Motorcycle Behavior Research Articles

The Impact of Traffic Information Provision and Prevailing Policy on the Route Choice Behavior of Motorcycles Based on the Stated Preference Experiment: A Preliminary Study

It is anticipated that the prevalence of motorcycles in Asian countries will continue to increase, causing congestion and network imbalances concerning the nature of motorcycles. Literature demonstrates Variable Message Signs (VMSs) as an effective measure for addressing this issue. Understanding route choice behavior may thus aid in determining the appropriate traffic information to broadcast. This study aims to identify the impact of VMS messages related to traffic conditions and regulations on the route choice of motorcycle riders. In this instance, the core concept of ramp metering is adapted for non-highways to manage the proportion of motorcycles entering the traffic stream of the mainline. Two predetermined routes were offered through a stated preference survey to capture the responses to VMS. A binary logit model was initially introduced, further improved by including the individual characteristics and accommodating the unobserved factors across a series of observations (panel effects) by applying the mixed binary logit. It was revealed that traffic flow conditions significantly affect route preference; therefore, motorcycles tend to choose routes with lower volumes. However, waiting time at a ramp meter has no impact. The present research is a preliminary investigation for further implications in proposing traffic management strategies under mixed traffic situations.

Bottleneck Effect Caused by Motorcyclist Presence in the Traffic Flow on Kerten Signalized Intersection

The number of motorcycles in Surakarta has been increasing dramatically since several years ago. This condition was engendering several phenomena such as bottleneck and congestion including around an intersection. This research aims to determine the repercussions of motorcycles from the viewpoint of the traffic flow, timing signal, and the driver's behavior. The traffic flow was analyzed based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual, the bottleneck analysis was determined using the Yuan model, and the behavior analysis was based on descriptive statistics. The traffic flow data consisted of secondary data sourced by a Local Government and primary data from a field survey at Kerten Intersection. Behavior data were obtained from questionnaires using Google Forms and the field survey reached 300 participants. The result of the research shows that from the traffic flow and driver's behaviors point of view motorcycles are causing bottleneck and traffic congestion. It is because when motorcycle volume is added to the flow the bottleneck often exceeds 1, and the motorcycle's behavior and habits are affecting the driving's way of other riders and drivers. This research is expected to be a source of information as well as a basis for comparison for further research for authors and other researchers. This shall provide a viable data source with viability and advantages for those interested in the same subject of research.

Determination of PCE Based on Motorcycle Behavior at Signalized Intersections in Denpasar, Bali

A very high proportion of motorcycles affect the saturated flow and motorcycle behavior in synergy stores in developing countries such as Indonesia. The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) and previous research have not adopted motorcycle behavior to determine the efficiency of passenger cars in synergy. This study aims to assess PCE based on the behavior of motorcycles in synergy with and without Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycles (ESSM). The synergy reservoir's location was a junction with a high motorcycle volume, low side obstacles, and traffic characteristics at an approach width of 3 meters, 5 meters, and 7 meters in Denpasar City. The survey method divides the lane virtually, the size of a motorcycle to determine the headway in the field. At the same time, the saturated flow was analyzed using the discharge headway method of both normal distributed data and log normal. Linear regression analysis was used to determine PCE based on motorcycle behavior on synergy junctions both with ESSM and without ESSM. Based on motorcycle behavior, the highest PCE value is obtained beside flow behavior (0.1-1.2) and the lowest in front behavior of the stop line (0.06-0.8). In determining PCE, it is recommended to adopt the motorcycle's behavior.

A Study on Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics Acting on Front Fenders of Motorcycles during Steering Motion

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Compared to a four-wheeled vehicle, a two-wheeled vehicle’s steering motion has a greater influence on roll behavior as well as yaw. On the other hand, the effect of the aerodynamic characteristics of the front fender on the steering moment has not been clarified. Therefore, a sensory evaluation test was important to know its influence on actual vehicle behavior. In this study, a basic technology to understand the aerodynamic characteristics of the front fender that affect the vehicle behavior of motorcycles was developed. In addition, CFD analysis was used to analyze the generation mechanism of the aerodynamic characteristics during the steering motion. First, the aerodynamic characteristics during the steering motion on the actual vehicle were measured using the wind tunnel facility. Next, the tests in the wind tunnel were reproduced in the CFD analysis using a moving and deforming mesh. As a result of verification of calculation accuracy, it was confirmed that the CFD analysis accurately reproduced the aerodynamic characteristics of the steering moment acting on the front fender during steering motion. In addition, the relationship between the magnitude of the vehicle behavior when a disturbance input was applied around the steering axis and the steering moment of the front fender obtained using the CFD analysis was confirmed. As a result, it was found that the closer the coefficient of the damping term of the moment was to zero, the smaller the roll motion when a disturbance is applied to the steering system tends to become. This suggests that the damping term of the steering moment acting on the front fender is one of the factors affecting the vehicle behavior of motorcycles. The CFD analysis revealed that the damping term of the steering moment is generated by the time difference between the separation of the airflow at the tip of the front fender and its aerodynamic action behind the front fender.</div></div>

