Moxifloxacin Research Articles

Simultaneous detection of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin by Cu-TCPP/rGO electrochemical sensor

Moxifloxacin (MOX) and gatifloxacin (GAT) are structurally similar and possess close oxidation peak potentials, making it difficult for simultaneous detection by electrochemical methods. To address this, an electrochemical sensor was constructed with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper porphyrin complex (Cu-TCPP), achieving signal amplification and simultaneous detection of MOX and GAT. The linear relation range from 5.00 to 600.00 μmol·L−1 for MOX (LOD is 1.34 μmol·L−1) and 10 to 300 μmol·L−1 for GAT (LOD is 0.59 μmol·L−1). When applied to water samples, it achieved recoveries of 100.09–112.02 % with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 6 % for MOX, and 97.27–110.72 % with an RSD of less than 4 % for GAT. Further calculations indicated that the electro-oxidation of GAT involved two protons and two electrons.

Novel polymeric membranes based on green reduced graphene oxide for the Nanofiltration of emerging contaminants from water in a ternary system

Polymeric membranes containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have demonstrated efficacy in the remediation of contaminated water. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the morphological and physicochemical properties of polyacrylonitrile membranes (hPAN) containing rGO on their filtration and adsorption performance. The rGO was prepared via a green route (g-rGO), and the filtration experiments applied the removal of emerging contaminants in a ternary system that simulates real conditions. The incorporation of g-rGO into the membrane resulted in the formation of a thinner finger-like sublayer, an increased in the membrane’s roughness, and an enhancement in the pure water flux. The batch experiments revealed adsorption rates of 72%, 55%, 75%, 96%, and 80% for ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MOX), and levofloxacin (LEV), Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively. The adsorption rate for CIP and MOX increased by 151% and 87.5%, respectively, in comparison to the pristine hPAN membrane. In the filtration experiments conducted in a ternary system, the membrane hPAN@g-rGO5 exhibited a rejection rate of 62%, 59%, and 68% for acetaminophen, atrazine, and sulfamethoxazole, respectively. The density functional theory (DFT) study indicated that sulfamethoxazole was the most removed emerging contaminant of the ternary system, primarily due to its higher size and the presence of π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding.

Fluid-Specific Detection of Environmental Pollutant Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Utilizing a Rare-Earth Niobate Decorated Functionalized Carbon Nanofiber Sensor Platform

The development of precise and efficient detection methods is essential for the real-time monitoring of antibiotics, especially in environmental and biological matrices. This study aims to address this challenge by introducing a novel electrochemical sensor for the targeted detection of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFN), a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone. The sensor is based on a holmium niobate (HNO) and functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) nanocomposite, synthesized via a hydrothermal approach and subsequently characterized for its structural and electrochemical properties. When deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the HNO/f-CNF nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional electrochemical performance, as assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The sensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity, with a detection limit of 0.034 μM, a quantification limit of 0.11 μM, and a sensitivity of 0.69 μA μM-1 cm-2. It also achieved a broad linear detection range from 0.001 μM to 1166.11 μM, making it highly effective for MFN detection across various complex matrices, including environmental waters, biological fluids, and artificial saliva, with recovery rates between 98.15% and 101.75%. The novelty of this work lies in the unique combination of HNO's catalytic properties and f-CNF's enhanced electron transport, establishing a highly selective and sensitive platform for MFN detection. This sensor not only advances the field of electrochemical sensing but also offers a promising tool for real-time environmental and pharmaceutical monitoring.

