Mount Halimun Salak National Park Research Articles

Diversity of ecological functions of the insect families found in Citalahab Area of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS)

The Citalahab area of ​​Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) contains a diversity of insects with different ecological roles. In each type of habitat there was a composition of insect ecological roles. The study aimed to determine the diversity of ecological roles of insects in forest and plantation vegetation types in the Citalahab Area of ​​the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS). This research uses the Simple Random Sampling method using pitfall traps in randomly determined plots measuring 20 x 20 meters (5 pit fall traps) in forests and plantations, with a total of 2 plots. There were 8 orders, 36 families with ecological roles such as: disease vectors, saprophages, pollinators, pests, predators, parasitoids, fungus eaters and decomposers. Insect families that act as parasitoids and disease vectors were only found in forest vegetation types. The richness of resources found in a habitat influences the diversity of the ecological roles of the insects found in it.

Analysis of NDVI and Plant Vegetation Diversity in the Traditional Zone, Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor

Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) traditional zone is a zone which is highly utilized by the local community to fulfill their daily needs by utilizing non-timber forest resources and implementing an agroforestry system with the main commodity is poh-pohan (Pilea melastomoides). Forest monitoring in the MHSNP traditional zone is very important to do as part of sustainable forest management and the realization of supporting Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze the density of vegetation based on NDVI values; besides, analyze the level of plant species diversity and stand structure in the traditional zone of MHSNP. Furthermore, the data collection of plant species diversity at the area based on NDVI value of vegetation density. NDVI values ​​are obtained into three classes that have different land conditions. The class 1 value range from 0.147 to 0.273 has a low vegetation density. Class 2 from 0.273 to 0.319 has medium vegetation density. Meanwhile, class 3 has high vegetation density with a value of 0.319 to 0.433. Diversity of plant species has 60 different species from a total of three classes. The density of seedlings is lower than saplings and at the level of poles, trees is decreasing that is indicates a balanced stand structure. The low seedling level is caused by inhibition of seedling growth due to cleaning by the local community in preparation for planting understory since the community prefers to plant understory which harvest faster woody plant seedling.

Sistem Pertanian Masyarakat Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek Tahun 1990–2021

This study aims to determine the Community Agricultural System of Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek in 1990–2021. This research method is the historical method, including; heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research analysis uses the moral economic theory of farmers by Scott, the theory of rational farmers by Samuel L. Popkin and the theory of cultural value orientation by Kluckhohn. The results of this study show that the Citorek Kesepuhan Customary Wewengkon is located at an altitude of 500-1050 meters above sea level, a mountain which includes the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS). There are two main rivers (Citorek River and Cimadur River) to support farming. The life of the Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community in 1990–2021 in implementing the agricultural system shows two characters, firstly the morale of the farmer's economy is subsistence by complying with various agricultural regulations or prohibitions (start of farming time, holidays farming, use of rice types, and tabernacles) secondly has the character of rational farmers who are open to the use of agricultural technology such as rice field plowing tools (tractors), rice grinding machines, fertilizers (urea and bungkil) and weed killer. Local traditions of the Wewengkon community's Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community traditions such as salametan, nabeh goong gede, ngarengkong and seren tahun have (1) cultural values, namely deliberation, religion and obedience (2) meanings, namely the relationship between humans and humans, nature, time, creation, and with himself.

Morphometric and molecular identification, domestication, and potentials of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratama MN, Agus A, Umami N, Agussalim, Purwanto H. 2023. Morphometric and molecular identification, domestication, and potentials of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6107-6118. The purpose of this study is to identify the stingless bee species found in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Sukabumi, and investigate the potential for its domestication. Four resorts within the Park, Cimantaja, Mount Koneng, Mount Bodas, and Kawah Ratu, were chosen as the sampling sites. The random sampling method was used to collect samples of stingless bees by working with locals. The collected bees were subsequently identified using their morphological and morphometrics features. Two species of stingless bees, Tetragonula laeviceps and Heterotrigona itama were found in the Park. The results of the 16S rRNA mtDNA gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the specimen of the stingless bees. Moreover, 37 colonies of T. laeviceps and 7 of H. itama were collected. The T. laeviceps were found in all four resorts, but the H. itama were only successfully collected from Kawah Ratu resort. The possibility for domestication and meliponiculture was investigated through observation and interviews with locals who shared their knowledge and the meliponiculture practices surrounding the Park. The study showed that T. laeviceps has more potential to be utilized in meliponiculture in the surrounding area of the Park.