Modelling integrated movements of motorcycles at urban merge sections under mixed traffic conditions

Vehicles at merge sections interact longitudinally and laterally (integrated movement). In this paper, a microscopic simulation method, based on a combination of intelligent driver model (IDM) and social force model (SFM), is developed and compared with a microscopic simulation method based solely on SFM to determine its performance in evaluating these integrated movements. From the simulation and validation results it can be seen that the proposed model (combination of IDM and SFM) is a bit more precise than the simulation model based entirely on SFM. The lateral movement of a motorcycle represents its gap-seeking behaviour: the larger the lead lateral gap between the leader vehicles, the higher the probability of lateral movement. The parameters, such as lateral distance corresponding to overtaking position, relative lane affinity, and lateral clearance between lead vehicles, determine the motorcycle filtering choice. This study is able to replicate the real-time behaviour of motorcycles.

The perilous riding behavior and accident of motorcycles in university students

Background: An inevitable traffic accident frequently resulted from the dereliction of individualized community from disobeying regulation which causes an impact on the safety of another person. The impact raised is not merely in terms of material but also non-material.Objective: This research was aimed to know the correlation between risky riding behavior and the accident of motorcycles experienced by university students of Halu Oleo University of Kendari, Indonesia.Methods: This research utilized the cross-sectional design. Data were collected on June 2021 using a validated questionnaire online among 251 respondents. Results: 84.5% of respondents had ever experienced motorcycle accidents. There was a correlation between listening to music while riding (p = 0.973), riding with the speed more than 50 km/hour (p = 0.220), sudden braking (p = 0.267), overtaking without turning rear light (p = 0.518), with the motorcycle accidents.Conclusion: The dangerous riding behavior can potentially decrease the rider’s ability and increase the possibility of a car accident. The university could improve safe riding through empowering and encouraging education about riding towards students.

Real-world evaluation of driving behaviour and emission performance of motorcycle transportation in developing countries: A case study of Isfahan, Iran

The present study aims at a real-world assessment of the driving behaviour and exhaustive emission performance of motorcycle (MC) driving in a middle-sized city of a developing country, i.e. Isfahan, Iran. We developed the Isfahan Motorcycle Driving Cycle (IMDC) using comprehensive data collection and then compared it with the available overseas MCDCs and DC of local LDVs. Onboard experiments were also conducted on 20 test motorcycles to analyze emission performance, emission characteristics, and combustion quality of motorcycles under real-world conditions. IVE model was used to estimate the MC emission factors (EFs) according to the real-urban conditions, but it was first adjusted to the real-world measurements. Results show that MC EFs steadily decrease with vehicle speeds. Apparent discrepancies were observed between IMDC and the MC DCs overseas, while local DCs of motorcycles and LDVs follow a prevailing trend determined by the new factors of public culture and urban development. CO was the major criteria pollutant of the MCs exhaust, and formaldehyde and benzene were ranked as the first and second principal toxic gases, respectively. The air-fuel mixture control system and combustion quality of 150 and 200 cc MCs were impaired with the vehicle speed, but the same is not true for the 125 cc MCs.

The Saturated Flow Modeling on Motorcycle Behavior Based on Through Movements at Signalized Intersections

In developing countries such as Indonesia the proportion of motorcycles to other vehicles is reaching 76%, which is very high. The proportion of motorcycles in Bali Province exceeds 85% while in Denpasar City is 82%. Previous studies suggest that a high proportion of motorcycles will certainly affect the saturated flow. Therefore, the effect of motorcycles on saturation flows should not be neglected. With a high proportion of motorcycles that will affect the behavior of motorcyclists at irregular intersections such as in front of the stop line, besides other vehicles and behind other vehicles or in the flow, the behavior of the motorcycle affects the saturated flow. In calculating saturated flow, the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) does not have specific measures that adopt the behavior of motorcycles. If the motorcycle is not properly regulated, it will interfere with the movement of other vehicles when the green light is on. The behavior to be examined in this study is the behavior of motorcycles in front of the stop line, outside the current (beside flow), or in the current (inside flow). In this study, a model was developed to determine saturation flow based on the behavior of motorcycles for through movements at signalized intersections with or without ESSM.

