Mountain Rock Research Articles

Summer daily activity patterns of mountain rock lizards of the Balkan Peninsula (Dinarolacerta spp.)

Summer daily activity patterns of mountain rock lizards of the Balkan Peninsula (Dinarolacerta spp.)

Study on the Seismic Response of a Water-Conveyance Tunnel Considering Non-Uniform Longitudinal Subsurface Geometry and Obliquely Incident SV-Waves

The longitudinal seismic response characteristics of a shallow-buried water-conveyance tunnel under non-uniform longitudinal subsurface geometry and obliquely incident SV-waves was studied using the numerical method, where the effect of the non-uniform longitudinal subsurface geometry due to the existence of a local one-sided rock mountain on the seismic response of the tunnel was focused on. Correspondingly, a large-scale three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model was established, where different incidence angles and incidence directions of the SV-wave were taken into consideration. Also, the non-linearity of soil and rock and the damage plastic of the concrete lining were incorporated. In addition, the wave field of the site and the acceleration response as well as damage of the tunnel were observed. The results revealed the following: (i) a local inclined subsurface geometry may focus an obliquely incident wave due to refraction or total reflection; (ii) a tunnel in a site adjacent to a rock mountain may exhibit a higher acceleration response than a tunnel in a homogeneous plain site; and (iii) damage in the tunnel in the site adjacent to a rock mountain may appear in multiple positions, and the effect of the incidence angle on the mode of compressive deformation and damage of the lining is of significance.

Modulation of IKK/NF-κB Signaling: A Therapeutic Mechanism of Shilajit in Breast Cancer Cells

Background: Shilajit is a natural pale-brown to blackish-brown phytocomplex that exudes from mountain rocks in various parts of the world. In recent years, numerous pharmacological effects of shilajit have been explored through extensive experiments. Shilajit is known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway could be an important player in inflammation-driven tumor progression. Therefore, the current study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of shilajit on a breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Methods: In this experimental study, the MCF7 cell line was treated with shilajit, and an MTT assay was applied to analyze the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) after 72 hours of treatment. Following this, the apoptotic rate was assessed using flow cytometry, and p50, RelB, and IKKα/β gene expression were evaluated using real-time PCR assay. Results: Shilajit had potent cytotoxic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an IC50 of 280 μg/mL. Based on the Annexin-PI analysis, the IC50 concentration of this compound induced significant apoptosis in the cells, possibly through suppression of NF-κB (p50, RelB, and IKKα/β)-regulated genes. The real-time PCR results indicated that treating MCF7 cells at the IC50 dose of shilajit for 72 hours could reduce the mRNA expression levels of p50, RelB, and IKKα/β in the cells. Conclusion: The findings of the present experiment showed that shilajit may have promising anti-breast-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, shilajit can help treat breast cancer in combination with other standard treatments.

DESTRUCTION OF ROCKS BY EXPLOSION DURING OIL TRANSPORTATION

When oil and gas wells are ready for operation, when drilling is carried out at the bottom of the well to establish contact with the formation, it is considered that the degree of crushing of the rocks is proportional to the speed of application of the load. As a result of the stresses created by them, the degree of fragmentation is higher. In the article, it is proposed to take into account the quality of crushing of the necessary rock by using some empirical coefficients in the calculation formulas. The dynamics of the rock dispersion process is studied on the basis of the hydrodynamic hypothesis. Here, the solution of the system of differential equations is given based on the fundamental laws of conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Based on the strength properties of mountain rocks, broken lines are found in the continuum of the whole environment, which determines the final effect of rock crushing. However, the accepted assumptions about the incompressibility of the rock and the transfer of the explosive impulse to the immediate environment significantly reduce the practical value of the results. It should be noted that in the immediate area directly adjacent to the load, the mountain rock is under uneven volume compression. In this case, the largest tangential stresses occur mainly in planes oriented at an angle of 450 to the radial direction. Thanks to this, a system of spiral sliding lines breaks the rock into small blocks. Outside this zone, a system of radial cracks is formed as a result of the expansion of the massif. When the pressure in the gas cavity decreases and the mass moves back in the direction of the load, tangential cracks appear. The combination of the volume compression zone and the reach zone constitutes the controlled crushing area. When the compression wave reaches the bare surface, it becomes a stress wave. As this wave travels from the surface to the load, it forms a system of jump cracks. The high explosive effect of explosive gases with sufficient explosion energy causes the release of such shattered rock. Obviously, this concept is very important for the development of the theory of explosive disintegration of mountain rocks. Because there is no unequivocal relationship between the nature of the dissolution of the rock and the acoustic hardness. One of the first to clearly describe the mechanism of shock wave formation and its transformation into a more explosive and seismic wave when detonation reaches the boundary of the charge cavity. In rocks, shock waves are formed during the entire time of expansion of the gas cavity. It explains in detail the mechanism of cracking phenomena by considering the cracks as a source of multiple reflections of the stress wave. Keywords: rock strength, constant material, scale effect, rocks, destruction probability, fractured, robustness theory, microcrack, mineral, experience constant, density of defects, displacement, compression.