Infiltration ability in the area of land use change, Bogor, West Java

The upstream of the Cisadane Watershed is included in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park area as the water catchment area. Water resource conservation is important because of land use change. Rainfall analysis was carried out to determine the rain intensity amount. Then, infiltration observations were also carried out in Ecosystem Restoration (ER) areas. ER is an area in the rehabilitation zone that requires improvement, especially in biophysical improvement. Several ER areas are in Cibunian Village and Purwabakti Village. The analysis determined the infiltration rates in the ER areas. Field surveys carried out data collection on infiltration sample measurements. Sample points were selected using Stratified Random Sampling. The results show the average rainfall in the study area is around 3950 mm/year. The results show the infiltration ability in the ER area is relatively slow. However, there are still results of rapid infiltration at several sample points. Due to limited water absorption capacity, soil characteristics with clay texture influence slow infiltration conditions. Even though the rainfall is high, surface water runoff is quickly formed. The rainfall in the Cisadane watershed should be stored to reserve water supply, especially during the dry season. In detail, water storage can be an infiltration pit, artificial water storage tanks, reservoirs, or ponds. The limited availability of water resources challenges water uses in the Cisadane Watershed. This research is essential as an initial study to find out more about the watershed hydrological system and the water demand level.

DNA barcoding data release for the Phoridae (Insecta, Diptera) of the Halimun-Salak National Park (Java, Indonesia).

Launched in 2015, the large-scale initiative Indonesian Biodiversity Discovery and Information System (IndoBioSys) is a multidisciplinary German-Indonesian collaboration with the main goal of establishing a standardised framework for species discovery and all associated steps. One aspect of the project includes the application of DNA barcoding for species identification and biodiversity assessments. In this framework, we conducted a large-scale assessment of the insect fauna of the Mount Halimun-Salak National Park which is one of the largest tropical rain-forest ecosystems left in West Java. In this study, we present the results of processing 5,034 specimens of Phoridae (scuttle flies) via DNA barcoding. Despite limited sequencing success, we obtained more than 500 clusters using different algorithms (RESL, ASAP, SpeciesIdentifier). Moreover, Chao statistics indicated that we drastically undersampled all trap sites, implying that the true diversity of Phoridae is, in fact, much higher. With this data release, we hope to shed some light on the hidden diversity of this megadiverse group of flies.

In adaption of river continuum concept as correlation to macroinvertebrates functional feeding group in Cisadane River’s headwater

River Continuum Concept (RCC) is an approach that describes the dynamic changes in the river system, the changes that occur are physical conditions (order of the river, canopy cover, and land use) and also the structure and function of communities. Functional feeding groups (FFG) of macroinvertebrates are related to environmental gradients in aquatic systems, including river ecosystem attributes. This study aimed to correlate the function of the macroinvertebrate communities with Cisadane’s River headwater conditions based on RCC and also to estimate the attributes of the river ecosystem. This research was conducted in the headwaters of the Cisadane River, West Java-Indonesia. One of Cisadane’s River headwaters was located in Mount Halimun-Salak National Park. Macroinvertebrates were collected from four sites inside the park (stations 1, 2, 3, and 4) and from two sites outside the park (stations 5 and 6). Collections were made twice a month, from April to June 2015 using a Surber sampler. The results showed that shredders and predators were relatively higher at stations inside the national park than at those outside the national park. While scrappers and collectors at stations located inside the national park were relatively lower than at stations outside the park. The value of the P/R ratio showed that all of the stations were heterotrophy. CPOM/FPOM ratio represents that shredder availability is high enough at stations inside the national park. While TFPOM/BFPOM ratio is slightly below the normal threshold value. HSI showed that the condition of the riverbed substrate stability is quite good. Composition changes of macroinvertebrates showed suitability with RCC. River ecosystem attributes and abiotic stream characteristics of Cisadane’s River headwater support macroinvertebrate life and are in accordance with RCC.Keywords:EcologyMacroinvertebrateNational ParkRiparianRiver

Sistem Pertanian Masyarakat Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek Tahun 1990-2021


 This study aims to determine the Community Agricultural System of Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek in 1990–2021. This research method is the historical method, including; heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research analysis uses the moral economic theory of farmers by Scott, the theory of rational farmers by Samuel L. Popkin and the theory of cultural value orientation by Kluckhohn. The results of this study show that the Citorek Kesepuhan Customary Wewengkon is located at an altitude of 500-1050 meters above sea level, a mountain which includes the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS). There are two main rivers (Citorek River and Cimadur River) to support farming. The life of the Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community in 1990–2021 in implementing the agricultural system shows two characters, firstly the morale of the farmer's economy is subsistence by complying with various agricultural regulations or prohibitions (start of farming time, holidays farming, use of rice types, and tabernacles) secondly has the character of rational farmers who are open to the use of agricultural technology such as rice field plowing tools (tractors), rice grinding machines, fertilizers (urea and bungkil) and weed killer. Local traditions of the Wewengkon community's Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community traditions such as salametan, nabeh goong gede, ngarengkong and seren tahun have (1) cultural values, namely deliberation, religion and obedience (2) meanings, namely the relationship between humans and humans, nature, time, creation, and with himself.
 Keywords: Agricultural System, Wewengkon Adat, Kesepuhan Citorek.

