MP3 Audio Files Research Articles

A Novel Hybrid Method for Effective Identification and Extraction of Digital Evidence Masked by Steganographic Techniques in WAV and MP3 Files

Anti-forensics techniques, particularly steganography and cryptography, have become increasingly pressing issues affecting current digital forensics practices. This paper advances the automation of hidden evidence extraction in audio files by proposing a novel multi-approach method. This method facilitates the correlation between unprocessed artefacts, indexed and live forensics analysis, and traditional steganographic and cryptographic detection techniques. In this work, we opted for experimental research methodology in the form of a quantitative analysis of the efficiency of the proposed automation in detecting and extracting hidden artefacts in WAV and MP3 audio files. This comparison is made against standard industry systems. This work advances the current automation in extracting evidence hidden by cryptographic and steganographic techniques during forensic investigations. The proposed multi-approach demonstrates a clear enhancement in terms of coverage and accuracy, notably on large audio files (MP3 and WAV), where manual forensic analysis is complex, time-consuming and requires significant expertise. Nonetheless, the proposed multi-approach automation may occasionally produce false positives (detecting steganography where none exists) or false negatives (failing to detect steganography that is present). However, it strikes a good balance between efficiently and effectively detecting hidden evidence, minimising false negatives and validating its reliability.

Can’t Come to New Orleans? Register for Online Option

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Annual MeetingFull AccessCan’t Come to New Orleans? Register for Online OptionPhilip R. Muskin, M.D., M.APhilip R. MuskinSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., M.APublished Online:28 Mar 2022https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.04.4.41AbstractAPA wants to ensure that you don’t miss the 2022 Annual Meeting by offering an online meeting in addition to the live meeting.iStock/insta_photosThis year’s Annual Meeting in New Orleans is APA’s first hybrid meeting—it encompasses an in-person meeting in New Orleans in May and an online meeting in June. Those attending the live meeting will experience a rich program with lectures from leaders in the field covering the full spectrum of psychiatry, paired with the opportunity to see old friends and make new ones in a fabulous city and celebrate the APA Foundation’s 30th anniversary. Attendees also get complimentary access to the online program in June. Those who attend both meetings can earn up to 46.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits.Given the uncertainty of COVID-19, institutional travel restrictions, clinical work, and family responsibilities, APA recognizes that not everyone who wishes to attend the meeting in person will have that opportunity. The online program combines content captured during the in-person meeting as well as about 15 new sessions. Those who attend virtually also receive complimentary access to a limited APA Annual Meeting On Demand package after the online program. (On Demand offers the convenience of learning on your own time and includes slides with synchronized audio and MP3 audio files.) The CME available for this educational experience is 16.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits.The virtual meeting most certainly will not be a rehashed version of the in-person meeting. It will include live Q&A with the speakers, live networking with peers, access to an art exhibit, and more. Of special fun will be the second virtual MindGames, where residency teams from across the country face off in a Jeopardy-like competition. The online MindGames was a fabulous success last year. The online poster hall is also a must see with over 1,000 posters; attendees can engage with presenters on the online platform.APA2022 has something for everyone, so choose the experience that works best for you. You’ll be able to do the following:Participate in powerful conversations on the social determinants of mental health and hear from experts on research and emerging trends that will impact your practice.Attend sessions in the new Clinical Updates Track (see Psychiatric News). The speakers will address theory and science translated for clinical practice. The track will include experts on anxiety disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, personality disorders, sexual disorders, gender dysphoria, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, and substance use disorders. Among the track’s renowned speakers are Petros Levounis, M.D., George Koob, Ph.D., Nora Volkow, M.D., Charles Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D., Andrew Skodal, M.D., Evelyn Attia, M.D., Timothy Walsh, M.D., Jennifer Downey, M.D., Alan Schatzberg, M.D., Helen Blair Simpson, M.D., Ph.D., and Lisa Dixon, M.D., M.P.H.Meet new colleagues, reconnect with old friends, and interact with psychiatrists and mental health advocates from around the world.We look forward to seeing you in New Orleans in May and virtually in June! ■More information about the online meeting, including registration, is posted here.Philip R. Muskin, M.D., M.A., is a consultant to APA’s Scientific Program Committee. He is also a professor of psychiatry and senior consultant in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. ISSUES NewArchived