Inclusions in magmatic zircon from Slavonian mountains (eastern Croatia): anatase, kumdykolite and kokchetavite and implications for the magmatic evolution

Abstract. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the inclusions in magmatic zircon from the Late Cretaceous A-type acid igneous rocks in the Slavonian mountains (Mt. Papuk and Mt. Požeška Gora), in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin (Croatia). The mineral inclusions detected in the early-crystallised zircon are anatase, apatite, hematite, ilmenite and possibly magnetite. Numerous melt inclusions comprise albite, cristobalite, hematite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, kokchetavite, kumdykolite muscovite and quartz, where this mineral association is characteristic of so-called nanorocks (nanogranites), commonly found in peritectic garnets from high-grade metamorphic rocks. Here we present the first finding of kokchetavite and kumdykolite in a magmatic zircon. Together with anatase and hematite, these polymorphs are likely evidence of rapid uplift and consequent rapid cooling of hot oxidised magma generated in the lower crust and its emplacement in the upper crustal level. This finding provides further confirmation that kumdykolite and kokchetavite do not require ultra-high pressure (UHP) to form and should not be considered exclusively UHP phases. The rapid uplift was possible due to the formation of accompanying extensional deep rifts during the tectonic transition from compression to extension, associated with the closure of the Neotethys Ocean in the area of present-day Slavonian mountains in the Late Cretaceous (∼82 Ma).

Geological History of Caves and Conservation Values of the World Nature Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park

The long development history and geological diversity of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang area is shown by the rich and diverse lithological composition of the stratigraphic units ranging in age from Devonian to Present day: granite, terrigenous rock, thin-bedded limestone, and massive limestone. The geomorphology of the national park includes limestone mountain terrain alternating with terrigenous rock mountain terrain surrounding the karst valley system. The formation of the cave is an endogenous-exogenous geological process that occurs according to the cycle of global sea level change. The tectonic activity is the mother that gives birth to the caves of different heights and ages. The higher the cave, the older it is, and the oldest cave is 32 million year old-Khe Ry cave. The four fault systems of Northeast - Southwest (NE-SW), Northwest - Southeast (NW-SE), West - East (WE), and North - South (NS) create four cave systems that are deep faults with strong destructive intensity. Exogenous geological activities in the cave have created a uniquely beautiful landscape including three simultaneous processes: i) Chemical washing of driftwood, mechanical abrasion, polishing of the cave walls, and ceiling caused by travertine floods pouring into it from outside the cave; ii) Precipitation forming stalactites from the ceiling of the cave and precipitation forming stalagmites from the floor of the cave slowly over millions of years; and iii) Travertine sedimentation on the cave floor resulting in many unique sedimentary bodies, specifically filling the rough terrain of limestone blocks, covering the ancient stalactites falling from the cave ceiling, forming spiral mushroom island in the Son Doong cave, and creating gem pebbles located in fan-shaped sunken cells of the cave.