Perencanaan Lanskap untuk Pelestarian Budaya Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi Kabupaten Sukabumi Berbasis Bioregion

Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi is one of the Kasepuhan that has long inhabited lived in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) and utilizes part of the TNGHS area to meet their basic needs by farming in the fields (huma) and in the rice fields. However, after the expansion of the TNGHS area, access to utilize the natural resources for agriculture cultivation activities has decreased. Moreover, by increasing the population with a growth rate of 0.95% need more agricultural cultivation in order to be able to supply adequate staple food. This is very influential in decreasing the quantity of food production to meet consumption needs. The purpose of this research is to plan the landscape for the preservation of Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi based on bioregion. A bioregion is a geographical area, the boundaries of which are not defined by the administrative or political system but are limited by cultural and natural features. The research stages consist of preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis, and planning. The analysis was carried out to identify problems in each bioregion by looking at the balance of food needs (rice) and the existence of production land in huma and rice fields. Due to limited production land, it is necessary to optimize existing land resources. Synthesis is carried out by evaluating the potential and problems in each bioregion unit. The results of the evaluation are used as a direction for the concept of the landscape plan. The final result of this research is presented as a landscape plan map for the preservation of Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi.

Estimating carbon stocks of three traditional agroforestry systems and their relationships with tree diversity and stand density

Abstract. Hartoyo APP, Khairunnisa S, Pamoengkas P, Solikhin A, Supriyanto, Siregar IZ, Prasetyo LB, Istomo. 2022. Estimating carbon stocks of three traditional agroforestry systems and their relationships with tree diversity and stand density. Biodiversitas 23: 6137-6146. One of the important sectors as a strategy for climate resilience and low carbon development in Indonesia is Forestry and Other Land Uses (FOLU) including the agroforestry sector. Carbon stock and tree diversity in an ecosystem are dynamic over time and still need to be investigated. This study was aimed: i) to estimate aboveground carbon stocks in the traditional agroforestry of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP), in Kampung Birang and Kampung Merabu, East Kalimantan, as well as ii) to analyze the correlation between carbon stock with tree diversity and stand density in traditional agroforestry of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP), in Kampung Birang and Kampung Merabu, East Kalimantan. The total plots were 75 plots (a plot size of 50x50 m), and carbon stock estimation was focused on pole and tree levels. The average carbon stock in the traditional zone of MHSNP, Kampung Birang, and Kampung Merabu respectively was 51.02 Mg C/ha, 96.25 Mg C/ha, and 82.17 Mg C/ha. The carbon stock in traditional agroforestry of all study sites was very significantly affected by the basal area (m2/ha) (p-val<0.05) with a strong correlation (r = 80% and 97%). The carbon stock was affected by stand density (p-val<0.1) with a very low correlation (r = 27.3%). The carbon stock was very significantly affected by total species (p-val<0.05). However, it had a weak correlation (r = 28.0%). In agroforestry systems, how to manage the agroforestry, socio-economic aspects, ecological site, and market are the main factor in species selection and species maintenance by landowners that indirectly influence biodiversity conservation effort and carbon stock value. The agroforestry system has the potential to become a target and priority location for Indonesia’s FOLU Net Sink 2030 by providing non-timber forest products, which can avoid leakage in forest conservation efforts and carbon stock.

Population Monitoring of Javan Leopard and Javan Gibbon in Potential Areas in Mount Halimun Salak National Park

Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) is one of tropical forest area in West Java which has the potential for a high diversity of flora and fauna species. One of them is an important habitat for the Javan leopard and Javan gibbon. This study aims to analyze the population density of the Javan leopard and Javan gibbon. Based on the result of this study information on the population condition of the Javan leopard and Javan gibbon in MHSNP. The data collection was conducted in February – April 2021 in Cikaniki area, Citalahab, corridor, and MHSNP Star Energy by installing camera traps and line transect method. The results of the camera trap installation could detected 12 types of mammals and 5 species of birds. There are four Javan leopard identified in this study with a sex ratio of 3 males and 1 famale (3:1) and only had one age class (adult). The estimated density of the Javan leopard by SECR is 11,19 ind/100km2. There were at least 11 javan leopards in an area 100 km2. The population density of javan gibbon in Cikaniki is 26,67 ind/km2, Citalahab is 16,67 ind/km2, and Star Energy is 8,33 ind/km2.

