Movable Assets Research Articles

Systematic and Contractual Protection of the Commercial Establishment in the Saudi Legal System

Although the Saudi Commercial Court Law does not specifically regulate commercial assets, the Saudi legislator has addressed the protection of such assets through the Competition Protection Law issued by Royal Decree No. 75 of the year 1440 AH. This law aims to protect merchants from any unfair competition that may affect their capital, or in other words, their commercial assets. In commercial jurisprudence, these assets are referred to as the "commercial establishment" or "store," which comprises both tangible and intangible movable assets owned by the merchant as a single unit. Moreover, there exists an alternative method of protecting the commercial establishment beyond the statutory framework, namely, the protection provided through contractual agreements. Merchants may include clauses in their contracts that prohibit competition that harms them, commonly referred to as "prohibited competition." Thus, there are two types of protection for the commercial establishment: the first is protection from unfair competition, regulated by law, and the second is protection from prohibited competition, regulated by contractual clauses.

Právo vlastniť a pokojne užívať majetok aj v kontexte jedenásťročného sporu žalobcov

The main aim of this article is to introduce the reader to the system of the ownership right protection in the context of the national legislation as well as the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, using an illustrative example of spouses (plaintiffs), who have been seeking, for more than eleven years in court proceedings initiated by an action brought, issuance by a competent first instance court of a decision ordering the defendants to (i) remove the constructions and appurtenances thereto, which they are using illegally, and (ii) remove the movable assets from the real estate (i.e. from the land plots) which is the plaintiffs’ joint property. The plaintiffs consider that the essence of the violation of their right to own and peacefully enjoy their property, in the circumstances of the present case, is that for more than 11 years since the action was brought to the court, the plaintiffs have had no definitive legal title by virtue of which they could de facto dispose of their property, despite being de jure owners of the concerned real estate. Due to illegal constructions (or so-called “black constructions”) built on the land plots that are the plaintiffs’ joint property, the plaintiffs are prevented from the peaceful use, enjoyment of the fruits and benefits, or disposal of the subject-matter of their ownership.

Pledgeability and bank lending technology

What is the effect of an expansion of eligible collateral on different lending technologies? We show that expanding eligible collateral (i) increases transactional (T) banks’ interest income and decreases relationship (R) banks’ interest income, (ii) increases average loan volume more for T- than for R-banks, (iii) decreases average loan risk and (iv) decreases T-banks’ non-interest income while it increases R-banks’ non-interest income. (v) In sum, T-banks’ profitability increases and R-bank’s profitability remains unaffected. Expanding the set of collateral from immovable to movable assets typically benefits SMEs because it allows them to obtain secured loans instead of unsecured ones. A-priori, it is unclear whether SMEs will continue borrowing from R-banks or switch to T-banks. R-banks benefit from customer relationships and T-banks have the collateral screening technology in place. We show that competition between T- and R-banks gives T-banks a comparative advantage, but R-banks can substitute lost interest income with non-interest income.

