Struggles Of Movements Research Articles

EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL NA PERSPECTIVA INCLUSIVA

This case study brings reflections on possibilities for implementing the concept of a school for all in everyday school life, reinforcing the importance of the struggle movement for people with disabilities in our country. It focuses on the situation of Special Education in the municipality of Miracema/RJ based on a comparative analysis between the Municipal Education Plan (2015-2025) and normative and political devices (such as: the National Education Plan, the Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education and the National Policy on Special Education from the Perspective of Inclusive Education) that guarantee education for all as a human right. The work carried out by the municipality's Specialized Assistance Center (NAE) is also analyzed. Methodologically, the study was carried out taking bibliographic and documentary research as its starting point. It is theoretically based on authors such as: Paulo Freire, Maria Tereza Mantoan and Rita de Cassia Fumegalli. It is concluded that the municipality of Miracema has been expanding its horizons with regard to the implementation of what is implied by goal 4 of the National Education Plan and the National Special Education Policy from the Perspective of Inclusive Education, seeking to promote a break with related social prejudices to the education of students with disabilities, charting a new path, where the commitment is to an education that proposes to be universal, which must include diversity, moving away from standardized models, which do not respect the reality of students and their families and promote scenarios of exclusion and school failure.

A Nuanced Study on the Contribution of Jawaharlal Nehru in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Jawaharlal Nehru, an outstanding leader, a leading figure of the twentieth century and a great statesman was an accredited political visionary with a brilliant record of struggle and sacrifice for the country’s liberation from foreign rule. His contribution to the national freedom struggle forms an illustrious chapter in the history of this nation. For his glorious contribution and outstanding service to the freedom struggle of India, Jawaharlal Nehru’s name “is known throughout Asia and Africa where he is not only revered as a distinguished Indian patriot but looked upon as an uncompromising champion of the struggle of colonial peoples for their independence and self-determination.” Although a lot of fascinating and perceptive studies have been undertaken regarding Nehru’s personality, his contribution to the nation building process, his achievements as a Prime Minister, and his enormous contribution in the sphere of national and international relations, yet not much attention has been given to his role in India’s freedom struggle movement. Therefore, the present study is an endeavour to highlight the crucial role and contribution of Jawaharlal Nehru in the freedom struggle movement.

Degrowth in the Semi-Periphery: Ecology and Class in Central and Eastern Europe

The aim of this extended review essay is to discuss the potential relevance of degrowth-aligned social-ecological transformation for the specific context of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). We frame this discussion around three recent books which we consider especially useful for this debate: The Future is Degrowth by Schmelzer et al. (2022, in Czech 2023) for an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the concept of degrowth; Marx in the Anthropocene by Saito (2023) for an ecologically grounded debate on anticapitalist strategies stemming from writings of late Marx; and The Political Economy of Middle Class Politics and the Global Crisis in Eastern Europe by Gagyi (2021) that empirically analyses the specific position of the CEE semiperiphery and its implications for a radical social-ecological transformation. We introduce and interlink the main ideas of these books and discuss their implications for the degrowth movement in the CEE context. We argue that to deeply transform our socio-metabolic relation with nature, it is crucial to cultivate and expand spaces of reproductive autonomy, and link them to struggles of labour and social movements. We conclude by emphasising the role of internationalism from below.

‘Grounding together’ or digging movements into the ground? South African scholar-activism 30 years after democracy

The fiftieth anniversary of ROAPE coincidentally marks 30 years of what may be called ‘bourgeois democracy’ in South Africa. Walter Rodney’s debate with mainly white lecturers (including early contributors and founders of ROAPE) at Dar es Salaam in 1971 offers a pivot from which to explore the representation of popular movements in South Africa in the 2000s, which centred on the assumption that the working class had fallen victim to the adoption of neoliberal policies by the ruling African National Congress. This article explores the relationship between race, class and knowledge production as well as contested meanings of transformation in this context. While the independent left (those outside of mainstream political parties as well as the tripartite alliance) in South Africa has at times heroically supported the struggles of grassroots movements, the article argues that we have reached an impasse. Our consistent socialist rhetoric and methods of movement building tend to be out of touch with grassroots movements. A renewed political dialogue is required to explore the extent to which it remains possible to ‘ground together’ (Rodney 1969) in collaboration with the various streams of discontent and militancy in the country.