Bedrock Fractures Control Groundwater‐Driven Mountain Slope Deformations

AbstractSeasonal deformation of mountain rock slopes can be driven by groundwater infiltration and depletion. Such processes could explain our field observation in the Aletsch Valley, Switzerland, where GNSS‐derived 3D annual displacement amplitudes reach 3.4 cm. However, the physical mechanisms behind such groundwater‐driven surface displacements are not well understood. Here, we develop a fully coupled hydromechanical model to simulate the relevant processes in a valley slope embedded with numerous fractures of variable sizes. The magnitude and orientation of transient annual slope surface displacement obtained from our model are in overall agreement with the field observations. The key geological factors controlling the type and magnitude of reversible mountain slope deformations are fracture network geometry, fracture aperture, and regional stress field. We show that the heterogeneity and anisotropy of bedrock hydromechanical responses, originating from depth‐dependent variations of fracture properties, play a critical role in groundwater recharge and valley slope deformation. During recharge events, pore pressure perturbations migrate downward from the groundwater table and toward the receiving stream and the deep subsurface. This process driven by pressure diffusion and poroelastic stressing develops in the subsurface with a great reach of up to a few kilometers, called critical hydromechanical response zone, and controls surface deformation patterns. During groundwater recession, this hydromechanical response zone expands downward and ground surface displacement vectors rotate upwards. Our results suggest that slope surface deformation can inform about subsurface permeability structures and pore pressure fluctuations, which have important implications for understanding groundwater flow in fractured bedrock slopes.

The Great Boundary Fault in the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin: A geomorphological perspective

Identifying active faults in alluvial plains with varying sedimentation rates, erosion, and extensive anthropogenic modifications is challenging. In tectonically active foreland basins, tectonics outweighs other controlling factors and produces a set of key fluvial geomorphic markers that are critical for precisely locating active faults. This study employs several key tectonic fluvial morphometric parameters, seismically induced soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) as seismites, and the displaced rocks of the Siwalik mountains to mark the surface positions of a buried basement fault system, namely the Great Boundary Fault (GBF) beneath the alluvial cover of the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin.The Great Boundary Fault (GBF) is a NE-SW trending, oblique-slip, branching reverse basement fault running from peninsular India to the Sub-Himalayas. About 400 km length of its NE segment is buried under thick sediments of the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin. This fault's surfaceward propagation deforms the overlying sediments via a network of subsidiary faults, resulting in 20 km wide broad fault zones. The extreme flatness of the Ganga plain conceals the primary faulting evidence but tectonic fluvial geomorphic signatures, the SSDS, and the laterally displaced Siwalik rocks, including south-verging thrusts at the frontal Himalayas, provide collective evidence of neotectonic activity along both fault branches. The primary objectives of this study are to characterise the GBF's buried segment in the Ganga plain through the geomorphic signatures and SSDS, to elucidate its extension up to the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and to understand the surfaceward propagation mechanism of its reverse faults through the alluvial-fills.Tectonic geomorphic parameters such as sinuosity spectra and knickpoints were analysed using ArcGIS and Matlab. Meander scar mapping was carried out using Google Earth Pro and Landsat imagery within ArcGIS to characterise the pattern of avulsions and adjustments of the floodplain linked to the tilting directions of the fault blocks.Fourteen prominent knickpoints of 4 to ≥6 m height were derived from the river profiles across the fault zone. Rivers on the up-thrown block possessed low sinuosity (as low as 1.1), whilst those on the down-thrown block had higher sinuosities (up to 3.1), indicating active uplift and rapid subsidence. The deflection of multiple river courses (Ganga, Ramganga, Burhiganga, Sot, Pangaili, and Deoha) and the presence of asymmetrical meander-belts demonstrate an eastward tilting of the tectonic block. The occurrence of liquefaction-induced SSDS close to the GBF corroborates its recent seismogenic nature. Field observation suggests these SSDS are likely related to the Usawan paleo-earthquake (estimated magnitude of 6.5–7.2), epicentered near the GBF. Based on the geometry and the venting characteristics, a new type of SSDS has been recognized, and the term “liquefaction vents” has been proposed for it. Their association with the other types of SSDS that are characteristically formed by >6.5 magnitude earthquakes suggests it is the minimum magnitude of earthquake required for the formation of liquefaction vents. The regional seismic record suggests a significant number of both large and moderate earthquakes around this fault.Finally, we synthesise the results to propose a growth model for the propagation of reverse faulting from the underlying basement bedrock through to the alluvial sediments and the surface of the Ganga plain.

