Motorcycle Seat Research Articles

Pengelolaan Piutang Dagang Perusahaan

Accounts receivable is one of the important assets for a company. Effective management of accounts receivable can contribute to the company's financial success and reduce the risk of losses due to delinquent payments. The management of accounts receivable involves a series of activities that include determining credit policies, monitoring customers, effective collection, handling bad debts, and reporting, as well as the use of appropriate information systems. Companies need to have a clear credit policy to control customer credit risk. In addition, regular customer monitoring can help identify customers who have poor payment potential or are experiencing financial difficulties. PT Elegant Indonesia located at Jalan Lintang raya Kav F7 Sentul Industrial Estate, Bogor is a private company engaged in the automotive sector that sells products such as car seat covers, sofa covers, motorcycle seat covers, velvet carpets, and other car accessories. PT Elegant Indonesia's operational activities are carried out on credit. So that it will cause receivables and management of these receivables. Therefore controlling it is needed (SOP) so that it has a good impact on the company. The purpose of this study is to discuss the understanding, of the importance of managing accounts receivable. Keywords: Trade Receivables

Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorder in the Working Posture of Online Motorcycle Drivers (Case Study: Drivers at Malang District)

Variations in the dimensions of each type of motorcycle and variations in the anthropometry of the rider's body often cause complaints of discomfort in the body which can eventually lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of the driver's body point complaints using Nordic body maps, determine the improvement of body posture in terms of the risk level of the driver's musculoskeletal disorders using the integration of rapid upper limb assessment and rapid whole body assessment. The research methodology uses a sample of 30 respondents, with 3 types of motorcycles. Stages of data analysis using Nordic body maps, RULA, REBA and Body Mass Index. The results of the study stated that there were 7 points of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders with the role of repetitive static activities. The working posture condition of the integration of RULA and REBA is stated that there is an improvement in body posture in the dimensions of RULA and REBA with the achievement of the need for the role of changing the dimensions of the motorcycle seat and handlebar as a development to suppress the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Development of a high-powered Motorcycle Seat Discomfort Survey (MSDS): Traffic police motorcycle

High-powered motorcycles are commonly used as traffic police motorcycles worldwide. However, the seating discomfort for this type of motorcycles is less studied. Furthermore, there is no specific standardised questionnaire to evaluate the seating discomfort for high-powered motorcycles. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a high-powered motorcycles seating discomfort survey (MSDS) and evaluate its validity as well as reliability. Inputs from literature and key informants helped in establishing the appropriate terms used for each questionnaire item. Traffic police riders with no musculoskeletal disorders history and good physical condition participated in this study. Each participant was asked to rate their seat discomfort after a 20-min ride. The results indicate that this survey is reliable with a significant reliability coefficient of (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) and an internal consistency of (α > 0.75). As a result, this study successfully evaluated and identified the level of discomfort of a high-powered motorcycle seat among users using this MSDS which is statistically proven in its validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used as an ergonomic measuring tool to improve the discomfort of high-powered motorcycle seat.

PERBAIKAN RANCANGAN MEKANISME PENGUNCI KOTAK CETAKAN BUSA JOK SEPEDA MOTOR

UD Anugerah Mulia produces aftermarket motorcycle seat foam. The production process is carried out manually by pouring the dough into the mold and allowing it to expand so that it follows the shape of the mold. This PKM activity is focused on the problem of damage to the mold box lock that occurs quite often. If the lock is damaged the mold box cannot be used and must be replaced with another box, so there is a delay in replacing the mold box. The purpose of this PKM is to improve the design of the locking system to make it more reliable and easy to operate. The existing locking system requires the foot of the operator to open and lock the mold cover. The force due to these shocks is often too strong so that the locking components are broken or damaged. The method of implementing this community service activity is carried out through a survey at the PKM target location, namely the UD Anugerah Mulia workshop in Jatiraden Jatisampurna, Bekasi City. From the analysis of the solution search, it was found that the design of the locking system was improved using a pair of pneumatic cylinders. This system does not require an operator to lock and unlock so it is expected to be more durable and reliable.