DNA barcoding unveils a high diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (West Java; Indonesia).

Trichoptera are one of the most diverse groups of freshwater insects worldwide and one of the main bioindicators for freshwater quality. However, in many areas, caddisflies remain understudied due to lack of taxonomic expertise. Meanwhile, globally increasing anthropogenic stress on freshwater streams also threatens Trichoptera diversity. To assess the Trichoptera diversity of the area within and around the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP or Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak) in West Java (Indonesia), we conducted a molecular-morphological study on Trichoptera diversity using larvae from a benthic survey and adults from hand-netting. In addition to morphological identification, we applied four different molecular taxon delimitation approaches (Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning) based on DNA barcoding of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase I (COI). The molecular delimitation detected 72 to 81 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU). Only five OTUs could be identified to species level by comparing sequences against the BOLD database using BLAST, and four more to the genus level. Adults and larvae could be successfully associated in 18 cases across six families. The high diversity of Trichoptera in this area highlights their potential as bioindicators for water quality assessment. This study provides an example of how molecular approaches can benefit the exploration of hidden diversity in unexplored areas and can be a valuable tool to link life stages. However, our study also highlights the need to improve DNA barcode reference libraries of Trichoptera for the Oriental region.

Estimation of vegetation cover changes using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia

The forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector in Indonesia is expected to contribute 60% of the greenhouse gas emission reduction. The priority location for enhancing carbon stock as the mitigation action is natural forests, such as Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP). The objectives of this research were to estimate vegetation cover changes in 2016, 2019, 2022, and to analyze the forestry programs affecting forest cover in MHSNP. This research used Landsat 8 satellite imagery. NDVI was categorized into five classes, specifically class 1 (the clouds/non-vegetation), class 2 (very low dense vegetation), class 3 (low dense vegetation), class 4 (moderately dense vegetation), and class 5 (highly dense vegetation). MHSNP vegetation cover consecutive in 2016, 2019 and 2022 is dominated by class 1 (35,94% or 31.508,45 ha), class 2 (30,86% or 27.053,73 ha), and class 5 (58,76% or 51.543,18%), respectively. In general, the large vegetation cover from 2016 to 2022 is increasing from 87.662,06 ha to 87.716,88 ha and is significantly denser. It might be caused by the success of the forestry program in MHSNP, such as increasing the rehabilitation area, tree adoptions, and restoration in collaboration with communities and companies.

Tourist’s Willingness to Pay toward Waste Management in Mount Salak Endah Tourism Area, Bogor District

Mount Salak Endah (GSE) Natural Tourism Area is one of the tourism destinations in the conservation area of Mount Halimun Salak National Park, which is located in Bogor District. GSE is easy to reached, whether from Bogor or Jakarta. GSE has various beautiful natural destinations such as Cigamea Waterfalls, Kondang Waterfalls and hot spring attracting many visitors. The numbers of visitors keep increasing every year, but it is impacted to environmental problem, i.e. and in the end, it causes environmental problem: waste generation. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify and explore tourist perceptions regarding current and future waste management in the GSE natural tourism area and (2) Calculating the tourist’s willingness to pay related to the implementation of tourist-based waste management in GSE natural tourism area. This study used a Likert scale data collection method and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The tourist’s perception regarding waste management in the GSE natural tourism area shows positive result where tourists are willing to manage their waste with deposit refund.

ABDIMAS PENCEGAHAN PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the public health important viral disease because. The location of the village is close to the Mount Halimun Salak National Park, the plants vegetation is relatively dense and high rainfall each year. High rainfall in the village can cause containers outside the house to fill with rainwater, this will provide a breeding ground for mosquito growth. The environment around the house where there is still plant vegetation that can function as a habitat and resting place for mosquitoes, especially mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. This community service aims to increase community knowledge about dengue disease in order to prevent the spread of dengue disease. The method used is counseling and larval surveis directly to residents' homes. The results of community service showed that Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were found in 8 residents' houses. The mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti which is a vector of dengue disease indicates that it is still possible for the spread of dengue disease. For this reason, a regular and continuous mosquito larvae inspection program is needed.