UAV-mounted Ground Penetrating Radar: an example for the stability analysis of a mountain rock debris slope

This paper describes scientific research conducted to highlight the potential of an integrated GPR-UAV system in engineering-geological applications. The analysis focused on the stability of a natural scree slope in the Germanasca Valley, in the western Italian Alps. As a consequence of its steep shape and the related geological hazard, the study used different remote sensed methodologies such as UAV photogrammetry and geophysics survey by a GPR-drone integrated system. Furthermore, conventional in-situ surveys led to the collection of geological and geomorphological data. The use of the UAV-mounted GPR allowed us to investigate the bedrock depth under the detrital slope deposit, using a non-invasive technique able to conduct surveys on inaccessible areas prone to hazardous conditions for operators. The collected evidence and the results of the analysis highlighted the stability of the slope with Factors of Safety, verified in static conditions (i.e., natural static condition and static condition with snow cover), slightly above the stability limit value of 1. On the contrary, the dynamic loading conditions (i.e., seismic action applied) showed a Factor of Safety below the stability limit value. The UAV-mounted GPR represented an essential contribution to the surveys allowing the definition of the interface debris deposit-bedrock, which are useful to design the slope model and to evaluate the scree slope stability in different conditions.

S.K. "RUS'" UZHHOROD – TEAM "FLYING TEACHERS" AND OTHER UKRAINIAN CLUBS OF THE SILVER LAND: NAMES OF ZAKARPATTIAN [TRANSCARPATHIAN] FOOTBALL TEAMS

The article analyzes the names of Zakarpattian [Transcarpathian] football teams in different periods of the more than century-long history of the development of Ukrainian football in Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia]. The motivation of the collected names of Ukrainian football teams was clarified, and they were differentiated into homonymous and appellative names (common names). Naming trends during three periods of the history of the formation of Ukrainian football in Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia], caused by social and political, social and cultural factors, are traced. It was revealed that during the first third of the 20th century, when Zakarpattian [Transcarpathian] lands belonged to various foreign states, and the Ukrainians of Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia] sought to demonstrate their national identity in various ways, the names of football clubs reflected associations with the historical, geographical and cultural realities of Ukraine (the ancient name of the state was Rus'; anthroponym – Dukhnovych; toponyms – Korolevo nad Tysoyu, Strypa; oronym – Carpathians) and contained important ethno-cultural connotations. In the Soviet period (40–80s of the 20 th century), along with names with national and cultural semantics, nominations appeared in which colonial influences on the naming system were noticeable, which were manifested in the uniformity of the names of football teams and in the tendency to reflect in the names Soviet realities and communist values (names of all-Union sports associations – Dynamo, Spartak, Kolos, Avanhard, Burevisnyk; names of individuals by occupation – ceramicist, cooperator, furniture maker, motorist, woodworker, chemist, miner, metallurgist, builder, kolhospnyk; names of enterprise products – andesite, plastic; ideological names – red star, Bolshevik, spark). In the period after the restoration of Ukrainian independence, a noticeable increase in the number of football team names was recorded, reflecting the geographical realities of the ethnographic region of Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia] (toponyms – Mynai, Mukachevo, Perechyn, Seredne, Tyachiv, Khust; oronyms – Borzhava, Buzhora, Hoverla; hydronym – Tysa; relief names, flora and fauna – highlands, skala [mountain rock], spruce, berkut [eagle of prey]), but for more than thirty years in football nomenclature it was not possible to completely get rid of totalitarian influences.

Chemical, Morphological and Bacterial Adhesion Analysis of Orthodontic Wires Composed of Different Metallic Alloys

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical, morphological and bacterial adhesion characteristics of orthodontic arches composed of different metal alloys. The wire segments (n=10) were allocated to the following groups: G1) Tru-Chrome- Rock Mountain Steel Wire (Colorado-USA); G2) NiTi- Rock Mountain Wire (Colorado-USA); G3) TiMb Rock Mountain Wire (Colored-USA); G4) NbTi Gummetal- Rock Mountain Wire (Colorado-USA). The orthodontic arches were segmented (20mm) and sterilized by means of ultraviolet light. Using Confocal Laser Microscopy (CLM), the roughness of archwires were investigated. The metallic alloys composition was analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The S. mutans biofilm growth was performed on the arches and analyzed by means of SEM and Spectrophotometry. Surface roughness and Spectrophotometry data were submitted to one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α=0.05) and SEM/EDS data obtained by exploratory analysis. The NbTi arches showed higher surface roughness when compared to the other groups, followed by the NiTi and TiMb arches and the steel arches group (p<0.05). It was observed a lower adherence of S. mutans biofilm in steel arches when compared to the other groups. The absorbance results showed higher biofilm formation for the NbTi group, followed by Steel, NiTi and TiMb. (p<0.05). The results of EDS confirm the compositions proposed by the manufacturer. It was concluded that the alloy type in orthodontic arches has an effect on surface roughness. The chemical and morphological characteristics of the arches are related to the adhesion of S. mutans biofilm.