Gandhi's Mira: Debating “Female” Suffering and the Politics of Iconography

AbstractDuring the first decades of the twentieth century when the Indian freedom struggle movement gained momentum, M. K. Gandhi often evoked Mirabai—the sixteenth-century bhakti poet-saint—in his public speeches and voluminous letters. This article demonstrates the degree to which Gandhi's maneuver fundamentally altered Mirabai's image as a national and cultural symbol, and how it prompted the mobilization of women in the larger nationalist movement. Through the process of appropriation, Mirabai's image evolved in the Indian cultural realm from a woman charged with promiscuity into an ideal “chaste” woman. Gandhi's intervention further initiated a moral renaissance parallel to the nationalist current where women transgressed the thresholds of traditional domesticity and became active agents of non-violent resistance—Hindu/spiritual in essence—inspired by Mirabai's suffering and compositions. Gandhi's Mira emerged as a literary-cultural hybrid that circulated in public spheres, as Mirabai became a public icon and a vehicle for women's emancipation alongside national liberation.

Reaktualisasi Jihad Perspektif Hadis dalam Konteks ke-Indonesiaan

Jihad is a word that can inspire great enthusiasm in some people, but on the other hand, it can also instill fear and trauma in others. This is because, in today's context, jihad is often understood by many as a movement of struggle by a minority group of Muslims, which has subsequently created fear among the general public. Jihad is indeed frequently misunderstood, not only by Muslims but also by Western observers who often interpret it as merely a war against non-believers. This research aims to explore the hadiths (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad) about Jihad and explain them by adapting them to the current Indonesian context. Therefore, in this study, a qualitative method is used, where the hadiths related to jihad will be analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results of this research show that in the Indonesian context today, jihad is an effort to strengthen Indonesia in various sectors, such as development and economy, which includes the individual struggles of people to improve their own and their families' well-being. Additionally, education and national character are also essential aspects to be improved so that a correct understanding of Islam can thrive in the midst of society Keywords: Reactualization, Jihad, Hadis

Where is the North? Southern ruptures in decolonizing theory

Calls for decolonizing theory, knowledge, methods, and the university have taken hold of academia. However, critics have pointed out that these projects are primarily located in the global North and distanced from actual political struggles. This paper proposes a way to disaggregate different elements of the North and evaluate the “decolonization” potential in relation to broader anticolonial political geographies. We define the North as an orientation toward the capitalist-colonial world and Northness as a relational property along three axes of geographical location, social position, and institutional vocation. Applying this, we review historic trends in decolonization thought by using a stylistic scheme of three southern ruptures: resistance to colonial conquest, postcolonial arrivals into the Northern academy, and transnational convergence. This analytical lens cautions against giving primacy to issues of marginalized social position over geographic location and institutional vocation, while also offering a political economic focus on postcolonial engagements with anticolonial politics. We call for attending to the current conjuncture characterized by increasing decolonial discourse alongside southern ruination by aligning epistemic endeavors with social movement struggle.

A study on the role of lawyers in India’s freedom struggle and towards nation building

While we talk about Law as a profession, it is undoubtedly a vast area with innumerable persons contributing to it across the globe. It is also one of the most challenging professions for it encompasses tough thinking, analysing, reasoning, contemplating as a part of the process or for rendering advisory services, rule or policy making or simply when it comes to representing a client and arguing on behalf in a court of law. As per a report in the United States News’ List for the year 2016, the profession of a lawyer has been seen standing at the rank of 16 among the top 100 best paying jobs and the same stood at 71st rank across the world. Again, it not just the same being group as higher earning that makes it more attractive, the pride of the profession of law also entails the dynamic aspect of the job which is often reflected due to the emergence of several influential leaders of the world from the law background. Starting from the former President of USA, Barack Obama, Russia's President Vladimir Putin, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, former US President Bill Clinton, former President of Russia, Dmitri Medvedev, managing director of International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde who are the contemporary world leaders worth mentioning to Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela are the ones who had earned their highest degree in law and are the seasoned lawyers among others who passed their whole life in pursuit of emancipation of the human beings. Former President of Cuba, Fidel Castro and Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew were also the law practitioners. The current paper is subdivided into various chapters which deals with the concept and development of legal profession, jurisprudential aspect, the role of lawyers in the Indian National Freedom Struggle Movement and their contribution towards nation building.

