Hungarian Movement Research Articles

Historical reflection as a source of inspiration for youth resistance in illiberal regimes – a qualitative study of the FreeSZFE movement in Hungary

ABSTRACT Political socialization of youth is crucial both in the maintenance of an illiberal regime and in the resistance by civil society. The present qualitative study provides insight into the personal motivations of student leaders of a youth resistance movement organized for the protection of academic autonomy against the ‘illiberal democracy’ of Hungary. The study sought to explore how collective historical memory contributes to political socialization, whether historical reflection was a source of inspiration and whether history education triggered conscious citizenship resulting in the engagement of youth in resistance. Data collection involved interviewing 15 former students of the University of Theatre and Film (Színház- és Filmművészeti Egyetem, SZFE) who played a key role in managing a 71 days long university blockade in 2020. Thematic analysis suggests that history education has the potential to trigger consciousness regarding citizens’ responsibility to confront power restricting individual freedoms and institutional autonomy. However, mainstream, alienating history education supported by the government in Hungary did not realize these potentials. Findings can be utilized in further research on the necessity of interactive, engaging history education methodologies to facilitate comparative reflection on history and current public affairs and to encourage conscious and active citizenship in illiberal regimes.

PIRATE RADIO and ITS ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY RADIO. POLAND, AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY – A COMPARISON

In this article, we discuss the role that pirate radio played in a debate regarding the community-oriented sector of broadcasting and in incorporating the sector into the legal system. We concentrate on the period of the transformation from state monopolies to media pluralism in Poland, Austria and Hungary, which took place in the late 1980s and the 1990s. A qualitative content analysis is performed on legal texts and media coverage to identify discourses present in the debate. We complete this data with interviews and focus groups with policymakers and radio pirates and an analysis of legal regulations drawing on comparative law research. We show that the pirate radio movement in Hungary and Austria during the transformation processes seems to have had clearly defined goals and organisation.

Impact of the Waco Branch Davidian Case and the Anticult Movement in Post-Communist Hungary

This article examines the ways Hungarian political life and public debate were influenced by the news media’s coverage of the 1993 conflict involving the Branch Davidians living at Mount Carmel Center near Waco, Texas and United States federal agents, in which a total of eighty-six people were killed. After the collapse of the Soviet political system, new religious movements began spreading rapidly in Eastern European nations at the beginning of the 1990s. The first anticult movements in Hungary were closely connected to the political conservativism and traditional religiosity represented by so-called “historical” Christian churches. The conservative governing parties aimed to restrict new religious movements by withdrawing financial support and by enacting a new law on religion and denominations resulting in anticult propaganda disseminated by the state. The news about the conflict and deaths at Mount Carmel Center played an important catalyzing role in the anticult parliamentary and press debates in Hungary. The tragedy of the deaths at Mount Carmel became one of the most important arguments in the hands of politicians in Hungary who wanted to limit freedom of religion for members of new religious movements.

Narrating Crisis and Continuity in Migration Debates in the Visegrád States

Narrating Crisis and Continuity in Migration Debates in the Visegrád States

Report: Hungarian Studies Association Annual Report

Report: Hungarian Studies Association Annual Report

Georg B. Michels. The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76).

Georg B. Michels. <i>The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76)</i>.

Találkozások, inspirációk és a közös szolgálat. A KALOT református kapcsolatai

"Encounters, Inspirations, and Approaches to Social Service. The Relationship of the Catholic Youth Movement of Agricultural Workers (KALOT) with the Reformed Church. The Catholic Youth Movement of Agricultural Workers (KALOT) was established in 1935 owing to the initiatives of Jesuit father Jenő Kerkai. In a couple of years, it became the most successful Catholic corporative movement in Hungary with 500,000 members. KALOT was engaged in the Hungarian social question and struggled for an agrarian reform policy. During World War II, its members and leadership also took part in the illegal, anti-fascist resistance movement. In 1945, KALOT started its post-war reorganization, but among the new political circumstances, it fought for its survival in vain: in 1946, it was banned by the communist Ministry of the Interior. The study examines KALOT’s relationship with the exponents of the Reformed Church and its movements. Based on archival research, a mutual cooperation between the denominational movements is proven, which also shows the first results of an ecumenical dialogue and practice. Keywords: interwar Hungarian history, social issue, Christian youth organizations, social movements, ecumenism "

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПРИБУЛИХ ІЗ ТАБОРІВ І СПЕЦПОСЕЛЕНЬ УЧАСНИКІВ ПІДПІЛЬНО-ПОВСТАНСЬКОГО РУХУ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА 1950-Х – 1960-ТІ РР.)