The Effect of Multimedia Teaching Model of Music Course in Colleges and Universities Based on Classroom Audio Data Mining Technology

Objectives: With the rapid development of information technology, multimedia teaching mode carries a large amount of audio-visual information, quickly occupies the music classroom in Colleges and universities, and becomes the mainstream teaching mode of music teaching in Colleges and universities. Methods: Based on this, this study uses classroom audio data mining technology to analyze the effect of multimedia teaching mode of music courses in Colleges and universities. The method of audio data mining is analyzed in college music multimedia classroom. The advanced embedded SOPC system is used to decode the MP3 audio files played in music courses by combining software and hardware. The performance of the multimedia teaching system in college music courses is optimized. Results: The hardware resources are made use of the flexibility of SOPC (System-on-a-Programmable-Chip) system. Reasonable allocation achieves the optimal design of teaching mode. Finally, the superiority of the algorithm is verified by testing. The test results show that the decoding speed and efficiency of audio files can be significantly improved by combining hardware and software. Conclusion: At the same time, the system has greater flexibility and expandable space, which can effectively promote the multimedia teaching effect of music courses in Colleges and universities. The research in this paper is helpful to the flexible transformation of multimedia teaching mode of music courses in Colleges and universities, and provides an important reference for the popularization of multimedia and the wide use of data mining technology in music courses in Colleges and universities.

The Evaluation of Image Messages in MP3 Audio Steganography Using Modified Low-Bit Encoding

Information security is an important aspect of maintaining the confidentiality of information. One type of document kept secret is images (.jpg, .png, .gif, dan .bmp). MP3 audio files are popular audio files that can be used as a medium for steganography. The method implemented in this study uses Base64 in the image and the insertion method used is using Low-Bit Encoding (LBE). In this study, the parameters of the value of LBE will be evaluated. The purpose of the evaluation is to compare the LBE parameter parameters that are the most optimal in securing the message while taking into account the quality of steganographic files. The results obtained from the study are the proposed method that supports the imperceptibility aspect seen from the image histogram and audio frequency spectrum. The fidelity aspect is seen from the PSNR and SNR values, where The optimal value on the LBE + 2 parameter is by considering the capacity of the picture message that can be inserted and audio quality. PSNR LBE + 2 values range from 50-60 dB with SNR different about 0.01% from LBE + 1. The proposed method does not support the robustness aspect because it is not resistant to attacks by bit rate manipulation and channel mode. The test results on the recovery aspect are worth 100%, meaning that the image's quality and size before and after extraction will be the same. And finally, the test results on the payload aspect, there is an increase in message capacity with LBE + 2 around 12.5% of LBE + 1, and using LBE + 3 will increase the maximum size around 25% of LBE + 1 and about 14% of LBE + 2. The insertion and extraction time for LBE + 3 is slower compared to the others.

Image Captioning using CNN and LSTM

Abstract: In the model we proposed, we examine the deep neural networks-based image caption generation technique. We give image as input to the model, the technique give output in three different forms i.e., sentence in three different languages describing the image, mp3 audio file and an image file is also generated. In this model, we use the techniques of both computer vision and natural language processing. We are aiming to develop a model using the techniques of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to build a model to generate a Caption. Target image is compared with the training images, we have a large dataset containing the training images, this is done by convolutional neural network. This model generates a decent description utilizing the trained data. To extract features from images we need encoder, we use CNN as encoder. To decode the description of image generated we use LSTM. To evaluate the accuracy of generated caption we use BLEU metric algorithm. It grades the quality of content generated. Performance is calculated by the standard calculation matrices. Keywords: CNN, RNN, LSTM, BLEU score, encoder, decoder, captions, image description.