A wealth of P–T–t information from metasediments in the HP–UHP terrane of the Pohorje Mountains, Slovenia, elucidates the evolution of the Eastern Alps

AbstractContrasting views exist in regard of the evolution of metamorphic rocks in the southeastern Pohorje Mountains (Mts), located in the southeastern Eastern Alps. Major debated points are whether micaschists have experienced ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism in the Late Cretaceous (Eo‐Alpine) and whether they were continuously exhumed or experienced a multiple subduction–exhumation process from that time on. Therefore, we studied micaschist sample 18Slo39 with two generations of garnet and phengitic muscovite from this area. Our detailed study of this rock included petrographic observations, chemical analyses of minerals with the electron microprobe, pseudosection modelling, conventional geothermometry, and monazite in‐situ U‐Th‐Pb dating using laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry. The following results were obtained: The studied micaschist was subject to a peak pressure of 1.31 ± 0.14 GPa at 603 ± 26°C in Eo‐Alpine times: 90.62 ± 2.78 (2σ) Ma (Stage I). Contact metamorphism at pressure–temperature conditions of 0.66 ± 0.10 GPa and 577 ± 23°C was induced by the intrusion of the Pohorje pluton (Stage III). We determined an early Miocene age of 18.33 ± 0.43 (2σ) Ma for this intrusion. Based on this study and the previously reported data for a micaschist (16Slo12) taken in the vicinity of sample 18Slo39, a geodynamic model is proposed for the region of the Pohorje Mts considering Eo‐Alpine subduction of oceanic crust and European continental crust, of which the micaschist was part of. Another high‐pressure event in the Eocene (Stage II) was the result of intracontinental subduction because of transpression by the Periadriatic fault system that separates the Eastern Alps from the Southern Alps. This type of subduction gave rise to magma generation and ascent to form the Pohorje pluton, which caused contact metamorphism in its vicinity.

Perencanaan Revetment pada Sebelah Timur Pantai Kuala Jangka Kecamatan Jangka Kabupaten Bireuen

Kuala Jangka Beach is one of the beaches in the village of Jangka Alue, Term District, Bireuen Regency, Aceh Province. Which is a tourist spot and also a fishery area for fishermen. Waves that are high enough to impact the shoreline so that some areas are eroded due to erosion. Therefore, a coastal protection structure is needed, namely a revetment. A revetment is a coastal protection structure that functions to protect the beach from scouring waves to minimize erosion around the coast. The data used in this planning are wind data, bathymetry, and tidal data. Based on the results of the analysis it is known that the dominant wind that occurs is from the east which is equal to 36%, with the greatest speed being 10 knots or 8.65 m/s. The design wave height calculated from the prevailing wind characteristics is 1,699 m. Sedimentation analysis shows that sedimentation at Kuala Term Beach is dominated by longshore sediment transport which reaches 1,360,132.805 m3/year. Revetment construction is calculated using the general revetment planning formula. The revetment was built from the mountain rock. The height of the revetment building is 3 m with a peak width of 1.5 m and the thickness of the revetment guard wall is 1.5 m and the weight of the bag as a protective layer is 0.301 tons. Meanwhile, the height of gaiters for revetment buildings is 0.75 m with a width of 2.5 m.

Optimization of the Engineering Properties of Cement Concrete Containing Gravel and Waste Rock Using Dense Packing and Response Surface Methodology

This study introduces a novel methodology for optimizing the distribution of aggregate particles in concrete. Utilizing locally available materials like gravel and waste rock is explored as a sustainable alternative to conventional materials like mountain rock and river sand, which are depleting. Determining the maximum bulk density involves an efficient process of gradually adding different particle sizes of gravel and waste rock to the mixture. The vibrational compaction of the container aids in identifying the optimally combined percentages of these aggregates. Besides, the study also addresses the issue of porosity in concrete. The response surface methodology is employed to optimize the mixture proportions for concrete, considering important factors such as workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. This response surface methodology allows for the development of mathematical models that aid in determining the optimal mix ratios. By exploiting the potential of gravel and waste rock, this study aims to procedure cement concrete containing gravels and waste rock (WR) with required compressive strength from 30 MPa to 35 MPa based on reasonable aggregate particle distribution in combination with response surface methodology (RSM) and minimize the disposal of non-biodegradable waste, thereby reducing the environmental pollution. Additionally, utilizing locally available materials helps to effectively use the region's resources for concrete production, promoting sustainability and reducing dependency on scarce resources. The proposed method presents a promising approach to optimizing aggregate distribution in concrete while considering the environmental and resource constraints specific to the Northwest region of Vietnam.