Roles of direct and indirect photodegradation in the photochemical fates of three 3rd generation fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely prescribed antibiotics that are commonly detected in aquatic environments, but the persistence, fates, and ecotoxicities of new generation FQs have yet to be fully investigated. We investigated the direct and indirect (hydroxyl radical (·OH), singlet oxygen (O21), and excited stated of organic matter (3CDOM*)) photodegradation of three 3rd generation FQs, moxifloxacin (MOX), gatifloxacin (GAT), and sparfloxacin (SPAR). The photodegradation rates and photolytic quantum yields (ΦFQ) of the FQs depended on their dissociation species at different pH in a range of 1×10−4 to 1×10−3 M mol-photon-1. Unlike MOX and GAT whose zwitterions had the highest ΦFQ, the anionic form of SPAR had the highest ΦFQ. The k·OH,FQ values were in the order of: k·OH,SPAR > k·OH,GAT ≈ k·OH,MOX with the 1010M−1s−1 order of magnitude. The kO21,FQ values were in the order of: kO21,SPAR (∼108M−1s−1) > kO21,MOX (∼107M−1s−1) > >> kO21,GAT (insignificant). Higher kLC*3,FQ values were observed for MOX (109 to 1010M−1s−1) compared to GAT and SPAR (108 to 109M−1s−1). The zwitterions had the highest reactivities with ·OH and the lowest reactivities with O21 and 3CDOM*. Reactions with ·OH enhanced the formation of transformation products (TPs) from decarboxylation and sidechain oxidation pathways, whereas reactions with O21 and 3CDOM* enhanced the formation of TPs from sidechain oxidation pathways. Some of the TPs were predicted to exhibit aquatic ecotoxicity and environmental persistence. The half-lives of the FQs were estimated to be 0.42 to 0.67 h for MOX and SPAR, and 4.6 to 4.9 h for GAT. Their half-lives and main photochemical fates depended on the surface water pH and water column depth. These results highlight the key roles that photodegradation plays in removing new generation FQs from aquatic environments, though this might lead to the formation of TPs that are harmful to aquatic ecosystems.

Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of ocular insert containing ketorolac tromethamine and moxifloxacin hydrochloride

Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of ocular insert containing ketorolac tromethamine and moxifloxacin hydrochloride

Moxifloxacin HCl -loaded Cellulose Acetate Butylate In Situ Forming Gel for Periodontitis Treatment.

Periodontitis presents significant treatment challenges due to its complexity and potential complications. In response, an in situ forming gel (ISG) loaded with moxifloxacin HCl (Mx) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) was developed for targeted periodontitis therapy. Mx-loaded 10-45% CAB-based ISGs were developed, and their physicochemical properties such as rheology, viscosity, contact angle, gel morphology and gel formation, interface interaction were investigated. Moreover, the formulation performance studies including drug release and kinetics, in vitro degradation, and antimicrobial activities were also evaluated. The Mx-loaded ISGs containing 25-45% CAB demonstrated rapid matrix formation in both macroscopic and microscopic examinations and presented plastic deformation matrix. Tracking with sodium fluorescein and Nile red fluorescence probes indicated delayed solvent movement owing to CAB matrix formation. Adequate CAB content sustained Mx release for one week, following Peppas-Sahlin model and indicating a predominantly Fickian diffusion mechanism. Higher CAB content likely contributed to a denser matrix structure, leading to a slower in vitro degradation rate. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic and SEM imaging provided insights into the CAB matrix structure and porous network formation. These ISG formulations effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The Mx-loaded 40% CAB-based ISG shows promise as a dosage form for treating periodontitis. Further clinical trials are necessary to ensure the safety of this new ISG formulation, despite existing safety data for other medicinal uses of CAB. HIGHLIGHTS: Moxifloxacin HCl-loaded 10-45% cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)-based in situ forming gels (ISG) were developed. They were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug release, in vitro degradation, and antimicrobial activities. ISGs with 25-45% CAB showed swift matrix formation and plastic deformation Adequate CAB content sustained Mx release with Fickian diffusion mechanism They promise for periodontitis treatment because of effective inhibition of related pathogens.

Augmented Optical Retention and Improved Antibacterial Activity against Conjunctivitis of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Entrapped in Microsponges in situ Gel: Formulation Evaluation and in vivo Remedial Value in Rabbits

Augmented Optical Retention and Improved Antibacterial Activity against Conjunctivitis of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Entrapped in Microsponges in situ Gel: Formulation Evaluation and in vivo Remedial Value in Rabbits

Light harvesting S-scheme g-C3N4/TiO2/M photocatalysts for efficient removal of hazardous moxifloxacin