IMPLEMENTASI LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT (LSB) DAN ALGORITMA VIGENERE CIPHER PADA AUDIO STEGANOGRAFI

This study discusses the implementation of the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method and the Vigenere Cipher algorithm to maintain the confidentiality of information or data from unauthorized parties by hiding messages on media audio. LSB is used to insert messages by replacing the lowest bit in a byte of the carrier media. Vigenere Cipher cryptographic algorithm to increase message security by encoding the alphabetic text using a Caesar cipher based on the letters in the password. Testing based on steganographic criteria, namely changes in file size, fidelity, and robustness. Based on tests carried out on several mp3 audio files that have been inserted with messages with variations of 50 to 1000 characters, the results obtained that the file size does not change after the message is inserted and can be extracted again. The number of characters in a message affects the parsing time of the message. In terms of fidelity, character insertion does not change the bit rate of audio stega. Meanwhile, in terms of robustness, stega audio is not resistant to manipulation. These results indicate that the LSB method and the Vigenere Cipher algorithm on audio media can insert messages and decipher messages that have been encrypted properly without damaging the audio components.

Встраивание цифрового водяного знака в аудиофайлы формата MP3 для противодействия распространения контрафактной продукции

Встраивание цифрового водяного знака в аудиофайлы формата MP3 для противодействия распространения контрафактной продукции

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI DETEKSI KEASLIAN FILE AUDIO MENERAPKAN METODE CRC 32

The authenticity of a digital file is something that must be able to be guaranteed its existence, considering that there are so many devices that can be used to carry out manipulation of the digital file. One of the digital files discussed in this study is an audio file with MP3 file extension. Please note that MP3 audio files are now very easy to obtain, even very easy to manipulate and insert objects in, so we need a safety technique to maintain the authenticity of the audio file. Overcoming the problem that has been explained in the previous paragraph, the appropriate security technique used is the hash cryptographic technique, by applying the CRC 32 algorithm. The application of CRC 32 aims to generate hash codes from MP3 audio files that can be used as key codes for authentication (key authenticity) of MP3 audio files. The results of this study are a representation of the technical explanation of the application of the CRC 32 algorithm in generating MP3 audio file hash codes, which the CRC 32 algorithm is applied to applications that have been designed and built using the help of MATLAB software version 6.1.Keywords: File Authenticity, Audio File, CRC 32, MATLAB 6.1

PENERAPAN ALGORITMA INTERPOLATIVE CODING UNTUK KOMPRESI FILE AUDIO

The size of the audio file can affect the time of sending data to be long and can cause waste of storage space. Therefore, compression is performed to compress the contents of the audio file into smaller ones. One of the compression techniques is lossless technique, which is a compression method where the compressed audio file can be returned to the file before it is compressed without losing information on the previous data. This study uses the Interpolative coding algorithm on mp3 audio files. Interpolative coding algorithm is an innovative way to assign dynamic code to data symbols. This method is different from other compression methods, because the code it provides for individual symbols is not static. The design of this system consists of 2 main processes namely the compression process and the decompression process and the process of calculating the performance of Compression Ratio (CR) and Redundancy. The resulting compression results in a new file with the * .ipc extension containing the compressed bit string which can then be decompressed. Application designed only one form, where in the form there is a process for compression and decompression, while the process of compressing the input file has the extension *. MP3 and produces output with the extension * IPC, and the size of the compressed audio file is smaller than the previous file size .Keywords: Compression, Audio File, Interpolative coding algorithm

