Moving Picture Experts Group Research Articles

Comparative Study of Different Encryption Techniques on MP3 Compression

This paper presents different encryption techniques, which are applied on the Moving Picture Expert Group Layer III (MP3) compression, for securely transmitting audio data over the network. Here, total Data Encryption Standard (DES), total Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and selective AES encryption techniques are applied on the quantized audio data. A comparison between these encryption techniques on MP3 compression are discussed by calculating the time consumption as well as SNR values. Experimental results demonstrate that the selective AES encryption technique is better than the other two encryption techniques.

Fuzzy Logic Controller for Wireless Video Transmission

Problem statement: As the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) is high in MPEG, the video experienced long delay and unexpected data loss. In wireless channel, due to noise and interference of other signals transmission rate cannot be predicted. Approach: In this paper we proposed an intelligent fuzzy logic controller for transmission of Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG-4) video signals over wireless channel. A Nero-Fuzzy (NF) controller was used to control the output rate of the buffer so that the signals were transmitted smoothly to wireless channel. Results: Simulation results showed that the use of intelligent fuzzy logic and nero-fuzzy controller improved the data transmission rate and decreased long delay when compared with other conventional methods. Conclusion: We proposed an intelligent fuzzy logic controller which adjusts the transmission rate dynamically so that the transmission loss and delay could be minimized. The traffic shaping buffer is used to prevent excess back-to-back transmission of video signals.

MPEG2-TS를 RTP로의 적용 및 변환 시스템

IPTV 콘텐츠는 MPEG2-TS(Moving Picture Expert Group-2 Transport Stream)에 기반을 두고 있으며, 생성된 콘텐츠는 인터넷 서비스망을 이용하여 각 가정의 수신기(Set-Top Box)에 전달되고, 이는 디코딩(Decoding) 과정을 거쳐 텔레비전에 보이게 된다. 하지만 기존의 제공된 회선 이외에 다른 장치에서의 콘텐츠 확대 이용 및 소비는 상당히 제한적 이었으며, 이를 위해 MPEG2-TS를 다른 포맷으로 변환 전송 등의 방법이 다양하게 제공되었으나 이들 방법들은, 시스템에 부하를 많이 가져올 뿐만 아니라, 자체적인 하드웨어 요구 사양이 높아지는 결과를 초래하였다. 이에 본 논문에서는 IPTV 내에서 MPEG2-TS로 제공되는 콘텐츠를 RTP(Real time Transport Protocol)를 이용하여 사용자에게 좀 더 다양한 장치와 환경에 적용 및 제공하는 시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 MPEG2-TS로 제공되는 다양한 콘텐츠에 대한 타 장치로의 배포 및 소비가 가능하여 소비자의 콘텐츠 이용에 대한 QoS(Quality of Service)를 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라, 콘텐츠에 대한 소비 및 이용 증가에 따른 IPTV 사업의 발전 및 활성화에 도움이 될 것이다. IPTV contents are based on MPEG2-TS(Moving Picture Expert Group-2 Transport Stream). The Created content is delivered to each home's Set-Top box through the Internet service network, which will be visible on television through the decoding process. The using and spending of content expanding were quite limited in the other existing lines' devices. For this end, provided methods are to convert MPEG2-TS to other format and then transmit it. These methods are causing not only an overload to the system but also its increasing the hardware resource requirements. In this paper, the MPEG2-TS of IPTV's content using RTP(Real time Transport Protocol) provided by the applicable variety of devices and environmental system, was designed and implemented. Through this paper, the existing MPEG2-TS is providing other devices for distribution and consumption that can give better content to the consumers which means that the QoS(Quality of Service) was enhanced. And, the increased consumption and use of content will help the IPTV business to get more development and activation.

Two neuro-fuzzy control schemes for a traffic-regulating buffer in wireless technology

Bluetooth wireless operates in 2.4-GHz Industrial Scientific and Medicine (ISM) frequency, which may interfere with other devices functioning within the same frequency band, such as WiFi. Furthermore, Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) variable bit rate (VBR) video demands larger and more stable bandwidth and may cause data loss and time delay as a result of the high variation in bit rate in Bluetooth channels with limited bandwidth. To address these issues, two new neuro-fuzzy schemes are developed to control the input and output of a buffer referred to here as the traffic-regulating buffer. Regarding the input of this buffer, a rule-based fuzzy scheme is introduced and supervised by a neural network technique as a master controller to monitor the arrival rate to the buffer. The output of the traffic-regulating buffer is observed by another rule-based fuzzy scheme and is supervised by a second neural network to monitor the departure rate. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the two proposed neuro-fuzzy models reduce standard deviation and excessive data loss, and they also show an improved picture quality as compared with conventional MPEG VBR video over a Bluetooth channel.

