MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Research Articles

Pengembangan Repository berbasis Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) pada Standar Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) dan MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL)

The purpose of this research is to build a repository model and feature the Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL). The research model used is qualitative research and methods. Application development used is Fourth Generation Techniques (4GT). From the results of the development of the repository by involving the Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) module on the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL), it has been applied to the repository application that was built. The test results using the OAI-PMH URL using the OVAL validator tool found that there were no problems and problems in validating and verifying data in the Identify, ListMetadataFormats, ListSets, ListIdentifiers, ListRecords, and XML Validation commands. While the test results show the success rate in crawling each metadata in the web repository, the average success rate of crawling metadata by Google Scholar is 90%, while the error is known to be 10% because some documents do not have complete metadata such as bibliography and uploaded documents.

RAMLET: a Conceptual Model for Resource Aggregation for Learning, Education, and Training

The Resource Aggregation Model for Learning, Education and Training (RAMLET) is a new IEEE standard, IEEE Std 1484.13.1™-2012, that has been developed to facilitate interoperability of existing standards for multimedia resource aggregations. Examples of such standards include METS and MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration. These standards are used on a large scale for describing the structure of a collection of multimedia content. In addition, multiple structures can be specified to provide different paths through the same content. A limitation lies in the fact that they cannot interoperate. For instance, content structured in MPEG-21 cannot be reused in a METS context. This article presents different use cases in which the RAMLET standard enables interoperability of resource aggregation formats. We describe the RAMLET standard and mappings to other standards. In addition, we discuss lessons learned from the development process of this standard and future research challenges.

Representing digital assets usingMPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration

Various XML-based approaches aimed at representing compound digital assets have emerged over the last several years. Approaches that are of specific relevance to the digital library community include the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS), the IMS Content Packaging XML Binding, and the XML Formatted Data Units (XFDU) developed by CCSDS Panel 2. The MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration (MPEG-21 DID) is another standard specifying the representation of digital assets in XML that, so far, has received little attention in the digital library community. This article gives a brief insight into the MPEG-21 standardization effort, highlights the major characteristics of the MPEG-21 DID Abstract Model, and describes the MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (MPEG-21 DIDL), an XML syntax for the representation of digital assets based on the MPEG-21 DID Abstract Model. Also, it briefly demonstrates the potential relevance of MPEG-21 DID to the digital library community by describing its use in the aDORe repository environment at the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for the representation of digital assets.

MPEG-21 digital item declaration and Identification-principles and compression

At the core of the MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework is the concept of the Digital Item, a virtual container for a hierarchical structure of metadata and resources. This paper considers the Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL), gives examples of its usage, and discusses how it is used to integrate other parts of MPEG-21. The paper then discusses how Digital Item Identification integrates with the DIDL to allow MPEG-21 to utilize standard identifiers from many application spaces. Finally, an alternative, compressed form of the XML Digital Item Declaration is described. This uses schema-based compression to significantly reduce the size of these XML documents.

A Standards-based Solution for the Accurate Transfer of Digital Assets

This article describes results of a collaboration between the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the American Physical Society (APS) aimed at designing and implementing a robust solution for the recurrent transfer of digital assets from the APS collection to LANL. In this solution, various recent standards are combined to obtain an asset transfer framework that should be attractive as a means to optimize content transfer in environments beyond the specific APS/LANL project. The proposed solution uses an XML-based complex object format (the MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language) for the application-neutral representation of compound digital assets of all sorts. It uses a pull-oriented HTTP-based protocol (the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) that allows incrementally collecting new and updated assets, represented as XML documents, from a producing archive. It builds on an XML-specific technique (W3C XML Signatures) to provide guarantees regarding authenticity and accuracy of the transferred assets.