A Music Classification model based on metric learning applied to MP3 audio files

The development of models for learning music similarity from audio media files is an increasingly important task for the entertainment industry. This work proposes a novel music classification model based on metric learning whose main objective is to learn a personalized metric for each customer. The metric learning process considers the learning of a set of parameterized distances employing a structured prediction approach from a set of MP3 audio files containing several music genres according to the users taste. The structured prediction solution aims to maximize the separation margin between genre centroids and to minimize the overall intra-cluster distances. To extract the acoustic information we use the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coecient (MFCC) and made a dimensionality reduction using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). We attest the model validity performing a set of experiments and comparing the training and testing results with baseline algorithms, such as K-means and Soft Margin Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM). Also, to prove the prediction capacity, we compare our results with two recent works with good prediction results on the GTZAN dataset. Experiments show promising results and encourage the future development of an online version of the learning model to be applied in streaming platforms.

The Use of Multiple MP3 Audio Files for Additional Steganography Capacity

Steganography is the science and art of hiding secret messages in such a way so that the existence of messages is undetected by human senses. In this paper, multiple MP3 files are used as cover with the aim of increasing steganographic capacity without limiting the number of used files. Concealing secret messages in the form of files on the MP3 file cover can be performed by using homogenous frame. Homogeneous frames in the MP3 files store the bits of the inserted secret files. Before being inserted into some MP3 cover files, secret files are first encrypted employing AES algorithm with passwords implicated by MD5 processes. Audio quality changes between steganography MP3 files and original MP3 files are measured by using stereo signal strength and Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The test results show that the distribution of steganography load on multiple MP3 files can fulfill the user’s needs for the capacity of steganography without reducing the quality of used MP3 files. This paper proposed a method about the increase of steganography capacity which is capable to insert and retrieve secret files on multiple MP3 audio files using homogenous frame utilization methods without resizing and reducing the quality of used MP3 files.

Perancangan Aplikasi Penyisipan Pesan Teks dalam Audio dengan Menggunakan Metode Low Bit Coding

The development of steganography began to penetrate into the digital world which in this study was devoted to mp3 audio files. The techniques for developing a steganography process are briefly discussed. This study also tried to present the steganography process in audio file comparisons based on the formulas in the existing literature. A software called MP3 Stego is used to assist in the process of observing problems and completing the steganography process. MP3 Stego is tried, observed, and hypothesized for future development suggestions. After looking more deeply at audio steganography, especially in MP3 audio files, it is quite prospective in the next development. Well studied from psychological and technical factors, it turns out that MP3 media is a very appropriate media to become a message hiding media. In addition, it turns out that steganography can also be used in more in-depth and broader targets such as campaign suggestions, notifications, organizational communication, and so on.

P053: Communication interruptum: cellphone technology problems in paramedic-physician communication

Introduction: Approximately 15 years ago cell phones replaced portable VHF radios as the means of communication between paramedics and base hospital physicians. Cellphones, like VHF radio, do not allow voice transmission and reception to occur simultaneously. Radio use requires a learned technique to signal the end of each speaker’s turn talking. These techniques are not used in normal cellphone conversation. Poor cellphone reception and poor technique result in breakdowns in communication. The literature about paramedic-physician telecommunication is almost nonexistent. There is an extensive literature in other industries, such as aviation, concerning problems in radio communication. This literature predicts that communication breakdowns are common and have critical consequences. We sought to determine how frequently problems attributable to cell phone technology arose in paramedic-physician communication. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patch calls between physicians and paramedics from 4 municipal paramedic services from January 01-December 31, 2014. MP3 audio files, recorded during normal operating procedures by the Central Ambulance Communication Centre, were anonymized and transcribed. Transcripts were read multiple times by the authors and analyzed using mixed methods-qualitative thematic framework analysis and quantitative descriptive statistics. Results: 161 calls were identified. 155 tapes were usable for analysis. 127 (81.9%) patches involved termination of resuscitation orders, 28 (19.1%) were for advice or other orders. The data set consisted of 567 pages of transcripts. Communication problems were identified in 138 (89.0%) patches. Most had multiple problems. Technical problems included disconnections (13.5%), or difficulty hearing (56.8%)-indicated by phrases such as “what?”, “I can’t hear you”. Disorganized cell phone technique was common-individuals interrupted each other (34.2%), and talked simultaneously (54.8%). Signalling the end of “talk turns”-using terms such as “10-4” or “over”-was never used. Conclusion: In addition to technical problems (poor transmission, disconnections), disorganized cell phone ‘technique’ caused a high incidence of communication problems. This is concerning because critical clinical decisions (e.g. ceasing resuscitation) depend on clear communication. Understanding the limitations of cellphone technology might improve communication.