채권양도금지 특약과 채권양도의 제3자에 대한 대항요건에 관한 비교법적 연구

At the time of the enactment of the Korean Civil Code, the provision regarding anti-assignment clauses and perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties were referred to the Japanese Civil Code. However, in 2017, Japan significantly revised Article 466 of its Civil Code, which deals with the anti-assignment clause. The provisions of the Japanese Civil Code regarding perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties were referred to the French Civil Code when Japan enacted its Civil Code in 1896. However, France revised its Civil Code to adopt a written form requirement for the contract of assignment of claims (French Civil Code, Article 1322), and removed the requirement of notification to the debtor for perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties, so that perfection of the assignment against third parties is acquired at the time of the conclusion of the assignment agreement (French Civil Code, Article 1323). The German Civil Code, from the beginning, stipulates that perfection of the assignment against third parties is acquired at the time of the conclusion of the assignment contract, and notification to the debtor is not a requirement. Considering these global revision trends, it is desirable to consider revision of the Korean Civil Code regarding anti-assignment clauses and perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties. As a proposed revision to the Korean Commercial Code, the introduction of a provision specifically dealing with receivables can also be considered. According to this proposal, for non-monetary claims, the assignment of claims would be void if the assignee is aware (or grossly negligent) of the anti-assignment clause, and the assignment would be valid if the assignee is unaware under the Korean Civil Code; and in the case of commercial receivables, the assignment of receivables would be valid regardless of whether the assignee is aware or unaware of the anti-assignment clause, thereby protecting the safety of transactions involving receivables under the proposed Commercial Code revision. An analysis of overseas legislation shows that there are few examples of legislation that stipulate notification to the debtor as a requirement for perfection of the assignment of receivables against third parties. With France’s revision of its Civil Code, the Japanese Civil Code is almost the only example of such legislation. It is time for Korea to consider a revision that liberates the assignor from the obligation to notify the debtor in order to perfect the assignment against third parties. To alleviate the burden of notifying the debtor of the assignment of receivables, it is necessary to revise the Act on Security over Movable Assets and Receivables to include the assignment of receivables within its scope of application.

Editorial

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful Waqf: A Key Islamic Social Finance Instrument Waqf is a key tool of Islamic social finance that has been practised since Islam’s inception as part of Muslims’ religious obligations and benevolence to assist the needy and gain the pleasure of Allah (SWT). In the early years, Islamic social finance was not formally institutionalised within the Islamic economic system, except to a limited extent in a few Muslim-majority countries, which for instance, managed some Islamic social finance tools such as zakat and waqf at the state level. In the early 2000s, there were increasing discussions about the social responsibility of Islamic finance, questioning whether profit should be the sole business objective of Islamic financial institutions or whether they should also be attributed social roles in view of the Islamic philosophical foundations that underpin their establishments. As businesses’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) grew in importance in mainstream discussions, many Islamic financial institutions engaged in CSR-based activities on an ad-hoc basis, as a philanthropic exercise, as they became more profitable, viable and sustainable. This started the trend of mixing the practice of Islamic commercial finance with Islamic social finance. As Islamic finance evolved further, there was an increased realisation that the effectiveness and applications of Islam’s social and philanthropic instruments could be further strengthened by integrating Islamic social finance within mainstream Islamic commercial finance. Thus, there were unified efforts to establish cooperation between charitable instruments and the different sectors of the Islamic finance industry. The commercialisation objective of Islamic social finance instruments has been particularly visible in the waqf sector. Waqf has historically been limited to pursuing only the social interests of the donor, who sought reward in both this world and the afterlife by helping the poor and the needy. In the modern practice of waqf, the social objective is integrated with the profit motive so that the initial waqf capital generates more returns for the beneficiaries. Prominent developments in the modern practice of waqf include the following: · The modern concept of waqf is not limited to immovable assets (e.g., land, orchards, wells) and movable assets (e.g., jewellery, Qur’an, books, equipment) which are donated for charitable purposes. Innovative strategies are adopted today to develop waqf as an alternative asset class by using contemporary forms of wealth such as cash and financial securities. Latest waqf instruments include cash waqf, temporary cash waqf, waqf-banks, waqf-shares, waqf-unit trusts, waqf-venture capital funds, waqf-ṣukūk, and waqf-Islamic real estate investment trusts. Modern structures of waqf introduced professional management of waqf funds that ensures the sustainability of waqf assets and generates better returns to beneficiaries. Innovative and effective channels of investments through Islamic banks, the Islamic capital market and the takāful sector have been used to develop dynamic and progressive waqf projects. An example is the case of myWakaf in Malaysia which leverages on the synergy between the State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRCs) and a consortium of Malaysian Islamic banks to manage waqf investments and channel the investment returns into waqf projects. Utilisation of waqf proceeds are extended beyond the traditional sectors (e.g., mosques, cemeteries, Islamic schools) to provide a wider range of welfare services relevant to current societal needs (e.g., waqf qurban, waqf for funding impactful SMEs, reviving dormant or abandoned waqf assets into productive properties). Modern waqf management introduces good governance that increases transparency and accountability of waqf institutions. Application of technology in the management of waqf has widened the base of waqf donors/investors, thus expanding public participation and increasing the supply of waqf funding.