The Diversity of Wild Musa acuminata Originated from Mount Halimun–Salak National Park Based on Morphology and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) Resistance Characters

<p>ndonesia is well-known as a center of diversity of banana in the world. Here, wild Musa acuminata is growth widely in some areas, included Java islands. However, the genetic diversity study of wild banana, especially in Java Island is still limited. In this study, we observed the genetic diversity of wild banana in Mount Halimun-Salak National Park (TNGHS), West Java, Indonesia and studied its resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) using molecular markers. The plant materials were collected and phenotyped in some different locations of conservation area TNGHS from 7 to 11 October 2019. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was calculated to estimate the genetic diversity on eight accessions of wild M. acuminata based on eighteen morphological characters. Moreover, the study of its resistance traits to Foc TR4 was analyzed by using SCAR markers i.e. ScaU1001 and ScaS0901. The most contributed characters on principal component 2 (PC2) was showed on number of fruits with the value of 0.586 and bract apex shape with value of -0.648 on principal component 3 (PC3). For the resistance study, the eight accessions of wild M. acuminata produced specific band of ScaS0901 marker. The knowledge of the genetic diversity and the resistance study of wild M. acuminata in TNGHS would be useful for conservation strategy and bioprospecting of the wild banana in TNGHS.</p>

Transformation of Farmer Resistance in Conservation Areas: Land Occupation by Farmers in Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java

Transformation of Farmer Resistance in Conservation Areas: Land Occupation by Farmers in Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DENGAN MELAKUKAN SURVEILANS LARVA NYAMUK Aedes spp.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the public health important viral disease because. The location of the village is close to the Mount Halimun Salak National Park, the plants vegetation is relatively dense and high rainfall each year. High rainfall in the village can cause containers outside the house to fill with rainwater, this will provide a breeding ground for mosquito growth. The environment around the house where there is still plant vegetation that can function as a habitat and resting place for mosquitoes, especially mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. This community service aims to increase community knowledge about dengue disease in order to prevent the spread of dengue disease. The method used is counseling and larval surveis directly to residents' homes. The results of community service showed that Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were found in 8 residents' houses. The mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti which is a vector of dengue disease indicates that it is still possible for the spread of dengue disease. For this reason, a regular and continuous mosquito larvae inspection program is needed.

Makna Moderasi dalam Ritual Ngareremokeun Masyarakat Kasepuhan Cisungsang, Lebak-Banten

The Ngareremokeun ritual is a form of indigenous community belief in the Kasepuhan Cisungsang who live around the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) Lebak Regency, Banten Province toward customary law as the embodiment of ancestral mandates. The Ngareremokeun tradition is also evidence of various cultures acculturation without eliminating another cultural element. This paper aims to understand the meaning of moderation as reflected in the Ngareremokeun ritual and to show its relevance to the context of the community that owns the tradition and Indonesian society in general. This descriptive study emphasizes on qualitative data with a structuralist approach that aims to describe the moderation values reflected in the Ngareremokeun ritual. Data was collected through interviews with cultural actors and direct observation on the Ngareremokeun ritual. The results of this study indicate that the Ngareremokeun ritual is the evidence of knowledge resource and cultural expression of indigenous people in the Kasepuhan Cisungsang to maintain the sustainability of their traditions. The meaning of the symbols embodied in this tradition, the moderation values in the Ngareremokeun ritual is appropriate with the four indicators of religious moderation, namely national commitment, tolerance, non-violence, and accommodating to local culture. The moderation value can also be found in the attitudes and behavior of the Ngararemokeun’s actors and the indigenous people in Kasepuhan Cisungsang.

Javan langur responses to the repeated exposure of ground survey and novel stimulus, unmanned aerial vehicles

The use of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs; a.k.a “drones”) for ecological monitoring, conservation campaign, and management is increasing enormously. UAVs operate at low altitudes (<150 m) and in any terrain; thus, they are susceptible to interact with local fauna, generating a new type of anthropogenic disturbance that has not been systematically evaluated. Both policy-makers and practitioners require data about the potential impacts of UAVs on natural biota, but few studies exist. The research aims to compare behavioral responses from ground-based surveys vs. UAVs flights. Moreover, we conducted two experiments of UAVs overflights, specifically aiming to assess the responses of Trachypithecus auratus. Between January and March 2021, we conducted 24 UAVs flight approaches and 12 ground surveys at Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. We applied generalized linear mixed-effects models and Kruskal-Wallis tests to 364 behavioral scores obtained from two independent observers. When directly compared, the detection time was higher using UAVs (χ2 = 38.50; df= 1; p < 0.050), and behavioral responses by Javan langur to UAVs overflights at > 30 m were different from responses to ground surveys were more intense. Finally, we suggest data-driven best practices for UAVs use and the design of future UAVs-wildlife response studies.