Packaging models for the storage and distribution of complex digital objectsin archival information systems: a review of MPEG-21 DID principles

In recent years, the number of organizations making digital information available has increased dramatically. This evolution has encouraged the development of various approaches to represent complex digital objects. Approaches that are of specific relevance to the digital library and archiving community include the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS), the Content Packaging XML Binding of the Instructional Management System (IMS) project, and the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). The MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration MPEG-21 DID) is yet another packaging approach that, so far, has received little attention in the digital library community. The primary goal of this article is to offer a method to compare these packaging approaches in the context of the needs of the digital library community and the rising digital preservation programs. The contribution of this paper is the definition of an integrated reference framework, based on both the ISO OAIS Reference Model and a set of additional significant properties that affect the quality, usability, encoding, and behavior of complex digital objects. This article also gives a brief insight into MPEG-21 DID and examines its potential relevance by showing the results obtained from applying the proposed reference framework.

ADORe: A Modular, Standards-Based Digital Object Repository

This paper describes the aDORe repository architecture designed and implemented for ingesting, storing, and accessing a vast collection of Digital Objects at the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The aDORe architecture is highly modular and standards-based. In the architecture, the MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language is used as the XML-based format to represent Digital Objects that can consist of multiple datastreams as Open Archival Information System Archival Information Packages (OAIS AIPs). Through an ingestion process, these OAIS AIPs are stored in a multitude of autonomous repositories. A Repository Index keeps track of the creation and location of all the autonomous repositories, whereas an Identifier Locator reflects in which autonomous repository a given Digital Object or OAIS AIP resides. A front-end to the complete environment---the OAI-PMH Federator---is introduced for requesting OAIS Dissmination Information Packages (OAIS DIPs). These OAIS DIPs can be the stored OAIS AIPs themselves, or transformations thereof. This front-end allows OAI-PMH harvesters to recurrently and selectively collect batches of OAIS DIPs from aDORe, and hence to create multiple, parallel services using the collected objects. Another front-end---the OpenURL Resolver---is introduced for requesting OAIS Result Sets. An OAIS Result Set is a dissemination of an individual Digital Object or of its constituent datastreams. Both front-ends make use of an MPEG-21 Digital Item Processing engine to apply those services to OAIS AIPs, Digital Objects, or constituent datastreams that were specified in a dissemination request.

Using MPEG-21 DIP and NISO OpenURL for the Dynamic Dissemination of Complex Objects in the Los Alamos National Laboratory Digital Library

This paper focuses on the use of NISO OpenURL and MPEG-21 Digital Item Processing (DIP) to disseminate complex objects and their contained assets, in a repository architecture designed for the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In the architecture, the MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL) is used as the XML-based format to represent complex digital objects. Through an ingestion process, these objects are stored in a multitude of autonomous OAI-PMH repositories. An OAI-PMH compliant Repository Index keeps track of the creation and location of all those repositories, whereas an Identifier Resolver keeps track of the location of individual complex objects and contained assets. An MPEG-21 DIP Engine and an OpenURL Resolver facilitate the delivery of various disseminations of the stored objects. While these aspects of the architecture are described in the context of the LANL library, the paper will also briefly touch on their more general applicability.

Using MPEG-21 DIDL to Represent Complex Digital Objects in the Los Alamos National Laboratory Digital Library

Various XML-based approaches aimed at representing complex digital objects have emerged over the last several years. Approaches that are of specific relevance to the Digital Library community include the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS), the IMS Content Packaging XML Binding, the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM), and the XML packaging approach developed by CCSDS Panel 2. The MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL) is another XML-packaging specification that, so far, has received little attention in the Digital Library community. This article gives a brief insight into the MPEG-21 standardization effort, and indicates its potential relevance to the Digital Library community. It also highlights major characteristics of DIDL, and details research conducted at the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) into the applicability of DIDL for the representation of complex objects in the LANL repository. The positive outcome of this research has led to a decision to make DIDL-conformant documents the unit of storage in the LANL repository, and suggests that DIDL could also be a valuable building block for other Digital Library projects.