Metamorphic P–T paths of Archean granulite facies metasedimentary lithologies from the eastern Beartooth Mountains of the northern Wyoming Province, Montana, USA: constraints from quartz-in-garnet (QuiG) Raman elastic barometry, geothermobarometry, and thermodynamic modeling

Abstract. Metamorphic pressure and temperature (P–T) paths in late-Archean high-grade rocks of the eastern Beartooth Mountains of Montana (USA), a portion of the Wyoming Province, are established by a combination of imaging, analytical, and modeling approaches. Garnet inclusion mechanical and chemical thermobarometry, applied to several granulite-facies migmatites and an iron formation, is particularly useful in constraining the prograde P–T conditions. Quartz-in-garnet (QuiG) elastic Raman barometry was used on quartz inclusions in garnet for all samples studied. For a smaller subset of four representative samples, QuiG constraints were used in conjunction with Ti-in-quartz (TitaniQ) and Ti-in-biotite (TiB) thermometry to establish unique prograde inclusion entrapment P–T conditions. Ti measurements of garnet hosts and cathodoluminescence (CL) imagery of inclusion and matrix quartz grains were employed to check for Ti loss/diffusion. Lastly, inclusion studies were supplemented with thermodynamic modeling and matrix chemical thermobarometry to examine garnet nucleation temperatures and peak metamorphic conditions. Disagreement between the volume strain and elastic tensor methods used to calculate quartz inclusion pressures implies that quartz inclusions studied are under strong differential strain. Prograde entrapment results from the two inclusion thermobarometry pairs used are distinct: 0.55–0.70 GPa and 475–580 ∘C (QuiG–TitaniQ) versus 0.85–1.10 GPa and 665–780 ∘C (QuiG–TiB). Garnet modal isopleth modeling indicates that the majority of garnet growth occurred at ∼ 450–600 ∘C, implying that P–T conditions of garnet growth are interpreted to be most reliably represented by QuiG–TitaniQ inclusion thermobarometry. Normal distributions of calculated QuiG inclusion pressures and the concentration of mineral inclusions in garnet cores suggest that the majority of garnet inclusions were entrapped during a single stage of porphyroblast growth. A general lack of evidence from CL imagery for post-entrapment mechanical or chemical modifications to quartz inclusions suggests that quartz inclusions used to calculate entrapment P–T largely preserve their initial entrapment conditions. Biotite inclusions preserve higher temperatures than quartz inclusions in the same garnets, likely due to Fe–Mg exchange with garnet hosts that allowed Ti content of biotite to change after entrapment. Pseudosection modeling and matrix chemical thermobarometry of multiple, independent lithologies examined during inclusion studies suggest a range of peak granulite facies conditions of ∼ 0.50–0.70 GPa and 730–800 ∘C. Peak metamorphic P–T modeling work from this study, together with evidence of regional amphibolite facies overprinting in immediately adjacent samples, indicates an overall clockwise metamorphic P–T path with nearly isobaric prograde heating to peak temperatures. Interpreted P–T path reconstructions are consistent with metamorphism developed in a more modern-style continental arc subduction zone and are observed in portions of the northern Wyoming Province as exemplified by metasupracrustal lithologies of the eastern Beartooth Mountains.

Цеолитовая минерализация пород-коллекторов севера Западной Сибири: литолого-геофизические аспекты и особенности разработки

As the hydrocarbon production tends to decline, formations with a complex geological structure and various secondary mineral formation types of reservoir rocks gain a considerable attention. The importance of secondary minerals for formation of pore and void space structure in hydrocarbon reservoirs is extremely high. The physical and chemical properties of these minerals should be considered during exploration works, calculation of reserves, reservoir engineering, wellwork planning. This article highlights the methodological study approach of mountain rocks with zeolitization based on the results of modern lithological, analytical, and laboratory research. The implementation of the approach allowed for recommendations for rapid quantitative assessment of zeolite content in the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Bolshekhetskaya Depression.