Design and manufacture of a self-supporting racing motorcycle seat made on carbon fiber

This work presents the design and manufacture of the structural tail (subchassis+seat) of a racing motorbike which has participated in the MotoStudent 2016 edition, held in October 2016 on the Alca&ntilde;iz circuit, representing the University of Malaga. Two motorcycles were presented, one inside the Petrol category (4 stroke engine and 250 cc) and another one in the Electric category. It is a self-supporting structure that replaces the use of the traditional subchassis and seat, in order to save weight. As a material we selected a 2x2 twill carbon fabric 3K, 200 g/m2 and Resoltech 1070/1074 epoxy resin. The selected manufacturing process has been manual molding and vacuum bag. Taking into account the estimated fiber percentage, the properties of the elemental sheet of composite material have been estimated using micromechanical models. These properties have been implemented in the finite element program Patran-Nastran for the optimization of the part. Once it has been designed, a model of the part has been fabricated on MDF wood which has been used to manufacture the mold of the piece in fiberglass. The designed part was homologated by the organization of the competition. The developed part is 50% lighter that previous solution. The manufactured mold allows to produce more pieces with the consequent cost reduction.

Man with Motorcycle Injury

A 33-year-old man was brought in by the emergency medical services with testicular pain approximately 1 hour after a motorcycle crash. The patient described a rapid deceleration mechanism with blunt perineal trauma from the motorcycle seat. On physical examination, the patient was hemodynamically stable with only an isolated 3-cm left inferior hemiscrotal laceration with herniation of the tunica vaginalis (Figure 1). There was no blood at the meatus, and the patient was able to void urine.

Effectiveness of lumbar support with built-in massager system on spinal angle profiles among high-powered traffic police motorcycle riders: A randomised controlled trial.

Traffic police riders are exposed to prolonged static postures causing significant angular deviation of the musculoskeletal, including the lumbar angle (L1-L5). This postural alteration contributes to awkward posture, musculoskeletal disorders and spinal injury, especially in the lower back area, as it is one of the most severe modern diseases nowadays. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of lumbar support with a built-in massager system on spinal angle profiles among traffic police riders. A randomised controlled trial (pre-testpost-test control design) was used to assess spinal angle pattern while riding the high-powered motorcycle for 20 minutes. Twenty-four traffic police riders were randomly selected to participate and 12 riders were assigned to the control group and 12 riders to the experimental group. The pre-test and post-test were conducted at a one-week interval. Each participant was required to wear a TruPosture Smart Shirt (to monitor spinal posture). The TruPosture Apps recorded the spinal angle pattern. The data indicated that the police riders using motorcycle seat with lumbar support and built-in massager system showed a huge improvement in maintaining posture which only involves slight spinal angle deviation changes from the spinal reference angle throughout the 20 minutes ride. The data collected then were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed-ranked test to verify a statistically significant difference between and within the control and experimental groups. There were significant differences in all sensors between the control group and experimental groups (p<0.05) and within the experimental group. According to the findings, it can be said that the ergonomic intervention prototype (lumbar support with built-in massager system) successfully helps to maintain and improve the natural curve of the spinal posture. This indirectly would reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders and spinal injury among traffic police riders.

English

BACKGROUND A road traffic accident (RTA) is any injury due to crashes originating from, terminating with or involving a vehicle partially or fully on a public road. Increased mechanisation and improved socio-economic condition of the people in developing countries like India leads to increased use of motor vehicles, disproportionate to the increase in the number of roads. We wanted to assess the socio-demographic profile of road traffic accident victims and study the antecedent factors influencing the road traffic accidents. METHODS This is an institution based descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted among 114 patients. RESULTS Maximum numbers of the victims, 33.32 % (N = 38) were in the age group of 21-30 years followed by 26.31 % (N =30) in the age group of up to 20 years, mean age of the victims was 29.53 ± 13.85. Majority of the victims, 70.05 % (N = 80) were on motorcycles, and 26.32 % (N =30) of the victims were alcoholic at the time of accident. Majority of the victims, 92.86 % (78 out of 84), among the motor-cycle riders, four-wheeler drivers, and front seat passengers had not used any safety measures at the time of accident. CONCLUSIONS Road traffic accidents emerged as the major epidemic of non-communicable disease, holding a major share of mortality and morbidity data all over the world, majorly among the young productive portion of the population. It was evident from the study that the majority of victims were young adults, from lower socioeconomic background, and rural residents. So, lack of proper information and consciousness regarding road safety rules and measures are definitely the important aetiology behind this epidemic. Almost two third of the cases were among the bikers in the present study, which is pointing out the need of focusing on the road safety rules related to bikers by the road traffic authority. KEYWORDS Alcoholic Intoxication, Motor Vehicle, Road Traffic Accidents, Tertiary Care Centre

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF MOTORCYCLE SEAT FOR COMFORT USAGE