The development of advanced photocatalysts with enhanced efficiency for environmental remediation is critical for addressing persistent organic pollutants like Moxifloxacin. In this study, we present a novel S-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/TiO2/M photocatalyst designed to optimize light harvesting and charge separation for the effective degradation of Moxifloxacin. The innovative S-scheme configuration enables superior charge transfer dynamics by retaining potent photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of TiO2 and holes in the valence band of g-C3N4, significantly improving photocatalytic performance compared to conventional Type-II systems. Heterogeneous photocatalysis, particularly using TiO2-based materials, offers a promising approach. Here, we synthesized TiO2 hybridized with metal-doped g-C3N4 (GCNTM) via a simple hydrothermal method. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis (DRS). These GCNTM nanocomposites were employed for the degradation of hazardous Moxifloxacin (MXF) under visible light. Detailed analysis of the photocatalytic mechanism reveals that the synergistic interaction between g-C3N4, TiO2, and the co-catalyst M not only broadens the light absorption spectrum but also enhances the separation and lifespan of charge carriers. Among the synthesized materials, GCNTLa demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency, achieving 96 % removal of MXF. This enhanced activity is attributed to the effective suppression of charge recombination, leading to the generation of reactive species responsible for MXF degradation. Additionally, GCNTM showed remarkable stability and reusability, with only a 6 % reduction in efficiency after five cycles, confirming its high reusability and mechanical stability. Our S-scheme photocatalyst demonstrates a marked increase in the degradation rate of Moxifloxacin under visible light irradiation, highlighting its potential for practical environmental applications.

Design plasmonic nanostructure of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide loaded on a nano surface for clean water production through photocatalysis and electrochemical techniques

The work is targeted to rebuild the framework of a nanocatalyst (NCat) that depends on the n/p-type heterojunction through the plasmonic structure of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA NPs), and titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs). The removal of medical and organic contaminants occurs via photocatalysis operation which follows through the electrochemical technique and UV-spectrophotometer under visible light with nanocatalyst (rGO@SiO2@PVA@TiO2) for clean water and a safe medical environment. The Z-Scheme mechanism explains the development of electron maps in fabricated nanocatalyst engineering to increase the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity. The high activity of the NCat appeared, after 160 min, and the photocatalytic efficiency for methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), moxifloxacin (MFX), and colchicine, was 90 %, 76 %, 88 %, 84 %, and 91 % respectively. The stability of NCat was confirmed via the recyclability process, with the efficiency at 58 % after the fifth cycle. The high stability of NCat was proved by the electrochemical technique performed after 100 cycles. The safety of the NCat for the generation of clean water was highlighted by the cytotoxicity test using normal mouse liver cells. It is suggested to use the new NCat design because of its distinctive optical characteristics, which make it a viable candidate for use as a revolutionary nanomaterial with high efficiency and safety for clean water and removal of medical contaminants.

Highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of moxifloxacin based on molecularly imprinted and Au nanoparticle functionalized PEDOT composites

The misuse of antibiotics and continuous antimicrobial resistance is one of the critical challenges facing society today. It is therefore crucial for food safety and environmental protection to develop an analytical technique for the selective detection of trace antibiotics. In this paper, worm-like Au/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (Au/PEDOT) composites were designed and imprinted with polypyrrole (Ppy) in the presence of moxifloxacin, and molecularly imprinted sensors (MIP/Au/PEDOT/GCE) were prepared for the ultrasensitive detection of moxifloxacin (MOX). It was found that the Au/PEDOT worm-like structure provided a large surface area, increased the number of molecularly imprinted recognition sites, and improved electrochemical sensitivity. The molecularly imprinted sensor has a linear detection range of 0.004–20 μM, a lower detection limit of 1.109 nM, good interference immunity and stability. In addition, the sensor demonstrated good recoveries for the detection of MOX in real samples, indicating the potential of the sensor to be suitable for food and drug safety testing. This work offers a new strategic solution for the accurate quantitative detection of MOX.