Palma Farm: characteristics of a Latvian community in the hinterland of São Paulo

This text discusses the architecture and daily life of Palma Farm, established from 1923 by Latvian immigrants in the district of Varpa, Tupã (SP), emphasizing the importance of both work and life pattern based on mutual aid, rooted in primitive Christianity, and propagated by the Baptist Church, shaping the overall structure. The farm was distinct from the rural environment of São Paulo at that time, dominated by coffee farming and Catholicism. The buildings were communal and constructed, wholly or partially, from wood. After a period of decline, remains of the structures, documentation, and movable assets are been restored and opened for visitation as part of Tupã's tourist itinerary. Towards documenting and analyzing its architecture and way of life, this research involves photographic and metric surveys of the remaining buildings, interviews with individuals connected to the place, and analyses primary documents and related literature, with a focus on authors such as Milia Tupes, Osvaldo Ronis, and Henrique Manoel da Silva.

ANALISIS RELEVANSI RAHN DENGAN DINAMIKA PERIKATAN SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

Rahn, or pawn in Arabic, is a financial transaction that involves the delivery of goods as collateral for financing facilities. In the context of Indonesian law, pawn is regulated as a legal right obtained by the debtor over movable assets. In the dynamics of obligations, especially in Indonesia, there are conventional and sharia pawn, with the existence of these differences, it certainly requires a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of obligations in Indonesia about their differences and similarities. By using the literature research method (library research) which relies on data or information that exists in the literature such as journals, books, newspapers, and other documents. descriptive analysis is used in this study to explain in detail or describe the phenomenon that is happening or has happened. This method helps in understanding the concepts related to the analysis of amanah product financing at the sharia pawn unit and the relevance of rahn with the dynamics of sharia obligations in Indonesia. Rahn, or pawn, has an important role in providing guarantees for loans given, with sharia principles that must be obeyed. Sharia pawn aims to provide financing in accordance with sharia principles, such as the prohibition of riba (interest) and unethical business practices, as well as increasing financial inclusion in Indonesia. the difference between conventional and sharia pawn, including in terms of legal basis, pawn actors, agreement letters, pawn agreements, benefits of pawn recipients, capital rental rates, and handling of auction money. Although the concept and way of working of conventional and sharia pawn have similarities, there are also significant differences, especially in terms of the interest system that is not in accordance with sharia principles. sharia pawn has a strategic role in encouraging financial inclusion, economic growth, and increasing public awareness and understanding of sharia finance. By adhering to sharia principles, sharia pawn provides alternative financing that is in accordance with Islamic beliefs and values, thus providing a positive impact for the Indonesian people as a whole.
 Keywords: pawn or collateral,sharia pawn or rahn,conventional pawn,Dynamics of sharia agreements

Movable Asset Management In West Pilohayanga Village, Telaga District, Gorontalo Regency

This study aims to find out how the Management of Mobile Assets in West Pilohayanga Village, Telaga District, Gorontalo Regency. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research. The results of the study found that the Management of Movable Assets in West Pilohayanga Village, Telaga District, Gorontalo Regency has not fully run well. This is when viewed from 4 (four) indicators of asset management, all of these indicators have not run well. In the planning indicator, it was found that the planning process carried out in asset management was not fully attended by the community in general, who attended indicated that people who had close ties with village leaders. Utilization indicators, it is found that not all people who can utilize these movable assets because in the lending process sometimes do not get loans. Monitoring and evaluation indicators were not carried out properly by the village government, besides that monitoring was carried out but was not accompanied by clear records. Furthermore, related to the control and supervision indicators, it was found that movable assets owned by the village were not always carried out properly supervised.