The space of hospitality. Activism, art, architecture and urbanism in Rome

The article approaches the theme of the concrete utopias produced by hospitality from the point of view of architecture and the city, identifying political, artistic and academic experiences that are constructing that space already highlighted by linguists, philosophers and anthropologists: hospitality as a threshold capable of transforming the foreigner into a guest. In architectural space, that threshold is a theatrical machine capable of reversing roles, of constructing that limbo that suspends and makes property boundaries opaque, that allows ambiguities and ambivalence, that confuses opposing figures such as certain and uncertain, nomadic and sedentary, domestic and institutional. In urban space, the threshold is extended, becomes visible and public thanks to political and artistic experiences that have created places capable of giving guests the power to host in turn. In Rome, the housing struggle movements have produced intercultural condominiums as viable alternatives to the institutional welcome systems and to the housing emergency; artistic and academic researchers have identified urban strategies and policies producing imagery and projects for a hospitable city. Finally a project, Porto Fluviale RecHouse, drawn up jointly by the administration and the housing struggle movement, and currently being implemented - proposes a model of urban intervention based on hospitality.

Special issue introduction: social movement struggles, learning and knowledge-making: in memory of Aziz Choudry (1966–2021)

Special issue introduction: social movement struggles, learning and knowledge-making: in memory of Aziz Choudry (1966–2021)

The struggle of democratic political movements and organizations against the Bolshevik regime in Azerbaijan

W Azerbejdżanie na początku XX wieku istniało wiele ugrupowań politycznych wyznających wartości liberalne i demokratyczne. Partie te powstały w wyniku postępującego rozwoju myśli politycznej w regionie, a ze względu na ówczesny klimat polityczny opowiadały się za pantureckimi i socjalistycznymi poglądami gospodarczymi. Demokratyczna Republika Azerbejdżanu po krótkiej niepodległości została w 1920 r. zajęta przez bolszewików. W miarę jak bolszewicy dążyli do umocnienia swojej władzy, zwolennicy niepodległości zorganizowali liczne masowe powstania w różnych regionach kraju. Bolszewicy, wykorzystując swoją przewagę militarną, tłumią ich wszystkich. Następnie opozycja potajemnie kontynuuje swoją działalność, tworząc tajne grupy i organizacje. A Azerbejdżanie na wygnaniu wydawali gazety i czasopisma i kontynuowali walkę z okupacyjnym reżimem bolszewickim. Od końca lat 20. powstania chłopskie wstrząsały reżimem sowieckim w regionach, ale represje stalinowskie i wybuch II wojny światowej osłabiły poziom oporu. Powojenna atmosfera społeczno-polityczna i rewizjonistyczna propaganda radziecka skutecznie eliminowały możliwość skutecznej akcji antyrządowej. Emigranci azerbejdżańscy w Turcji i krajach europejskich prowadzili wojnę informacyjną, ale nie z taką intensywnością

Environmental assessment of water management and urban growth: A case study in an Argentina Pampean plain's basin