Error resilient framework using one-pass explicit flexible macroblock ordering map generation and error concealment for H.264/AVC wireless video communication

H.264/AVC is the newest standard for digital video compression developed jointly by ITU-T's Video Coding Experts Group and ISO/IEC's Moving Picture Experts Group. One feature of the new standard is the adoption of a robust error resilience tool at the encoder known as flexible macroblock ordering (FMO). In this paper, we present an algorithm to generate a one-pass FMO map based on spatial and temporal information at the encoder, and an error concealment method at the decoder for wireless video transmission. The error concealment method at the decoder is applied according to the residual information derived from the distortion information obtained at the encoder while the one-pass FMO map is being generated. Our simulation results performed under slow and fast fading channels confirm that the proposed technique can reduce the number of undecodable macroblocks up to 66.79% and 80.54%, respectively, when compared with no FMO. The peak signal-to-noise ratio improvements are up to 2.67 and 1.05 dB, respectively when compared to predefined FMO (Type 1).

Overview of the Stereo and Multiview Video Coding Extensions of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Standard

Significant improvements in video compression capability have been demonstrated with the introduction of the H.264/MPEG-4 advanced video coding (AVC) standard. Since developing this standard, the Joint Video Team of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) has also standardized an extension of that technology that is referred to as multiview video coding (MVC). MVC provides a compact representation for multiple views of a video scene, such as multiple synchronized video cameras. Stereo-paired video for 3-D viewing is an important special case of MVC. The standard enables inter-view prediction to improve compression capability, as well as supporting ordinary temporal and spatial prediction. It also supports backward compatibility with existing legacy systems by structuring the MVC bitstream to include a compatible “base view.” Each other view is encoded at the same picture resolution as the base view. In recognition of its high-quality encoding capability and support for backward compatibility, the stereo high profile of the MVC extension was selected by the Blu-Ray Disc Association as the coding format for 3-D video with high-definition resolution. This paper provides an overview of the algorithmic design used for extending H.264/MPEG-4 AVC towards MVC. The basic approach of MVC for enabling inter-view prediction and view scalability in the context of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is reviewed. Related supplemental enhancement information (SEI) metadata is also described. Various “frame compatible” approaches for support of stereo-view video as an alternative to MVC are also discussed. A summary of the coding performance achieved by MVC for both stereo- and multiview video is also provided. Future directions and challenges related to 3-D video are also briefly discussed.

Multimedia streaming using partially reliable concurrent multipath transfer for multihomed networks

The authors propose a partially reliable-concurrent multipath transfer (PR-CMT) protocol for multimedia streaming. The novelty of PR-CMT is to combine techniques of CMT's concurrent multipath transfer, PR-SCTP's partially reliable transmission and prioritised stream transmission. Moving picture experts group (MPEG) frames are with varying priorities and lifetime. PR-CMT can transmit important frames before other frames but does not transmit lifetime expired frames. The combination of the aforementioned techniques, however, causes imprecise congestion window and receiver buffer blocking problems without suitable control. Consequently, the throughput and video quality degrade. PR-CMT adopts the concept of delay abandoning data to resolve the imprecise cwnd and the receiver buffer blocking problems. The simulation results show that PR-CMT can precisely infer cwnd. Most importantly, PR-CMT can prevent large gaps between two playable frames to have good video quality.

Free-Viewpoint TV

Free-viewpoint television (FTV) is an innovative visual media that enables us to view a three-dimensional (3-D) scene by freely changing our viewpoints. We proposed the concept of FTV and constructed the world???s first real-time system including the complete chain of operation from image capture to display. We also carried out the FTV on a single personal computer (PC) and a mobile player. FTV is based on the ray-space method that represents one ray in real space with one point in the ray-space. We have developed several types of ray capture systems and interfaces such as a 360° capture/ray-reproducing display. FTV is regarded as the ultimate 3DTV, since it can generate infinite number of views. Thus, FTV is the key to immersive communication. Regarding FTV as the most challenging 3-D media, the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) has been conducting its international standardization activities. This article reviews FTV and its related technologies.