A NEW DATA EMBEDDING METHOD FOR MPEG LAYER III AUDIO STEGANOGRAPHY

A new method of MP3 steganography is proposed with emphasis on increasing the steganography capacity of the carrier medium. This paper proposes a data embedding algorithm to hide more information for compressed bitstream of MP3 audio files. The sign bits of Huffman codes are selected as the stego-object according to the Huffman coding characteristic in region of Count1. Embedding process does not require the main MP3 audio file during the extraction of hidden message and the size of MP3 file cannot be changed in this step. Our proposed method caused much higher information embedding capacity with lower computational complexity compared with MP3Stego tools. Experimental results show an excellent imperceptibility for the new algorithm.

MP030: Problems in paramedic-physician telecommunication

Introduction: Clear paramedic-physician telecommunications (patches) are critical in systems utilizing on-line medical control. In systems using extensive medical directives individual paramedics patch infrequently. Investigations of specific problem calls indicated that communication problems were more common than believed. Existing literature on this topic is sparse. This project is a quality assurance exercise undertaken to understand the extent and nature of problems in paramedic-physician telecommunications Methods: Retrospective analysis of anonymized transcriptions made from MP3 audio files recorded as part of normal operating procedures by the Central Ambulance Communication Centre during January-March 2014. All calls where telecommunication occurred between paramedics from 4 ambulance services and base hospital physicians providing on-line medical oversight during ambulance calls were included. Transcripts were read multiple times and data extracted onto spreadsheets for frequency analysis. Further thematic framework analysis of emergent themes was done. Results: All 42 patches were transcribed and used for analysis. 36 (85.7%) were for termination of resuscitation orders, 4 (9.5%) were for advice, and 2 (4.8%) were for orders not covered by medical directives. Communication problems were identified in 40 (95.2%) patches. Most had multiple problems. These included disconnections (23.8%), difficulty hearing one another (40.5%) - indicated by phrases such as “sorry?” “what?”, “I can’t hear you” - or caused by individuals interrupting each other (83.3%), and talking simultaneously (47.6%). Signaling the end of “talk turns” - such as “10-4” or “over” - was never used. Instead, terms like “yah” and “OK” were used. When communication went awry, time was spent trying to repair the mis/poor communication. This led to repeating information or attempting to ‘sell’ the case by providing information unnecessary for decision making - such as during a request for termination of resuscitation, “there is vomit on the floor”. Conclusion: Paramedic-physician telecommunication problems were extremely common. They involved technical (mechanical problems) and human factors (disorganized radio ‘technique’). The high incidence of telecommunication problems identified is concerning. Critical clinical decisions (e.g. ceasing resuscitation) depend on clear communication. Further study of these issues is warranted.

“The Florence Experience”: A multimedia and multisensory guidebook for cultural towns inspired by Universal Design approach