The influence of motorcycle behavior on saturation flow rate at signalized intersections with and without exclusive stopping space for motorcycle (ESSM)

Traffic in most developing nations is considered mixed or heterogeneous. Motorcycle and other vehicle’s behavior at signalized intersections would not probably have a similar influence on intersection capacity and time of the traffic signals. In theory, the saturation flow rate is a basic parameter to estimate the intersection capacity and time of the traffic signals. This study, therefore, aims to analyze the influence of motorcycle behavior on the saturation flow rate at signalized intersections in Denpasar, Bali. Traffic flow data are observed at four signalized intersection approaches that have similar width and traffic characteristics. Two approaches have exclusive stopping space for motorcycles (ESSM) while the other two do not. The study results show that more than 50% of motorcycles tend to be distributed beside flow at signalized intersections with ESSM on either light or dense traffic flows. In contrast, at the signalized intersections without ESSM, motorcycles are found to be distributed inside flow during low traffic conditions, while distributed beside flow during dense traffic flow. Besides, the saturation flow rates of motorcycle inside flow are less than that of beside flow at signalized intersections both with and without ESSM. A new method to estimate saturation flow is proposed.

Overtake Behavior Model of Motorcycle on Accident Risk

The imbalance of transportation facilities and infrastructure, resulting in traffic jams and poor driver's aggressive behavior, especially in overtaking vehicles in front of them, cause an accident. The study's purpose is to analyze the behavior characteristics of overtaking motorcycle, test and analyze the relationship model between accident risk and motorcycle behavior and determine strategic step recommendations to reduce accidents risk to realize safety riding in Makassar City. Data collection methods used to achieve targets and study outcomes are observation, documentation, and literature review. Related statistical methods analyzed data. The variable explained is the motorcycle behavior related to driver ability to maintain a safe distance in the longitudinal and lateral directions. The results indicate a relationship between motorcycle rider behavior and accident frequency. Based on the longitudinal direction, it is known that the greater vehicle distance, the smaller accidents risk arising with a safe distance of 4.62 meters. Meanwhile, in the lateral direction, it is known that the greater distance between vehicles will increase accident risk. The safe distance between vehicles in the lateral direction is 1.88 meters.

Modelling and simulating head-on conflict-solving behaviour of motorcycles under heterogeneous traffic condition in developing countries

When facing conflict at the crossing points of an X-intersection, the motorcyclists typically conduct complex behaviours to avoid a head-on accident. These complex behaviours motivate the study on capturing the unique mechanism of motorcycles. Associated with regular travelling, the desired left-turning path is estimated by the parabola-based trajectory, which has the smallest deviation. Concerning accident avoidance, the conflict-solving model is proposed based on two-player game theory, an anticipation approach, and a discrete choice approach. In attempt to validate the model inside the developed micro-simulator, three indicators, travelling speed, cumulative turning angle, and trajectory, are investigated at two two-phase signalized intersections. Compared with real data, the mean absolute percentage error of the first two indicators are 19.18%, 35.5% for double conflicts situation. The mean deviation of trajectory, 0.32 m, is acceptable compared to the motorcycle’s lateral dimension, 0.8 m. Thus, the proposed model could be considered as good in reproducing head-on conflict-solving behaviour.

Consumer's Buying Behaviour of Motorcycles in Janakpurdham

The paper states the review of the factors that influence consumer buying behaviour of motorcycles in Janakpurdham. The focus of the article is in the area of consumer behaviour that plays a vital role in making decisions to purchase any product. The main objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence buying behaviour of consumers to purchase motorcycles. In this study, the questionnaire method is used to collect data. The study has been done by non-probable convenient sampling method. The main finding of this study is that the male folk play a dominant role in influencing the purchase of motorcycles. Servicemen prefer motorcycles in comparison of professionals, businessmen and others. Income of consumer plays an important role in the consumer buying decision of motorcycles. Price is the most important factor that influences consumer buying behaviour followed by quality. Also promotion plays a major role in influencing the consumer buying behaviour. This study is important to understand the buying behaviour of consumers.