Urbanization has been identified as one of the issues with the greatest environmental impacts on water resources. This study aims to make an environmental diagnosis of urban water management with a systematic approach in a basin with great hydrogeological complexity. We have analyzed urban water management in the Langueyú basin, Argentina, in the period comprehended between 1940 and 2015 in which the city has had a disordered urban growth. It showed that the lack of integrated management together with urban expansion have resulted in a process of building densification and infrastructure that favors the recurrence and magnitude of exceptional hydrological events. This has been accompanied by a spatial displacement of these events and a lack of sanitary services with the same sense of urbanization. It was also demonstrated that the lack of integrated water management this not only had consequences on the Tandil city services associated with the urban hydrological cycle, but also on the quality of its surface water resources (contamination of streams in its urban section) and groundwater (elevation of nitrates levels in water from wells water supply). The absence of a systemic approach to the problem has not considered the relationships between the subsystems involved in water management. This management has been based mainly on the application of structural measures. The main non-structural measure carried out has been to expand the regulations and some neighbor's struggle movements. Other non-structural measures promoted by several actors involved in urban water management, such as authorities, should be carried out in order to raise awareness amongst the population on the importance of water resource protection, especially in areas with hydrogeological limitations.

Thinking with <i>Bem Viver</i> across rural and urban Amazonia: Indigenous and Black spaces of resistance

In Brazil, Bem Viver recently arrived as a compelling counter-narrative to development's vision of land and labor as resources to be exploited. Bem Viver challenges the reductionism of land-as-resource, reinforces community autonomy, and entails reciprocity in relations with the nonhuman world. The purpose of this article is to extend conversations surrounding Bem Viver to the Brazilian Amazon state of Pará, primarily through asking whether the relational ethics of Bem Viver are active within current resistance movements focused on opposing neoliberal capitalism and racially-motivated dispossession. These resistance movements struggle for the maintenance of traditional relations while safeguarding socioecologies through territory. The cases we discuss draw upon our ethnographic work conducted within an Indigenous community in the Tapajós Basin and the Afro-Brazilian market Porto da Palha in urban Belém. We also consider whether Bem Viver opens the possibility of a post-political ecology framing of contestation over natural resources and place. Bem Viver is fundamentally relational and creates territorialities conflicting with market logics centered on financialization, individual accumulation, and private property. On the ground, Bem Viver as praxis shapes everyday practices sustaining place-based lifeways and determining material realities for the Indigenous and Black communities of the Tapajós and Belém regions of Pará.

Revolutionary challenges of the Myanmar Generation Z students and the impact on the rapidity of the 2021 spring revolution

The Generation Z student revolutions in Myanmar that fight for democracy against the military coup in 2021 present challenges that limit the rapidity of the revolution. The research aims to explore Generation Z students’ movements and challenges in anti-coup protests, armed struggle movements, and click movements as well as the impacts on the rapidity of the revolution. The study used a qualitative method by applying the social movement theory and revolutionary concept of Charles Tilly which reveal that Generation Z students are confronted with deaths triggered by violent crackdowns, illegal arrests, and imprisonment, difficulties with the environment and livelihoods, financial matters, weaponry issues, and internet outages in conducting movements against the coup. Challenges, however, simply dragged down the protest movement’s rapidity; armed movements and online click movements are still escalating on their own rapidity. The research concludes that the outcome of the revolutionary movement is unpredictable except the conflict between the military and armed resistance is gradually expanding day by day during a two-and-a-half-year post-coup period.

Corporate concessions: Opportunity or liability for climate advocacy groups?

When social movements achieve some success in meeting goals, elite opponents may see compromise and collaboration with movement organizations as a desirable option. The consequences for advocacy organizations of elite concessions are contested. Some highlight the political opportunities created by elite support, such as increased access to financial resources, political processes, and new audiences. Others identify potential liabilities, including demobilization, bureaucratization, and the co-optation of advocacy frames. Herein is presented a framework for analyzing the pathways through which realignments among elite opponents influence social movement struggles, using the first fifteen years of the international climate negotiations as a historical case. After years of pressure from environmental advocacy organizations, some global oil corporations shifted their climate policy stance from obstruction to collaboration. These realignments in turn affected the activities, framing strategies, policy access, and cross-group relations of climate advocacy groups, benefiting some to the detriment of others.