After the return from camps and special settlements some former members of the underground insurgent movement have begun activities aimed at re-establishing clandestine organizations and attracting new members. They discussed the prospects for further national liberation struggle, prepared programme and organizational documents, printed and distributed leaflets and anti-Soviet materials among the young people. They closely followed anti-Communist movements in Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and encouraged Ukrainians to follow their example. Numerous facts show that the Soviet State security organs, using various methods and techniques, made great efforts to neutralize clandestine organizations and to bring their members to justice.

The Teacher as a Social Transformer

Educational institutions play an essential role in the expansion of culture and students’ professionalization. Educational institutions are terrains where students and teachers read the world together, and the knowledge on which they concentrate their efforts can convey dreams, utopias, and social fights. A contrast is made between examples taken from education in Germany, Mexico, and reflections from a student movement in Hungary. A teacher can be a social agent who, through his or her pedagogical practice and help of the classroom dynamics, moves students to transform their realities by making an ethical-political commitment to the societies to which they belong. This practice should or can be ascribed to teachers in conditions of poverty, repression, and violence such as the rural teachers. It can also be practiced by those who, by their craft, seek to give meaning to life collectively as a form of emancipation, resistance, and love to face the adversities of our times.

Natural Childbirth Movement in Hungary

As the behavior science, preventive approach and health-oriented worldview gradually permeate the whole of medicine, transformations in obstetrics are occurring slowly all around the world. The technocratic character of the medical approach to obstetrics strives to keep the intrinsically natural process under total control of medicine, which has provoked the emergence of the critical movement known as the natural birth movement. However, this generic term is only used theoretically in Hungary because the movement is yet to develop a single base that would bring together its separate units. One of the most important units of the natural birth movement is the doulas community which, after twenty years of differentiation, is seeking possibilities for cooperation, joint action and representation of natural childbirth. In this article, I would like to discuss this process, which reachesbeyond its own frameworks – since it affects not merely the quality of obstetrics but also modern and post-modern definitions of health and disease, the system of power, gender roles, distribution of knowledge, the relationship between nature and technology, as well as the long-term problem of the quality of life within the society – significant questions not only for Hungary.

Political Representation and Spokespersons in the Prostitution vs. Sex Work Debate

A binary debate has developed internationally between abolitionists and sex workers’ rights (SWR) activists: this involves the so-called ‘sex wars’, which dominate the scholarship and activism regarding commercial sex worldwide. While abolitionists aim to eliminate prostitution, which they see as a manifestation of patriarchy and violence against women, SWR activists aim to recognize sex work as work, and to fight for better working conditions in the sex industry. Both movements have become institutionalized, and various local NGOs and international networks have been established to advocate for these political aims. These organizations try to influence national and international legislation regarding the selling of sex by building powerful alliances. The financial support of donors is also dependent on how compatible these movements are with neoliberal power relations. Furthermore, the development and political influence of local abolitionist or sex worker movements also depends on countries’ positions in the global economy.&#x0D; The paper analyses the political representation and the role of spokespersons within the prostitution/sex work debate and also reflects on the advocacy work of Hungarian organizations active in this field since 1989. It discusses the evolution of a politics of recognition in the struggle related to commercial sex, and how transnational power dynamics on a global scale have affected Hungarian movements and civil society organizations since the era of state socialism.