The Design of A Motorcycle Featuring Fully Independent Adjustability for Front Suspension and Steering Geometry

The paper presents a feasibility study for a prototype motorbike (bike in short) with an alternative front suspension. Novel features include the adjustability of steering axis inclination, front trail, and anti-dive effect i.e. the main parameters affecting rider feedback and perception as well as motorcycle behaviour. Although being based on the well-known double-wishbone layout, the system can be adjusted to replicate the geometry of a conventional fork as a baseline for experimental testing. Unlike similar concepts that can be found in literature the kinematics can be modified by means of straightforward adjustments that do not require complex disassembly. Independent adjustability is provided for each parameter. These innovative features enable a back-to-back comparison between significantly different settings, in order to explore a wide range of characteristics in terms of dynamic response, handling properties and rider’s perception with a single vehicle. The project is aimed at fostering knowledge on motorcycle dynamics within the research group and especially on rider feedback and subjective perception, somehow a neglected topic in current literature. It was undertaken under the form of a student educational project in mechanical engineering and named “F.A.B.” (Fully Adjustable Bike). The paper is mainly focused on front suspension kinematics; chassis design and related structural aspects are outlined as well.

Red light running motorcyclists at signalized intersection in Malaysia: An empirical study

This study investigates factors associated with red light running motorcycle (RLR-MC) behavior during their approach and crossing of signalized 3-leg and 4-leg intersections along majors in Malaysia. Twenty-seven (27) intersections with Pre-timed traffic light (PTTL) and Actuated traffic light (ATL) were selected and observed during peak and off peak hour period. In general, the average rate of RLR-MC was 3.61%, with the highest rate of RLR-MC recorded was 22%, while the lowest rate was 0.6%. Observations have shown three-ways of RLR-MC approached the signalized intersection, i.e. (1) approaching the SI with Weaving/Lane Splitting, (2) approaching the SI from center of the lane, and (3) approaching the SI from the left side/the shoulder. There are three ways RLR-MC crossing the signalized intersection, i.e. (1) by Illegal maneuver (i.e. Illegal U-turn, contra-flow, prohibited left-turn), (2) by stopping first at or before the stop line, and (3) without stopping before the stop line. ‘Crossing the SI without stopping at the stop line’ is the majority with 51.15% from total observation. It is recommended that SI with high RLR-MC be equipped with adequate traffic island, replace SI signal type to actuated traffic signal and installing traffic light pole instead of gantry.

STEREOTYPED LANGUAGE ABOUT WOMEN ON INTERNET MEMES OF MEME COMIC INDONESIA (A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis)

This study examined 21 (twenty one) Internet memes taken from instagram wall of Meme Comic Indonesia (MCI). This studies applied Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis promoted by Van Leeuwen which particularly in this study was the merger between Three Dimensional of Fairclough and Visual Grammatical of Kress and Van Leeuwen. The results of this study revealed five kinds of stereotyped language about women which are women’s personality traits, women’s cooking domestics behaviour, women’s physical appearances, women’s teaching occupation and women’s driving motorcycle behaviour which considered as new kind of stereotype about women. It is also revealed that the process of realization of stereotyped language about women is by seeing the context of the features used by the creator of the internet memes. The reasons of using stereotyped language about women as humour can be seen as critics and warning attemptions by the creator of the internet memes.Key words: Stereotyped Language about Women, internet memes, Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis

Motorcycle Movement Model Based on Markov Chain Process in Mixed Traffic

<p>Mixed traffic systems are dynamically complex since there are many parameters and variables that influence the interactions between the different kinds of vehicles. Modeling the behavior of vehicles, especially motorcycle which has erratic behavior is still being developed continuously, especially in developing countries which have heterogeneous traffic. To get a better understanding of motorcycle behavior, one can look at maneuvers performed by drivers. In this research, we tried to build a model of motorcycle movement which only focused on maneuver action to avoid the obstacle along with the trajectories using a Markov Chain approach. In Markov Chain, the maneuver of motorcycle will described by state transition. The state transition model is depend on probability function which will use for determine what action will be executed next. The maneuver of motorcycle using Markov Chain model was validated by comparing the analytical result with the naturalistic data, with similarity is calculated using MSE. In order to know how good our proposed method can describe the maneuver of motorcycle, we try to compare the MSE of the trajectory based on Markov Chain model with those using polynomial approach. The MSE results showed the performance of Markov Chain Model give the smallest MSE which 0.7666 about 0.24 better than 4th order polynomial.</p>

A Practical Approach for High Precision Reconstruction of a Motorcycle Trajectory Using a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor System.