Towards a real-time video compression based on MPEG4 AVC/H.264

MPEG4 is an ISO/IEC standard developed by moving picture experts group (MPEG). The standard video MPEG-4 visual (part 2) introduces the notion of video objects (VO). Basically, the concept of the MPEG-4 compression relies on contents. On the other hand, the standard MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 (part 10) relies on the same architecture used in MPEG-2, which does not introduce the concept of video objects. The performances of these video coders depend mainly on motion estimation. The objective of this work is to conceive a codec based on standard MPEG-4 AVC introducing the concept of video objects from an AVC codec, while being based on many motion estimating techniques. This is done with the hope of reaching the highest reduction of the execution time by keeping the best possible precision in order to be able to integrate it in remote monitoring system.

The MPEG Interactive Music Application Format Standard [Standards in a Nutshell

The music industry is going through a transformation, and new interactive music services have emerged. It is envisaged that this new concept of digital music content will dominate the next generation of music services. A standardized file format is inevitably required to provide the interoperability between various interactive music players and interactive music albums. This issue is addressed in a new standard by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), known as the MPEG-A Interactive Music Application Format (IM AF). IM AF integrates multiple audio tracks with appropriate additional information, enabling users to experience various preset mixes and to make their own mixes complying with interactivity rules imposed by the music composers with the aim of fitting their artistic creation.

Application of neural-fuzzy controller for streaming video over Bluetooth 1.2

This paper is to introduce an application of Computational Intelligence (CI) to Moving Picture Expert Group-4 (MPEG-4) video compression over IEEE.802.15.1 wireless communication, known as Bluetooth 1.2, in order to improve picture quality. The 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency band is used for the IEEE.802.15.1 standard. IEEE.802.15.1 can be affected by noise and interference due to other neighboring wireless devices sharing the same frequency carrier. The noise and interference create difficulties in ascertaining an accurate real-time transmission rate at the receiving end. Furthermore, the MPEG-4 codec is an object-oriented compression system and demands a high bandwidth. It is therefore difficult to avoid excessive delay, image quality degradation and/or data loss during MPEG-4 video transmission over standard systems. A new buffer entitled ‘buffer added’ has been introduced at the input of the Bluetooth 1.2 device. This buffer is controlled by a Rule-Based Fuzzy (RBF) logic controller at the input and a neural-fuzzy controller (NFC) at the output. The two new fuzzy rules manipulate and supervise the flow of video over the Bluetooth 1.2 standard. The computer simulation results illustrate the comparison between a non-CI video transmission over Bluetooth 1.2 and the proposed design, confirming that the applications of RBF and NFC do improve the image quality, reduce data loss and reduce time delay.

Video Compression Using Nested Quadtree Structures, Leaf Merging, and Improved Techniques for Motion Representation and Entropy Coding

Abstract-A video coding architecture is described that is based on nested and pre-configurable quadtree structures for flexible and signal-adaptive picture partitioning. The primary goal of this partitioning concept is to provide a high degree of adaptability for both temporal and spatial prediction as well as for the purpose of space-frequency representation of prediction residuals. At the same time, a leaf merging mechanism is included in order to prevent excessive partitioning of a picture into prediction blocks and to reduce the amount of bits for signaling the prediction signal. For fractional-sample motion-compensated prediction, a fixed-point implementation of the maximal-order minimum-support algorithm is presented that uses a combination of infinite impulse response and FIR filtering. Entropy coding utilizes the concept of probability interval partitioning entropy codes that offers new ways for parallelization and enhanced throughput. The presented video coding scheme was submitted to a joint call for proposals of ITU-T Visual Coding Experts Group and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group and was ranked among the five best performing proposals, both in terms of subjective and objective quality.