Peroxymonosulfate activated by CoMn@CNT nanocomposite for moxifloxacin degradation

As a fourth quinolone drug, the efficient and rapid degradation of moxifloxacin (MOX) remain a rigorous problem. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based oxidation method poses a promising application prospect for refractory antibiotic wastewater with an excellent degradation efficiency. Herein, the Co/Mn doped-carbon nanotube catalyst (CoMn@CNT) was successfully synthesized by a two-step pyrolysis method and applied to activate PMS for MOX degradation. The degradation efficiency of MOX could reach 89.7 % in 30 min with relatively low concentrations of PMS (100 mg/L) and CoMn@CNT (30 mg/L). The effects of catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, initial pH, reaction temperature, and co-existing ions for the degradation of MOX were investigated. The CoMn@CNT/PMS system possessed wide pH application range (3.0–11.0). Sulfate radical (SO4−) was verified as the dominant reactive species responsible for degradation of MOX by quenching experiment. Finally, the possible MOX degradation pathways were also proposed. Overall, this study could provide some inspirations of the CoMn@CNT/PMS as a new system which applied to wastewater treatment of antibiotics.

Non-radical activation of persulfate by CuO catalyst for degradation of antibiotics

Advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on persulfate (PS) activation has attracted numerous attentions for antibiotic elimination due to the high stability and low cost of PS. In this work, a non-radical activation of PS by CuO catalyst was developed to efficiently degradation of antibiotics. Employing moxifloxacin (MOX) as model pollutant, the CuO/PS system showed excellent degradation rate for 100 mg L−1 MOX that is 13.2 and 7.7 times higher for than the single CuO and PS, and meanwhile the performance is also much better than the typical AOP heterogeneous catalyst Fe2O3 in both neutral and acidic solutions. The optimization experiments indicate the optimal PS concentration is 2.5 mM, and the CuO/PS system can work in a wide pH range for different MOX concentrations. Furthermore, the CuO catalyst has high structural stability and catalytic durability, and the CuO/PS system has good practicality that can degrade a variety of antibiotics and be used in different aquatic environments. Based on various characterizations, a non-radical PS activation route on the CuO surface was proposed. Finally, toxicity assessment of the detected intermediates implies that the toxicity and the potential risk to the environment were effectively decreased. This work testifies PS can be efficiently activated by CuO through a non-radical pathway and presents superior performance for antibiotic elimination.

Toxicity of Moxifloxacin on the Growth, Photosynthesis, Antioxidant System, and Metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa at Different Phosphorus Levels.

Moxifloxacin (MOX), a widely used novel antibiotic, may pose ecological risks at its actual environmental concentrations, as has been detected in aquatic systems. However, its ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms and regulatory mechanisms of phosphorus in eutrophic aqueous environments are still limited. This study aimed to analyze its physiological and biochemical parameters, including cellular growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress biomarkers, and metabolomics to elucidate the toxicity induced by environmental concentrations of MOX in Microcystis aeruginosa at different phosphorus levels. The results revealed that the EC50 values of MOX on M. aeruginosa at different phosphorus concentrations were 8.03, 7.84, and 6.91 μg/L, respectively, indicating MOX toxicity was exacerbated with increasing phosphorus levels. High phosphorus intensified the suppression of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments, while activating the antioxidant enzyme, indicating severe peroxidation damage. Metabolomic analysis showed MOX induced different discriminating metabolites under different phosphorus levels, and perturbed more biological pathways at higher phosphorus concentrations, such as starch and sucrose metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. This indicates that phosphorus plays an important role in regulating metabolism in M. aeruginosa exposed to MOX. The findings provide valuable information on the mechanisms involved in cyanobacteria responses to antibiotic stress, and offer a theoretical basis for accurately assessing antibiotic toxicity in eutrophic aqueous environments.

Calcium Sulfate Disks for Sustained-Release of Amoxicillin and Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to develop calcium sulfate (CS)-based disks infused with an antimicrobial drug, which can be used as a post-surgical treatment modality for osteomyelitis. CS powder was embedded with 10% antibiotic, amoxicillin (AMX) or moxifloxacin (MFX), to form composite disks 11 mm in diameter that were tested for their degradation and antibiotic release profiles. For the disk degradation study portion, the single drug-loaded disks were placed in individual meshes, subsequently submerged in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and incubated at 37 °C. The disks were weighed once every seven days and analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. During the antibiotic release analysis, composite disks were placed in PBS solution, which was changed every 3 days, and analyzed for antibiotic activity and efficacy. The antibacterial effects of these sustained-release composites were tested by agar diffusion assay using Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) UA 159 as an indicator strain. The degradation data showed significant increases in the degradation of all disks with the addition of antibiotics. Following PBS incubation, there were significant increases in the amount of phosphate and decreases in the amount of sulfate. The agar diffusion assay demonstrated that the released concentrations of the respective antibiotics from the disks were significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration exhibited against S. mutans over a 2-3-week period. In conclusion, CS-antibiotic composite disks can potentially serve as a resorbable, osteoconductive, and antibacterial therapy in the treatment of bone defects and osteomyelitis.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe for the determination of quinolone antibiotics in milk based on N and S co-doped carbon quantum dots