Motorcycle drivers are considered among the most vulnerable road users, as attested by the number of crashes increasing every year. The significant part of the fatalities relates to “single vehicle” loss of control in bends. During this investigation, a system based on an instrumented multi-sensor platform and an algorithmic study was developed to accurately reconstruct motorcycle trajectories achieved when negotiating bends. This system is used by the French Gendarmerie in order to objectively evaluate and to examine the way riders take their bends in order to better train riders to adopt a safe trajectory and to improve road safety. Data required for the reconstruction are acquired using a motorcycle that has been fully instrumented (in VIROLO++ Project) with several redundant sensors (reference sensors and low-cost sensors) which measure the rider actions (roll, steering) and the motorcycle behavior (position, velocity, acceleration, odometry, heading, and attitude). The proposed solution allowed the reconstruction of motorcycle trajectories in bends with a high accuracy (equal to that of fixed point positioning). The developed algorithm will be used by the French Gendarmerie in order to objectively evaluate and examine the way riders negotiate bends. It will also be used for initial training and retraining in order to better train riders to learn and estimate a safe trajectory and to increase the safety, efficiency and comfort of motorcycle riders.

Motorcycle control-oriented dynamics modeling for accelerated maneuvers on slippy terrains

The paper presents a motorcycle dynamics model developed for testing and future model based controller designs for accelerated maneuvers on variable slip terrains. The dynamics is simplified, yet it captures real motorcycle behaviors when it accelerates and decelerates on a curvy trajectory and contact forces due to variable ground properties change and allow to generate slip. The tire - terrain model is based upon a simplified Pacejka model. The paper objective is not to obtain complex dynamical systems of equations like those required for high-fidelity simulations. Instead, the aim is to derive simple but reliable and manageable models that enable designing and implementing, and verifying control laws, as well as maintaining their capability to capture the main behaviors of real systems. The paper applies the adopted assumptions to develop the motorcycle model, and presents simulation tests for the motorcycle acceleration and deceleration during turn maneuvers, and during changes of the ground the vehicle moves on.

Speed–volume relationship and headway distribution analysis of motorcycle (case study: Teuku Nyak Arief Road)

In many developing countries, transportation modes are more varied than the other country. For example, in Jakarta, Indonesia, in some roadway, motorcycle is the most dominant vehicle, with total volume is four times higher than a passenger car. Thus, the traffic characteristic in motorcycle-dominated traffic differs from a common traffic situation. The purpose of this study is to apply the concept and theory developed to analyze motorcycle behaviour under motorcycle-dominated traffic condition. The survey is applied by recording the traffic flow movement of research location at specified time period. The macroscopic characteristic analyzed in this research is a speed-flow relationship based on motorcycle equivalent unit (MCU). Furthermore, a detail microscopic characteristic analyzed that is motorcycle time headway regarding traffic flow. MCU values computed were consists of motorcycle (MC), light vehicle (LV) and heavy vehicle (HV). Those values were calculated 1.00, 6.13 and 10.71 respectively. The speed and volume relationship result is showing a linear regression model with R2 value is 0.58, it can be explained that the correlation between two variables is intermediate. The headway distribution of motorcycle is compatible with the negative exponential distribution which fitted with the proposed theory for a small vehicle such as a motorcycle.

Influence of mathematical simplifications on the dynamic and energetic performance of an engine/motorcycle integrated model

Brazil is a major producer and consumer of motorcycles. In this context, the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Federal University of Pernambuco offers three two-wheeled courses: Studies on Bicycles and Motorcycles (45 h, graduate students), Propulsion of Bicycles and Motorcycles (45 h, graduate students), and Motorcycle Engineering (60 h, under graduate students). All of them present a greater or lesser mixture of general topics (e.g. accidents, culture, market, history) and technical ones (e.g., technology description and mathematical modeling). On those courses, the calculations are made using empirical correlations, commercial packages, and also simple methods, which, although quantitatively weaker, have both didactic and theoretical advantages, as they consider the essence of the phenomena and reveal the strongest relations between the variables. In this paper, we present an integrated engine/motorcycle simple model that permits the manipulation of parameters, such as the combustion time, heat losses, drag and inertial resistances, gear shifting and others. Those model parameters are then varied to study their influence on the motorcycle behavior. Manipulating this model, students learn that both engine and motorcycle inefficiencies have the same order of influence on motorcycle economy, ethanol is less volumetrically efficient than gasoline, the change of sprockets can increase the maximal speed while deteriorating the mean speed, and other interesting practical concepts. The success of the courses can be gauged by the students’ enrollment, by the professors’ evaluation by the students, class participation, and by the strong commitment of the students to the final projects. Other highly probable cause for the success is the motorcycle itself, always a passionate subject for young people in general, and mechanical engineers in particular.