In order to plan a trip, tourists with disabilities need to gather and analyse a broad range of information concerning the features of the places and services with which they are going to interact. For these people, guidebooks may represent an important source of information for gaining prior knowledge about the various critical situations they may experience as tourists. Generally, disabled people find tourist information on dedicated communication tools; guidebooks for the disabled often provide information for wheelchair users only. The aim of the research project was to develop a mainstream guidebook with supplementary tourist information both for people with impaired vision and for people with reduced mobility. The communication project behind "The Florence Experience" guidebook is inspired by both the Universal Design approach and the Performance Design approach. This article describes a case study and provides suggestions for planning in similar situations. It is also part of a broader research project relating to the communication about urban spaces accessibility. The main outcome of the research project is a multimedia and multisensory bilingual guidebook (in Italian and English) that provides information in four separate coordinated forms: a paper-based guidebook, web pages, MP3 audio files, and portable tactile maps. Creating a guidebook for all is a tough challenge that requires a highly articulated vision and the cooperation of different fields of knowledge and skills. Despite the limits described in the paper, "The Florence Experience" guidebook is, in our opinion, a considerable step forward with respect to the majority of available guidebooks both because it is a unique information tool for disabled and non-disabled people and because, unlike the majority of the guidebooks for disabled people, it does not only consider the needs of wheelchair users.

Secondary socialization of andragogical content knowledge: What are the forces at work in an oil and gas safety training conference?

This study examines the larger sociological issues surrounding the standardization and institutionalization of safety training in the United States. The data consist of .MP3 audio files of professional development sessions recorded at a major international oil and gas safety conference. Qualitative content analysis is carried out using deductive and inductive techniques. Findings include that standards are built by subjective consensus and bypass empirically and philosophically based knowledge supporting adult education in safety training. The study also discusses the need for empirically based adult safety education in high risk industries respective to individual safety cultures. A number of reforms are recommended.

Visual Fingerprints: Identifying, Summarizing and Comparing Music

The paper presents a research project that aims at visually summarizing Western classical and popular music in a way that acts as a track’s unique identifier, provides an immediate overview of its acoustic content, and facilitates meaningful comparisons of music. The project focuses on casual music listeners, and provides extensive analysis and visualization facilities for high-quality MP3 audio files. The system has been built using diverse technologies, including Python, JavaScript, PHP, and third-party libraries, and can be extended for further research purposes. To test various aural-to-visual mapping options and expressiveness of key music features, timbre, rhythm, melody, harmony, and loudness have been visualized. The final music visualization setup employs timbre, harmony, and note intensity development over time expressed as spatial organization and color variation cues. The resulting visual fingerprints are capable of conveying important information about music, including its genre, instrumental diversity, and melodic complexity. While currently at its prototype stage, the project has been shown to satisfy its initial goals, with several further research opportunities available, including testing more advanced statistical approaches and conducting user studies.

MP3 audio steganalysis

MP3, one of the most widely used digital audio formats, provides a high compression ratio with faithful quality. The widespread use enables MP3 audio files to become excellent covers to carry hidden information in audio steganography on the Internet. Our research, however, indicates that there are few steganalysis methods proposed to detect audio steganograms and that steganalysis methods for the information-hiding behavior in MP3 audio are particularly scarce. In this paper we propose a comprehensive approach to steganalysis of MP3 audio files by deriving a combination of features from quantized MDCT coefficients. We design frequency-based subband moment statistical features, accumulative Markov transition features, and accumulative neighboring joint density features on second-order derivatives. We also model the distortion by extracting the shape parameters of generalized Gaussian density from individual frames. Different feature selection algorithms are applied to improve detection accuracy. Signal complexity and modification density are introduced to provide a comprehensive evaluation. Experimental results show that our approach is successful in discriminating MP3 covers and the steganograms generated by the steganographic tool, MP3Stego, in each category of signal complexity, especially for the audio streams with high signal complexities that are generally more difficult to steganalyze.

IPod therefore I am: Using PC Videos to Aid the Teaching of the History of Political Philosophy

This article outlines our experiences at the University of Huddersfield of (a) producing and using mini-lectures on the history of political philosophy that were available to students as MP4 and progressive download PC video files (and MP3 audio files), and (b) the student feedback on these files which will help future development. This article largely avoids pedagogical issues regarding the use of technology in teaching and focuses more on student feedback and use of these technologies, along with practical issues regarding the production and hosting of these teaching tools.