High Performance, Low Complexity Video Coding and the Emerging HEVC Standard

This paper describes a low complexity video codec with high coding efficiency. It was proposed to the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standardization effort of moving picture experts group and video coding experts group, and has been partially adopted into the initial HEVC test model under consideration design. The proposal utilizes a quadtree-based coding structure with support for macroblocks of size 64 × 64, 32 × 32, and 16 × 16 pixels. Entropy coding is performed using a low complexity variable length coding scheme with improved context adaptation compared to the context adaptive variable length coding design in H.264/AVC. The proposal's interpolation and deblocking filter designs improve coding efficiency, yet have low complexity. Finally, intra-picture coding methods have been improved to provide better subjective quality than H.264/AVC. The subjective quality of the proposed codec has been evaluated extensively within the HEVC project, with results indicating that similar visual quality to H.264/AVC High Profile anchors is achieved, measured by mean opinion score, using significantly fewer bits. Coding efficiency improvements are achieved with lower complexity than the H.264/AVC Baseline Profile, particularly suiting the proposal for high resolution, high quality applications in resource-constrained environments.

A Biological Framework for Perceptual Video Processing and Compression

The recent rapid evolution of video compression and high-definition has given consumers richer, more varied experiences than at any time before. Not surprisingly, content providers find themselves searching for ways to provide better video quality more efficiently. Until now, technical advances in Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) compression have been able to keep up with market needs, but there are limits even to MPEG efficiency. Fortunately, emerging technologies inspired by the biology of vision could enable MPEG compression to gain new levels of quality and efficiency. This paper introduces a framework for image and video processing that is based on decades of research into the biology of human vision. It describes how visual information is processed in the retina and early visual system. It also explains how design principles that are at work within the human visual system can be incorporated into advanced MPEG encoders and other broadcast equipment used in various existing broadband networks (cable, telecommunications, satellite, etc.), resulting in cost savings for service providers and a better-quality experience for consumers.

A high-brightness diffractive stereoscopic display technology

In this research, the diffractive blazed grating was proposed to produce the stereoscopic effects that were traditionally generated by barrier grating through parallax barrier method. Three wavelengths, 596 nm, 554 nm and 450 nm, were chosen as the main light waves for three sub-pixels, RGB. Because the diffractive optical element was directly attached to the color filter of a MPEG-4 player (Motion Picture Experts Group Four Player, MPEG-4 player) panel, the stereoscopic image remained high brightness. Since lithography would be the most possible manufacturing method, multilevel approximation was to proceeded during simulation. From the simulated results of optical simulation software, LightTools, the RGB lights moved parallelly and consequently avoiding cross-talk.

닮은꼴을 이용한 새로운 동영상 디코딩 처리방법

본 논문에서는 MPEG2(Moving Picture Expert Group 2)비디오 디코더에서 영상데이타를 디코딩하는 기술에 관한 것으로, 종래의 동여상 처리기에서는 허프만 코드화 처리를 하여 정지영상을 부호화한후 분할기반 부호화 방식의 동영상 처리기법을 사용하였으나 1프레임의 코드화시에도 많은 계산 알고리즘이 필요하고 이미지의 닮음정도를 객관적수치로 표현할 수 없으므로 비슷한 이미지를 중복 코드화 작업 및 전송 작업을 하는 결함이 있었다. 본 눈문에서는 이를 해결하기 위하여 이미지의 닮음정도를 수치화하고 기준값 이하의 영상은 코드화 작업을 하지않고 계산된 영상 변화값에 의해 구현된 영상으로 대체하여 저장 및 전송하도록 하여 시각적으로 전혀 거부감이 없는 동영상을 구현하였다. In this paper, MPEG2(Moving Picture Expert Group 2) image data video decoding technique is presented, it is Huffman decoding method and fractal image method which is very complexive algorithm and have too much times to implement this method. This have defect of overlap decoding and transport work because of impossible to represent objective value of resemblance. The proposed method was calculated the mathematical absolute image resemblance and simplify the moving picture process to reducing the step of moving picture codefying. The results show that smoothed moving picture compared recent methods.

