision of low-cost audio input/output devices as standard equipment. The standardization of MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3) in 1992 and its spread in the latter half of the 1990s and the establishment of MP3-based businesses in response to enduser demand have also played a role here. This trend is accelerating all the more in the first half of the 2000s with the proposal of Ogg Vorbis, MPEG-4 AAC, Windows Media Audio (WMA), and other compression systems following on the heels of MP3. Enterprises for delivering music via the Internet are also appearing in rapid succession. End users who are not musicians are not generally proficient in music — their knowledge of notes, harmony, and other elements of music is usually limited. Furthermore, they generally have little desire to create music. They are quite interested, however, in retrieving and listening to their favorite music or a portion of a musical piece in a convenient and flexible way. Recent research themes of music information processing reflect such enduser demand. The target of processing is expanding from the internal content of individual musical pieces (notes, chords, etc.) to entire musical pieces and even sets of musical pieces. Accordingly, research is becoming active in music systems that can be used by people with no musical knowledge. Typical technologies driving this trend are technology for computing similarity between musical pieces and for retrieving and classifying music; technology for referring to what music friends and other people listen to and for selecting music accordingly; and technology for creating advanced music-handling interfaces. Focusing on this emerging research trend, this paper introduces recent studies on music information processing from a unique perspective.

Design and VLSI implementation of a digital audio-specific DSP core for MP3/AAC

We present a digital audio-specific DSP core designed for a dual decoder for MPEG/audio layer-3 (MP3) and MPEG-2 advanced audio coding (AAC). The processing core is a 20-bit fixed-point programmable DSP having an architecture suitable for audio signal processing. It supports special instructions such as UNPACK and Huffman as well as general arithmetic and logical instructions including pipelined-MAC. All instructions are completed within a single cycle. The DSP core is realized in a 0.35 /spl mu/m 3.3 V CMOS technology and operates at 40 MHz. The implemented DSP core with a dedicated hardware accelerator can decode MP3 using only 13.33 MIPS and AAC using only 16.9 MIPS with high efficiency.