Strengthening secured creditors: Implications on debt financing and investment

This paper investigates the effects of a comprehensive insolvency regulation reform in Colombia, focusing on strengthening secured creditor rights, expanding the collateral menu, and establishing a national collateral registry. Leveraging a difference-in-difference design, the study examines the impact on firms with varying levels of movable assets. The reform significantly increased debt usage for firms with high movable assets, indicating a positive effect on financing. The national collateral registry played a pivotal role, benefiting firms in less financially developed regions. Furthermore, the analysis reveals nuanced interactions between the reform, firm size, and movable assets, suggesting differential effects on large and small enterprises. The study extends the Law and Finance literature, offering firm-level insights into the intricate dynamics between institutional changes and access to debt financing.

Website-based Implementation of PCM Tegalrejo services

In accordance with Bylaws (ART) Article 6, the Head of the Tegalrejo City Muhammadiyah Branch (PCM) Yogyakarta fosters, empowers, coordinates, manages, and organises charity business. PCM has ten Muhammadiyah Branch Leaders (PRM), namely: Bangirejo, Bluyahrejo, Karangwaru Lor, Petinggen, Jatimulyo, Kricak Kidul, Bangunrejo, Sidomulyo, Tompeyan, and Tegal, while for Aisyiyah Branch Leaders (PRA), there are 11 branches, namely: Karangwaru Lor, Blunyahrejo, Bangirejo, Jatimulyo, Kricak Kidul, Bangunrejo, Sidomulyo, Tompeyan, Tegalrejo, and Sudagarn. PCM Tegalrejo Yogyakarta is led by the Aisyiyah branch. Lokam Wiratama 0102 leads the Muhammadiyah Youth Troop Preparedness Command. PCM Tegalrejo, Yogyakarta City, has a Muhammadiyah Charity Foundation, which includes 2 elementary schools, 1 Islamic boarding school, 22 mosques and prayer rooms, LazisMu, and BTM Charity High School Tegalrejo Mulyo Santoso, SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta, under the management of the Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah Regional Leadership (PWM). PCM faces a variety of challenges related to slow, inaccurate, and incomplete reporting. To monitor immovable and movable assets, Amal Usaha Muhammadiyah (AUM) collects non-integrated asset data. PCM Tegalrejo must resolve several problems in stages. This solution should involve building an information system using advanced technology to collect PRM, PRA, Ortom, and AUM assets, online news uploads to share PCM activities, and LAZIZMU donation and allocation data. The Simcarata Management Information System’s development results are beneficial for PCM Tegalrejo Yogyakarta.

Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Conditions of a Full-Scale Russian-Ukrainian War: Lessons and Perspectives

The article is devoted to the optimization of the protection of the cultural heritage ofUkraine in the conditions of Russian aggression. It is proven that the aggressor is deliberately committingcultural genocide, destroying striking historical monuments, cultural, religious, and educationalobjects. The purpose of the research is to summarize typical problems in the preservation of culturalheritage of Ukraine during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, to learn lessons from them and todetermine perspectives. In the conditions of war, preventive actions aimed at minimizing losses fromenemy attacks come first. Such actions include the early evacuation of movable assets from the frontlineterritories and the sheltering of immovable monuments from possible air attacks. It is important to takea comprehensive and systematic approach to the issues of recording acts of vandalism and documentingwar crimes against objects of cultural heritage. The strategy chosen by the Ministry of Culture andInformation Policy of Ukraine to create digital copies of cultural values, including museum exhibits,paintings, books, archival documents, etc., is justified under the conditions of martial law. This willallow, firstly, to preserve information about the monument even under conditions of destruction of thematerial medium itself, and secondly, to prove the national belonging of the monument in case of illegalexport abroad, to reasonably demand the return of valuables or restitution. One of the ways to optimizemonument protection activities is to bring the norms of domestic legislation to international standards,which will allow directly, without appeal to the articles of the Hague and Paris Conventions, to carryout judicial and investigative procedures based on national law. The article deals with the importanceof prospective planning for the restoration of the cultural heritage of Ukraine in the post-war period, theneed to return illegally exported valuables and restitution.