An 802.11n Wireless Local Area Network Transmission Scheme for Wireless Telemedicine Applications

In this paper, an 802.11 n transmission scheme is proposed for wireless telemedicine applications. IEEE 802.11n standards, a power assignment strategy, space-time block coding (STBC), and an object composition Petri net (OCPN) model are adopted. With the proposed wireless system, G.729 audio bit streams, Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 (JPEG 2000) clinical images, and Moving Picture Experts Group 4 (MPEG-4) video bit streams achieve a transmission bit error rate (BER) of 10-7, 10-4, and 103 simultaneously. The proposed system meets the requirements prescribed for wireless telemedicine applications. An essential feature of this proposed transmission scheme is that clinical information that requires a high quality of service (QoS) is transmitted at a high power transmission rate with significant error protection. For maximizing resource utilization and minimizing the total transmission power, STBC and adaptive modulation techniques are used in the proposed 802.11 n wireless telemedicine system. Further, low power, direct mapping (DM), low-error protection scheme, and high-level modulation are adopted for messages that can tolerate a high BER. With the proposed transmission scheme, the required reliability of communication can be achieved. Our simulation results have shown that the proposed 802.11 n transmission scheme can be used for developing effective wireless telemedicine systems.

Multithreshold progressive image sharing with compact shadows

We propose a multithreshold progressive reconstruction method. The image is encoded three times using Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG): first with a low-quality factor, then with a medium-quality factor, and last with a high-quality factor. Huffman coding is employed to encode the difference between the important image and the high-quality JPEG decompressed image. The three JPEG codes and the Huffman code are shared, respectively, ac- cording to four prespecified thresholds. The n-generated equally im- portant shadows can be stored or transmitted using n channels in parallel. Cooperation among these generated shadows can progres- sively reconstruct the important image. The reconstructed image is loss-free when the number of collected shadows reaches the largest threshold. Each shadow is very compact and so can be hidden suc- cessfully in the JPEG codes of cover images to reduce the probabil- ity of being attacked when transmitted in an unfriendly environment. Comparisons with other image sharing methods are made. The con- tributions, such as easiness to apply to scalable Moving Picture Ex- perts Group (MPEG) video transmission or resistance to differential attack, are also included. © 2010 SPIE and IS&T.

Determination of the acceptable MPEG-4 quality for clinical real-time tele-echocardiography services

The characteristics of Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG-4) video compression, in particular its adaptability to narrowband channels and the elevated degree of compression obtainable, make it of interest for services of telemedicine that require instantaneous video transmission and interpretation. In this study we faced the problem of the minimum quality of service (QoS) in specific applications of tele-echocardiography (T-E). In the specifics we evaluated the clinical adequacy of MPEG-4 compression in the real time transmission of echocardiographic studies. Forty echocardiographic examinations consisting of standard projections of patients affected by ischemic heart disease were submitted to two observers expert in echocardiography, who made 4 separate evaluations as follows: 2 on the same equipment on which the original studies were performed; 1 after online MPEG-4 codification of the studies at 256 kb/s; 1 after online MPEG-4 codification of the studies at 128 kb/s. For each evaluation, the following data were collected: subjective opinion on the overall visual quality of the images; estimate of ejection fraction and level of impairment; wall Motion Score Index and percentage of asynergy; mitral failure. 1) the subjective quality of the echocardiographic images was the same as that perceived in the video at Mpeg4/256 kb/s compression level while it was lower, as expected, in the video Mpeg4/128 kb/s; 2) the quality degradation did not produce a statistically significant difference in the evaluation of left ventricular function and regional wall motion impairments. These results confirm the feasibility of MPEG-4 compression for the transmission of echocardiographic studies for use in telemedicine and suggest that it is not necessary to seek transmission speeds higher than 256 kb/s for the semiquantitative reading of left ventricular kinetics.

Analysis and Modeling of H.264 Unconstrained VBR Video Traffic

In future communication networks, video is expected to represent a large portion of the total traffic, given thatespecially variable bit rate (VBR) coded video streams, are becoming increasingly popular. Consequently, traffic modeling and characterization of such video services is essential for the efficient traffic control and resource management. Besides, providing an insight of video coding mechanisms, traffic models can be used as a tool for the allocation of network resources, the design of efficient networks for streaming services and the reassurance of specific QoS characteristics to the end users. The new H.264/AVC standard, proposed by the ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG), is expected to dominate in upcoming multimedia services, due to the fact that it outperforms in many fields the previous encoded standards. This article presents both a frame and a layer (i.e. I, P and B frames) level analysis of H.264 encoded sources. Analysis of the data suggests that the video traffic can be considered as a stationary stochastic process with an autocorrelation function of exponentially fast decay and a marginal frame size distribution of approximately Gamma form. Finally, based on the statistical analysis, an efficient model of H.264 video traffic is proposed.