Quinolone antibiotics are widely used to prevent and treat diseases caused by bacterial infection. However, overuse of antibiotics may lead to their residue in the environment and food, posing potential threats to human health. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent probe based on nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots (N, S-CQDs) was synthesized, which can realize the detection of moxifloxacin (MXF), gatifloxacin (GAT) and ofloxacin (OFX) in milk. After addition of these antibiotics, the fluorescence at 440 nm originating from N, S-CQDs was significantly quenched due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), while the fluorescence at 525 nm (MXF), 500 nm (GAT) and 515 nm (OFX) were enhanced due to aggregation induced emission (AIE). The fluorescence changes were completed within 30 s and stabilized for at least 14 days. Good linear relationships between the fluorescence intensity ratios (F525/F440 for MXF, F500/F440 for GAT and F515/F440 for OFX) and the antibiotic concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mg L−1 were obtained, with R2 above 0.99. The limits of quantitation were in the range of 1.67–6.20 μg L−1, and MXF, GAT and OFX can be well identified by linear discriminant analysis. The probe enabled quantitative analysis of MXF, GAT and OFX in milk samples, with recoveries ranging from 82% to 107%. A test strip based on the ratiometric fluorescence probe was successfully applied for the detection of MXF and GAT in milk in combination with a smartphone. This method exerted high specificity and sensitivity, which has the potential to achieve in-site detection of MXF, GAT and OFX in milk.

Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme CuWO4|TiO2 heterojunction for moxifloxacin oxidation

Films formed by the heterojunction of CuWO4 and TiO2 on conductive transparent substrate (fluorine-doped tin oxide - FTO) were utilized in moxifloxacin (MOX) degradation under polychromatic irradiation. The individual materials and the heterojunctions were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), confirming the formation of heterojunctions from pure materials. Compared to the other configuration, the electrochemical characterizations showed higher photocurrent for FTO|CuWO4|TiO2 heterojunction, associated with better charge transport in the film. Thus, the photocatalytic activity of the FTO|CuWO4|TiO2 heterojunction was investigated for MOX degradation, which achieved an oxidation of 54.4 % of the drug in 150 min, employing the configuration electrochemically assisted heterogeneous photocatalysis (EHP). The efficiency of the heterojunction is about 2.5 times greater than that shown by electrodes formed from their individual materials. Radical scavenger studies showed that •OH radicals are the main species responsible for MOX oxidation process. The results of XPS, radical scavenging, photoelectrochemical, and photoelectrocatalytic activity show a charge transfer mechanism associated with a direct Z-scheme and that the FTO|CuWO4|TiO2 film is promising for the degradation of organic pollutants.

Agar and agarose used for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm cultivation impact fluoroquinolone tolerance.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen whose treatment is further complicated by its ability to form biofilms. In this study, we examine the impact of growing S. aureus biofilms on different polymerizing surfaces, specifically agar and agarose, on the pathogen's tolerance to fluoroquinolones. Biofilms of two methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus were grown on agar or agarose in the presence of the same added nutrients, and their antibiotic susceptibility to two fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin (MXF) and delafloxacin (DLX), were measured. We also compared the metabolism and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production of biofilms that were grown on agar and agarose. Biofilms that were grown on agarose were consistently more susceptible to antibiotics than those grown on agar. We found that in biofilms that were grown on agar, extracellular protein composition was higher, and adding EPS to agarose-grown biofilms increased their tolerance to DLX to levels that were comparable to agar-grown biofilms.