The Role of Registration in Perfecting Non-Possessory Secured Transactions over Movables: What is the Extent of the Third-Party Effectiveness

31Abstract The World Bank uses getting credit as a measurement of a country’s economic development, and a common approach to bolstering economic activity is to carry out necessary reforms on secured transactions laws.1 Amongst many legal systems, a non-possessory security interest over movable assets subject to registration is prominent.2 While the number of security instruments has drastically increased within the last century, one of the most sophisticated ones was invented more than 150 years ago: floating charge.3 Many of its features have been modified in line with the evolving needs of the market, yet its constitutive specialties stayed the same to provide sufficient flexibility for borrowers and creditors. In this paper, we analyze the role of registration and its effects, while examining the functioning of the debtor’s (borrower’s) right to dispose of encumbered assets by identifying the limits imposed on their withdrawal from the ambit of creditors’ security interests, exploring diverging implementations given the different restrictions deployed by various legislators.

Klejnoty i odzież w świetle kobiecych testamentów szlacheckich z terenu Wielkopolski (XVII wiek)

During the Old Polish period, wills of the nobility were made to transfer property to the beneficiary heirs, revealing evident family relationships. The testators frequently included the record regarding movable possessions, e. g., such as jewels and clothing. The wills of noblewomen show that women had movable assets intended for children, grandchildren, husbands, or siblings. The jewels and clothing mentioned in the records to testified their financial standing. Among the most commonly traded precious items are gold and silver, including chains, pearls, rings, bracelets, and earrings. The wills included various types of outerwear such as coats, cloaks, yupkas, and undergarments such as dresses, skirts and alamodes. Headgear, including caps, hems, and clasps, were also often mentioned in testaments. The testators also had clothing accessories, such as belts, dress sleeves, aprons, cottons, and silver or gilded buttons.

Financialization of Real Estate Assets: A Comprehensive Approach to Investment Portfolios through a Gender-Based Study

Financialization is a process within the global economy wherein financial markets have been gaining ground in recent years. And yet, whether it has a beneficial or detrimental impact is almost totally unstudied, notably in terms of market effects on the real estate sector. To probe more deeply into such a research issue, this study addresses how real estate’s financialization impacts asset distribution by analyzing investment attitudes based on verifiable data from the Spanish wealth tax return. Despite scarce previous literature in the field, the study focused on the gender aspect to highlight the importance of investment decisions concerning risk aversion and related issues through the empirical analysis of the investment portfolios of those taxpayers subject to wealth tax statements. The findings identified show that financialization can lead to the conversion of property assets into stock-related movable assets, and from more to less imbalance, respectively, in terms of the gender gap. The results obtained show a significant gendered difference concerning investment stocks, being thus out of alignment with the gender equity traditionally promoted by the Spanish government. This suggests that although most investment portfolios of real estate properties are based strictly on criteria of profitability, female investors need to be empowered because they could provide a better approach to an economic issue wherein aversion to risk can become a proper criterion of private investors, even when there are sudden macroeconomic changes.

Can North Korea Enforce Foreign Arbitration Awards?

The enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in North Korea is highly problematic due to the unique legal and economic structures. A dearth of enforcement options for property rights, rooted in limited individual ownership, widespread distrust in local currency, and limited movable assets, leads to a focus on real estate use right for enforcement actions. The absence of private real estate ownership and a proper registration system, however, pose considerable challenges. Article 65 of North Korea’s External Economic Arbitration Law provides seven grounds for refusal to recognize and enforce foreign arbitration awards, one of which allows for broad interpretation, possibly leading to governmental interference or non-enforcement. Furthermore, this article highlights the difficulties in enforcing arbitration awards via real estate assets due to restrictions on ownership and the absence of a real estate registration system. This article also analyzes ambiguities in transferring real estate use rights to foreign creditors following arbitration awards.