Tunnel water burst disaster management engineering based on artificial intelligence technology – taking Yonglian Tunnel in Jiangxi Province as the object in China

Abstract Due to the influence of the groundwater system, mountain rock layers, climate rainfall, and tunnel length and depth, underground tunnels (UT) are prone to water inrush (WI) disasters, thus leading to delays and obstacles in construction projects. This paper takes the Yonglian Tunnel as the research objective and explores the water and mud inrush disasters that occurred from July to August 2012. The Yonglian Tunnel is a control project of the Jilian Expressway in Jiangxi Province. This paper aims to study and analyze the WI disaster management of the UT using artificial intelligence technology, and to deepen the understanding of its causes. It will affect the factors, hazards, and related disaster management engineering methods of the UT WI disaster. By establishing a back-propagation neural network model and a radial basis function neural network model, the risk of WI disasters in tunnels, the degree of harm caused by WI, and the ability to control them were predicted and analyzed, and the stability and error values of the models were compared.

A Powerful Molecule of Ayurveda Science

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,455-461.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.046Published:June 2023Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Rubiya Saher Quazi, Venkat Chougule, Mahesh Uttamrao Shinde, Aamer Iqbal Quazi, Shivshankar Malkarjun Gunjegaokar, and Amol Arun Joshi Author(s) affiliations:Rubiya Saher Quazi*, Venkat Chougule, Mahesh Uttamrao Shinde, Aamer Iqbal Quazi, Shivshankar Malkarjun Gunjegaokar, Amol Arun Joshi Department of Quality Assurance, ASPM’s K T Patil College of Pharmacy, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Shilajit is naturally found substance, also termed as shilajatu, salajit, mummiyo, or mimie. It is blackish powder obtained from high mountain rocks, especially in the Himalayans mountains. It has been used by Ayurvedic medicines to cure several disorders and to improve the quality of life. To support its rasayana property, an effort has been made to review shilajit with respect to its origin, variations, physical properties, purification, medicinal properties, and significant biological properties. Shilajit has been demonstrated to offer different health advantages based on the area from where it was harvested. Antioxidant activity and immuno-modulatory activity were highlighted among the many biological characteristics of shilajit since they are strongly related to its rasayana potential. The present review finds the various types and qualities of biomarkers in shilajit which ensure the quality, safety and effectiveness of shilajit. Keywords:Ayurvedic medicine, Bioactives, Shilajit, Traditional medicine.View:PDF (186.04 KB)

Analysis and Generalization of the Properties of Mountain Rock Formations of the Deposits of the Kamchatka Territory

Analysis and Generalization of the Properties of Mountain Rock Formations of the Deposits of the Kamchatka Territory

Diversity of DNA Sequences from Pathogenic and Potentially Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microorganisms in Protected Granite Mountain Rocks

Rain-fed mountain granite rock basins are temporary habitats conditioned by a fluctuating environment and the unpredictability of precipitation or flooding rates. These small highland freshwater habitats remain largely unexplored at the microbial level. The aim of this work is to report the presence in these habitats of genetic sequences of microbial eukaryotes that are pathogens and potential pathogens of humans, wildlife, cattle, crops as well as of other microorganisms. We sequenced the hypervariable region v4 of the 18S rDNA gene from environmental DNA of sediments taken from 21 rock basins in a National Park in Spain. More than a fifth (21%) of the eukaryotic Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) found are ascribed to pathogenic (within 11 Phyla) and potential pathogenic (within 1 phylum, the Chytridiomycota) microorganisms. Some OTUs retrieved are of agro-economic and public health importance (e.g., Pythium spp., Lagenidium spp., Candida spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis). In 86% of the basins, the most abundant OTUs were affiliated to Chytridiomycota, a broad fungal group including saprozoic and parasitic taxa. Two OTUs affiliated to chytrids were significantly correlated with high concentrations of heavy metals. The high proportion of chytrid-like microbial sequences found emphasises the role of these freshwater habitats for adding knowledge regarding the ecological trade-offs of the still rather unknown Chytridiomycota. Our results show that rain-fed rock basins may be model habitats for the study and surveillance of microbial community dynamics and genetics of (mainly opportunistic) microbial pathogens.