Drug-impregnated contact lenses via supercritical carbon dioxide: A viable solution for the treatment of bacterial and fungal keratitis

Keratitis is a corneal infection caused by various bacteria and fungi. Eye drop treatment of keratitis involves significant challenges due to difficulties in administration, inefficiencies in therapeutic dosage, and frequency of drug applications. All these are troublesome and result in unsuccessful treatment, high cost, time loss, development of drug resistance by microorganisms, and a massive burden on human health and the healthcare system. Most of the antibacterial and antifungal medications are non-water-soluble and/or include toxic drug formulations. Here, the aim was to develop drug-loaded contact lenses with therapeutic dosage formulations and extended drug release capability as an alternative to eye drops, by employing supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) as a drug impregnation solvent to overcome inefficient ophthalmic drug use. ScCO2, known as a green solvent, has very low viscosity which provides high mass transfer power and could enhance drug penetration into contact lenses much better with respect to drug loading using other solvents. Here, moxifloxacin (MOX) antibiotic and amphotericin B (AMB) antifungal medicines were separately loaded into commercially available silicone hydrogel contact lenses through 1) drug adsorption from the aqueous solutions and 2) impregnation techniques via ScCO2 and their efficacies were compared. Drug impregnation parameters, i.e., 8–25 MPa pressure, 310–320 K temperature, 2–16-hour impregnation times, and the presence of ethanol as polar co-solvent were investigated for the optimization of the ScCO2 drug impregnation process. The highest drug loading and long-term release kinetic from the contact lenses were obtained at 25 MPa and 313 K with 2.5 h impregnation time by using 1 % ethanol (by volume). Furthermore, antibacterial/antifungal activities of the MOX- and AMB-impregnated contact lenses were effective against in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) bacteria and Fusarium solani (ATCC 36031) fungus for up to one week. Consequently, the ScCO2 method can be effectively used to impregnate commercial contact lenses with drugs, and these can then be safely used for the treatment of keratitis. This offers a sustainable delivery system at effective dosage formulations with complete bacterial/fungal inhibition and termination, making it viable for real animal/human applications.

Sclerosing Perineurioma of the Orbit.

A 7-week-old boy presented to pediatric ophthalmology with a mass inferior to the medial canthus of the OS that was first noticed on day 3 of life. Crigler massages, warm compresses, and moxifloxacin HCl drops were administered without resolution of symptoms. Probing and irrigation for a presumed dacryocystocele were performed, but the nasolacrimal system was patent, and the mass persisted after the procedure. Oculoplastics was consulted for further evaluation and management. On exam, the tear lake was normal, there was no discharge to palpation of either lacrimal sac, and there was no erythema. An MRI was obtained that showed a mass with nonspecific features abutting the lacrimal sac. A gross total resection of the mass was performed, and it was sent for histopathologic evaluation. Pathology results yielded a diagnosis of sclerosing perineurioma, a rare soft tissue tumor previously unreported in the orbit.

Efficient removal of moxifloxacin through PMS activation by CuFeS2/MXene.

Due to the frequent detection and potential toxicity of moxifloxacin (MOX), its removal technology had attracted attention in recent years. In this research, CuFeS2/MXene was prepared and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to remove MOX. The degradation efficiencies, kinetics, influences, and reaction mechanism of MOX by CuFeS2/MXene/PMS were investigated. The synergistic effect of CuFeS2 and MXene significantly enhanced PMS activation, producing SO4•-, HO•, and 1O2 as the main active species. By adding 0.12g/L CuFeS2/MXene and 0.12mM PMS, MOX removal efficiency reached 99.1% within 40min, with a rate constant of 0.1073min-1. The composite ratios of CuFeS2/MXene impacted PMS activation more significantly than catalyst dosages and PMS concentrations. Acidic conditions were favorable for the degradation of MOX, while HCO3-, HPO42-, Mn2+, and HA had the inhibitory effects. Twelve major products were detected by HPLC-MS, and DFT was used to illustrate possible degradation pathways of MOX, including the removal of nitrogen-containing heterocycle and transformations of quinolone moieties. Toxicity analysis showed that the developmental toxicity, mutagenicity, and acute toxicity of degradation products tended to decrease. CuFeS2/MXene could exhibit excellent reusability, maintaining an average MOX degradation efficiency of 90.8% in the 7-cycle experiments.