Upaya Manajemen Kinerja Strategis Perusahaan Melalui Sistem Informasi Pemeliharaan Aset Bergerak Berbasis Web

Research aim : This research aims to design a web-based movable asset maintenance information system as a company's effort to implement strategic performance management.
 Design/Method/Approach : This research method uses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method with the use of the waterfall model. In addition, the analysis and design of the system in this research uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the PIECES method to identify problems, and Blackbox Testing as a test of the suitability of the system's functionality.
 Research Finding : The results of this study indicate that the functional requirements of the web-based movable asset maintenance information system are following the company's functional requirements based on testing through black box testing.
 Theoretical contribution/Originality : This research is expected to increase knowledge in the field of web-based information system design technology.
 Practitionel/Policy implication : The implementation of strategic performance management through a web-based movable asset maintenance information system has an impact on the digital transformation of the company's activity procedures, the performance of the company's activity procedures which is increasing, data management is carried out centrally, the negative impact of security is reduced, and excellent service is increasing.
 Research limitation : The object of the research is in the Pertamina Patra Niaga, Sultan Syarif Kasim II Pekanbaru Aircraft Filling Depot. In addition, this research is limited to the design of a web-based movable asset maintenance information system.

Prawa rzeczowe przysługujące obywatelom Ukrainy na tle obowiązujących w Polsce norm kolizyjnych

Mass inflow of Ukrainian citizens into Poland gives rise to many legal issues, including conflict-of-law questions about rights in rem held by such persons both in respect of property left in Ukraine and property brought to Poland. In the context of the prolonged stay of such persons in Poland, one crucial task may be, for example, to establish the law applicable to the disposal of their property brought to Poland under legal acts made in Poland.The Agreement between the Republic of Poland and Ukraine on legal aid and legal relationships in civil and criminal matters, done at Kiev on 24 May 1993, applicable in Polish-Ukrainian relations, devotes several provisions to those questions.However, the Agreement ignores the question of the law applicable to property law relationships having movable items as their objects. In particular, it does not designate the law applicable to contracts transferring the ownership of movable assets and contracts encumbering such assets with limited rights in rem. The relevant norms in this regard are conflict-of-law rules of the Polish Act of 04 February 2011 — Private International Law, and of the Ukrainian confl ict-of-law Act of 23 June 2005, designating the law applicable to property.Accordingly, as long as movable items are located in Poland, Polish law will apply with regard to the respective property law relationships. This is provided for in Article 41 (1) of the Private International Law Act. However, Polish law will not apply to obligational and property rights having as their object immovable properties located in Ukraine, which is covered by Article 32 of the Agreement of 24 May 1993. In this regard, Ukrainian law is exclusively applicable.Under Article 41 (2) of the Private International Law Act, in the assessment of legal relationships relating to a movable property brought to Poland from Ukraine, one should also consider legal events taking place when the asset in question was still in Ukraine. However, the assessment of legal events having an impact on property law relationships taking place in Poland and relating to movable items brought back to Ukraine will be based on the Ukrainian law.

The Incompatibilities of the Secured Transactions Law Reform in Nigeria with Access to Credit: What Did the Lawmakers Get Wrong?