ANALYZING THE MARKETING MODEL OF KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS IN HUNGARY

The aim of this paper is to analyze the marketing activities of Krishna Consciousness as a new religious movement in Hungary. Observations and in-depth interviews were carried out in different Krishna-conscious communities in Europe concerning the means they apply to gain followers. The three-year-long qualitative research phase has revealed two-phase model, in which Krishna-conscious villages are promoted as touristic destinations providing a cultural experience; and only in the second phase, when people already visit one of these places, are they introduced to the religion, which feels more like learning, not promotion. In the second research phase a questionnaire was used to evaluate the recognition and the efficiency of the two-phase model. In this paper the research results concerning Krisna Völgy in Hungary are introduced, which is currently the biggest village in Europe and also one of the most developed ones concerning tourism and cultural experiences.

ON THE TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MOTION VERBS IN FINNO-UGRIC LANGUAGES

In this paper, I compare the semantic structure of the Hungarian and Udmurt verbs of motion. I state that, contrary to the general opinion of the typological literature, the semantic structure of Finno-Ugric verbs is not only Motion + Mode (Motion + Co-event). In Udmurt and in the old Hungarian language there are many motion verbs with the pattern Movement + PATH. Today, PATH is encoded differently in Udmurt and Hungarian movement verbs from a typological point of view. Probably the following happened: when the Hungarian verb system was consolidated, PATH was coded with the preverb, and verb-framed motion verbs became satellite-framed motion verbs. This hypothesis requires further research.

Угорський автономізм на Закарпатті: сучасні реалії

У статті проаналізовано особливості сучасного стану політизації угорської національної меншини в Україні. Автор розглядає сучасний стан політизації угорців Закарпаття. Підкреслюється, що захист своєї меншини Угорщина просуває не тільки в Україні, однак, і в Австрії, Румунії, Словаччині, Сербії та Хорватії, в контексті ідеї «відродження Угорщини». Розкрито особливості автономістських прагнень Закарпаття, в цілому, та угорської меншості, зокрема. Виокремлюється важливий вплив економічного стану регіону на активізацію автономістських тенденцій. Автор акцентує увагу на винятковому значенні питання подвійного громадянства угорської національної меншини на території України, що посилює відцентрові тенденцій у регіоні. Проаналізовано інші обставини та чинники які є вагомими та суттєво впливають на політизацію угорської національної меншини, розвиток дискурсу стосовно відмінного бачення політичного майбутнього регіону.

Advanced Parkinson's disease characteristics in clinical practice: Results from the OBSERVE-PD study and sub-analysis of the Hungarian data

The majority of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease are treated at specialized movement disorder centers. Currently, there is no clear consensus on how to define the stages of Parkinson's disease; the proportion of Parkinson's patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, the referral process, and the clinical features used to characterize advanced Parkinson's disease are not well delineated. The primary objective of this observational study was to evaluate the proportion of Parkinson's patients identified as advanced patients according to physician's judgment in all participating movement disorder centers across the study. Here we evaluate the Hungarian subset of the participating patients. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional, non-interventional, multi-country, multi-center format in 18 countries. Data were collected during a single patient visit. Current Parkinson's disease status was assessed with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) parts II, III, IV, and V (modified Hoehn and Yahr staging). Non-motor symptoms were assessed using the PD Non-motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS); quality of life was assessed with the PD 8-item Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Parkinson's disease was classified as advanced versus non-advanced based on physician assessment and on questions developed by the Delphi method. Overall, 2627 patients with Parkinson's disease from 126 sites were documented. In Hungary, 100 patients with Parkinson's disease were documented in four movement disorder centers, and, according to the physician assessment, 50% of these patients had advanced Parkinson's disease. Their mean scores showed significantly higher impairment in those with, versus without advanced Parkinson's disease: UPDRS II (14.1 vs. 9.2), UPDRS IV Q32 (1.1 vs. 0.0) and Q39 (1.1 vs. 0.5), UPDRS V (2.8 vs. 2.0) and PDQ-8 (29.1 vs. 18.9). Physicians in Hungarian movement disorder centers assessed that half of the Parkinson's patients had advanced disease, with worse motor and non-motor symptom severity and worse QoL than those without advanced Parkinson's disease. Despite being classified as eligible for invasive/device-aided treatment, that treatment had not been initiated in 25% of these patients.