ELECTORAL POLITICS OF PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (QUAID-E-AZAM) 2002-2020

PMLQ has a political career spanning over decades. Their political career is full of landmarks where they proved themselves as a party working for the betterment of Pakistan. Also, their political struggle is reminiscent of their sincerity towards service, for the prosperity of Pakistan. In a nutshell, if we look at the decades-long political struggle of PMLQ it can be deduced that though today they do not have the same political stature that they had in their early years of inception, it would be a miscalculation to entirely write them off from the political scenario of Pakistan. During their early years of inception, PMLQ was known as one of the greatest and most impactful political parties of Pakistan. It didn’t have to do much to prove this due to being affiliated with the independence movement and letter its leaders being prominent former members of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz). It was after their disassociation with the PMLN that Pakistan Muslim League Quaid began its actual movement of struggle.

The Unwieldy Otherwise: Rethinking the Roots of Performance Studies in and through the Black Freedom Struggle

This project presents a syllabus that emerged out of an ongoing set of discussions between the two co-authors about how Black, Southern theatre and performance traditions—as well as embodied and transmitted genealogies of community engagement and activism—informed the intellectual, social, and political commitments that have suffused performance studies from its origins as an academic discipline. These discussions allowed us to generate a syllabus that provides the raw materials for an alternative and potentially radically destabilizing pedagogical approach to narrating the historical roots and development of performance studies over the past half-century. Specifically, we ask what shifts might occur in the performance studies classroom by narrating the field’s origins through the Free Southern Theatre, founded as a multiracial artistic ensemble in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1964. Our syllabus incorporates the key strands woven into the Free Southern Theatre’s aesthetic and political interventions, including Africanist cultural forms (such as the story circle); influences from the artistic and theatrical avant-garde; and populist theatre projects that developed in tandem with the revolutionary energies of the anti-imperialist, anti-colonial, and anti-capitalist struggles of the student movements of the 1960s. We ask how these largely hidden histories of resistance and dramaturgies of evasion reorient the way performance studies syllabi of the future tell the story of who and what matters, and in so doing materialize pedagogies of field formation that get frozen in place.

A New Working Class: The Legacies of Public-Sector Employment in the Civil Rights Movement

A New Working Class: The Legacies of Public-Sector Employment in the Civil Rights Movement

Ülkemizde Spor Yönetiminin Gelişiminin İncelenmesi

The aim of this study is to examine the development of sports management in our country within the historical process. Sports management has a concept integrity that includes different disciplines in the conceptual process dimension. While sports have been developing intertwined with people's lives throughout human history, it has also served different purposes throughout its development. In archaic societies, while living life with defensive and offensive actions, these actions became the first forms of sports and served human self-protection. During the development process of human history, the actions of people who learned to make and use vehicles were directed to transportation and transportation. Later, as some people learned to employ other people, they increased their own free time. As a social being, a person has devoted this free time to a number of activities that are the products of his own creativity. These activities, on the other hand, have mostly been oriented towards entertainment. These amusements are the basis of the sports organizations that are actively held in our country today, as well as all over the world. Thus, in those periods, sports were used for having fun as a leisure activity. Cultural, political and socioeconomic processes have also decided in history which of the basic movements in man's struggle with nature will be performed from sports, which are competitor simulations. The same processes have transformed individual free time into mass free time, while also massing sports and making it one of the most engaged activities and professions today. Key Words: Sports, Sports Management, Development Process

Brazilian Agricultural Frontier: Land Grabbing, Land Policy, and Conflicts

This article sheds light on the forms of land appropriation in the agricultural frontier regions of Brazil in line with the concepts of land and green grabbing. With less stringent environmental laws, the Cerrado presents itself as a ‘sacrifice zone’, where grabbers and large agricultural producers have sought to register lands of the Amazon biome as ‘Cerrado’ or an undefined biome zone land. It seeks to understand what happens in territories when power technologies, that is, disciplinary mechanisms such as the Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR), are activated and how the state has regulated land appropriation and green grabbing as a new meaning of appropriation of nature. This has created obstacles for the struggle and resistance of socio-territorial movements for land distribution, as confirmed by the growing lethality of conflicts in Brazilian frontier zones that are coveted by the grabbers.