In 2017, the Nigerian National Assembly passed the Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act (STMA), which is predicated on the theoretical underpinnings of Article 9 of the U.S Uniform Commercial Code (UCC Article 9), precisely its unitary-functional approach to secured financing. The STMA claims that its overall aim is to expand access to affordable credit especially for individuals and small businesses. Yet, despite this laudable ambition, certain provisions of STMA significantly betray its aim and objectives, mainly due to the reformers ostensible lack of a proper understanding of STMA’s ancestry, i.e., the UCC Article 9 and its case law jurisprudence that has developed over a period of seven decades. One of STMA’s defects which largely ignore the realities faced by most of the small businesses and individuals in need of credit financing, is its requirement of them to provide an insurance cover as a precondition for concluding a valid security agreement. Similarly, its private enforcement mechanism which requires an advance notice as well as the unwise involvement of the Nigeria Police in repossession of collateral is problematic: this could be a fertile ground for more cases of police brutality and corrupt practices. Through a doctrinal analysis, comparing the STMA provisions with those of UCC Article 9, the paper shows how certain provisions of the former are inimical to its overall aim and objectives. The paper also suggests transplantable solutions that are likely to assist Nigerian lawmakers in reforming this important legislation.

Primena Cube IQ softvera i modela višekriterijumske optimizacije za izbor vozila za transport robe u Vojsci Srbije

Introduction/purpose: An adequate selection of vehicles used for the transport of goods is a very important factor that affects the economical and rational use of vehicle fleets, as well as the quality and efficiency of carrying out transport activities in the Serbian Armed Forces. The goal of this work is to design a model that should be of help to the traffic service authorities to select the vehicle that is best for the performance of the assigned transport task based on the defined criteria. Methods: This paper therefore proposes a model for the selection of vehicles for the transport of goods using a fuzzy logic system, as a type of artificial intelligence system. In order to solve the problem of choosing a vehicle for the transport of goods, five criteria are defined in the work based on a survey of the commanders of the transport lines, which represent the input values in the fuzzy logic system.The vehicle is selected based on five criteria. The input variables are represented by three membership functions, while the output variable is defined by five membership functions. All the rules in the fuzzy logic system are determined using the rule premise weight aggregation method (ATPP), which enables the formation of a rule base based on experience. By applying this method and based on the number of input variables and the number of their membership functions, a base of 243 rules was defined. The values of the weighting coefficients of the membership functions were determined using the LMAW method. A user "interface" program was created for the developed fuzzy logic system, which enables the practical application of this model. Results: The model was tested on the example of choosing the optimal vehicle for goods transported to the IVP "Pasuljanske livade" in 2020. The selection of the optimal means of transport was made among the transport motor vehicles that are most used in the Serbian Army, namely: TAM 150 T11, FAP 2026 and FAP 1118. After packing all three vehicles with these goods in Cube IQ and after performing calculation and evaluation of individual vehicles in the user "interface" program, the values of the output variable for each vehicle were obtained. The obtained values for each vehicle were ranked and the optimal vehicle for the transport of defined goods was shown to be the FAP 1118. Conclusion: The significance of this study is that it is among the first ones to demonstrate the application of a model based on artificial intelligence that solves the problem of vehicle selection for the transportation of movable assets. The study provides considerable opportunity for further research.

Interdependent investments in attached and movable assets under insecure land rights

The literature concludes that insecure land rights cause farms to make suboptimal capital investment in attached assets, but not in movable assets, implicitly assuming attached and movable assets to be independent. However, the two asset types can be interdependent because the operational efficiency of movable assets, such as farm machinery, typically depends on field conditions, such as land fragmentation. Thus, investment in attached assets may affect investment in movable assets via farm infrastructure. I develop a conceptual model to explain why tenure insecurity may lead a farm to under-invest in attached assets and over-invest in low-efficiency movable assets relative to the secure-land-right scenario. To quantify the economic significance of investment inefficiency, I collect unique survey data on large-scale farms, for which machinery is of particular importance in production, in Southwest China where land tenure remained insecure in 2016. Simulations based on the large-farm survey data suggest that the suboptimal investment occurs given fairly small probabilities of losing some farmland and results in considerable economic losses. The findings have important policy implications regarding land reforms and farm infrastructure in developing economies.