Do eco-schools really help implementation of ESD?: A comparison between eco-school systems of Hungary and Israel

As global challenges to sustainable development are increasing, there is a growing pressure for educational systems to embed education for sustainable development (ESD) into formal education. To meet this demand, Eco-School systems were established in many countries during the past decades. Using General Inductive Approach to analyze raw data sources like interviews with experts and eco-school principals, documents, and official as well as educational research databases both in Hungary and in Israel, the paper compares the process and the outcome of the implementation of eco-school movement in Hungary and Israel. The major conclusion is that eco-school system itself has a significant positive but limited effect on the implementation of ESD in educational systems. Without a person, a “change agent,” without the commitment of the principal or the teachers, the central eco-school initiative could not trigger changes on local levels; however, eco-school systems may survive for another decade if eco-school teachers continue innovation and collective learning. On the system level, the existence of the movement demonstrates the sustainability pedagogy for decision-makers – and therefore they can be satisfied without further efforts.

Collaborative facilitation of encounter groups

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper is to present members’ experiences in three long run encounter groups that function as collaboratively facilitated ones without a designated facilitator. Shared experiences of the members outline some themes around the feeling of being in an encounter group with the facilitator in contrast to facilitating it ourselves, such ones as freedom, responsibility, safety, protection, relationships, etc. Apart from that, the author’s views on encounter groups, facilitation and the history of encounter movement in Hungary are presented.

Ecovillage as an Alternative Way of Rural Life: Evidence From Hungary and Slovakia

Abstract This paper offers a case study of three selected ecovillages (two in Hungary and one in Slovakia). The main objective is to characterize, analyse and eventually compare types, trends and problems in the development of ecovillages and to discuss the possible impacts and effects of ecovillage movement on sustainable rural development. The authors used interviews, observation and inquiry for data collection and methods of document analysis, content analysis of different sources, and analysis of foot marks. They attempt to bring the worldview closer by introducing the basic ecovillage concept and framework, and by describing the ecovillage types, recent trends, problems and challenges. The analytical part begins with a short characteristic of the ecovillage movement in Hungary and Slovakia and follows with six thematic subchapters that investigate and compare the observed ecovillages according to the purposes and motivation for their founding, the communication models and public relations, local economic systems and self-sufficiency phenomenon, the employment structure and the existing infrastructure. Finally, the last part is devoted to assess the main research findings.

Konrad Celtis, King Matthias, and the academic movement in Hungary

This study deals with Celtis’ practice of rewriting and recontextualizing his own poetry. His poem To the literary odality of Hungarians (Ad sodalitatem litterariam Ungarorum, Odes II.2), addressed to a Hungarian ‘coetus’ (not a ‘sodalitas’) was first published in 1492. Through a detailed analysis of the poem, I claim that this ode was not directed to an academic circle of friends in Buda, but rather to the ‘bursa Hungarorum’ at the University of Cracow. As Celtis took up teaching in Ingolstadt in the spring of 1492, he published the Epitoma, which contained his course material on rhetoric from Cracow, and contained five poems, including this poem, which he composed while still in Poland. Consequently, it cannot be regarded as a proof of the continuity of academic thought between the Neo-platonic circles of King Matthias (1485-1490) and the Vienna-centered Sodalitas Danubiana of 1497. Around 1500, to please his Hungarian aristocratic friends in the Sodalitas Danubiana, he revised the same poem in Vienna and added it to the cycle of his Odes.

Cucumbers and Courgettes: Rural Workfare and the New Double Movement in Hungary

The paper is an application of the economic anthropology of Karl Polanyi to contemporary rural Hungary. After addressing the influence of Polanyi’s critique of market society and his standing in the discipline of anthropology, the main focus is the community of Tazlar on the Danube-Tisza interfluve. The paper traces the history of the ‘fictitious commodities’ of land and labour in this relatively isolated settlement, which was not fully integrated into the national society until the socialist era. The innovative symbiosis of household and cooperative farming was destroyed in the 1990s. In the depressed economic climate of today, workfare schemes are popular because they treat villagers as human beings rather than as commodities to be exploited for maximum profit. The workfare initiatives of populist power holders can be interpreted as one facet of a complex ‘double movement’ in which postsocialist society seeks to defend itself against the domination of the market.