Motorcycle seats undeniably provides good comfort to motorcyclists but there are some that offers less affirmation on ushering comfort, whilst some even results in harm to users, resulting in back pains, neck, shoulders, and other parts of the body over prolonged riding periods. This research aims to investigate the discomforts faced by motorcyclist and the best seat concept based on an ergonomic design, fit for the masses through a subjective evaluation. A study that includes a survey was conducted to study the subjective assessment against the motorcycle seat comfort. The study is divided into two parts, where in part 1, the anthropometric data were collected from a total of 100 respondents, representing 88 males and 12 females. Mean from the anthropometric data was used for two new seat redesigns, designated Seat A and Seat B. For part 2, sets of questionnaire were distributed to 130 respondents to measure their perception of seat design A and design B. Based on the results produced, 86.2% respondents suffered discomforts while riding a motorcycle. Most suffered discomforts at particular body areas: lower back, buttock and shoulder, while no discomfort reported around leg, feet and thigh. Results also proved that current seat designs needed an improvement with a majority of respondents opting an added backrest and to increase surface around buttock area. Based on the evaluation of designs, Seat B was selected as a better option as compared to seat A in terms of comfort usage.

HIGH-POWERED POLICE MOTORCYCLE: MUSCLE DISCOMFORT AMONG MALAYSIAN TRAFFIC POLICE RIDERS

Discomfort due to riding a motorcycle is an issue that need to be addressed as it has long-term effects of musculoskeletal disorders on motorcyclists especially among occupational motorcyclist. Thus, this study was conducted to analyse the rating of muscle discomfort and correlation with the risk factors among traffic police riders. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 137 male traffic police riders (high-powered motorcycle) with the age between 20 to 39 years old. The 100-mm visual analogue scale questionnaire included ratings of perceived discomfort scales for 20 specific body regions was used in the study. The results indicate that the lower back (left and right) were the highest mean of discomfort which were 56.6 mm and 55.9 mm respectively. This followed with right (48.5±36.2 mm) and left (48.4±30.3 mm) upper back, and right hand (47.0±33.0 mm). The mean of overall discomfort ratings for all regions were more than 20 mm. Besides, there is a strong positive significant correlation between duration of ridings (hours) and overall discomfort ratings (p&lt;0.01, r=0.785) and moderate positive correlation between year of traffic police motorcycle riding experience and overall discomfort ratings (p&lt;0.01, r=0.410). As a conclusion, cumulative riding hours, riding experience and no support of the back area of the body in motorcycle seat, are the most concern in this study as this are the contributing factors to the muscle discomfort among traffic police riders while riding high-powered motorcycle. Thus, this study suggested an additional feature is needed in current motorcycle design in order to enhance comforts of traffic police riders. Also, it will improve the condition of traffic police riders’ discomfort and indirectly also improve their work and health performance as well as productivity.

Driving while impaired by alcohol: An analysis of drink-drivers involved in UK collisions

Objective: Drink-driving represents a critical issue on international organizations’ agendas as one of the key behavioral risk factors in road traffic safety, alongside speed and nonuse of motorcycle helmets, seat belts, and child restraints. Changing road user behaviors regarding these 5 factors is a critical component in reducing road traffic injuries and casualties. The objective of this study is the identification of drivers who are more likely to contribute to crashes in the UK while impaired by alcohol to design targeted drink drive compliance campaigns.Method: To profile drivers with the factor “impaired by alcohol” assigned in collisions, an extensive data set is used, including all reported injury collisions between 2011 and 2015 in the UK (police records), merged with the Experian Mosaic Database. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression is conducted, utilizing the hierarchical nature of the data (drivers within Mosaic types).Results: Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the finding is that some driver profiles are more likely to contribute to crashes and are assigned the contributory factor “impaired by alcohol.” Drink-related crashes are more common in some circumstances or for some crash-involved driver groups than others. For instance, alcohol-related crashes are more likely to occur on single carriageways and among males and 25- to 35-year-olds. Drink-drive-related crashes are found to be strongly associated with dark lighting conditions and, more specifically, with late night hours (the interval between 3:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m. accounts for a third of the drink-drive-related collisions). Using the Experian Mosaic Database which divides the UK population into 66 types based on demographic, lifestyle, and behavior characteristics, the finding is that, among crash-involved drivers, some Mosaic types are significantly more likely (e.g., pocket pensions, dependent greys, streetwise singles) and others are significantly less likely (e.g., crowded kaleidoscope, cultural comfort, penthouse chic) to contribute to a drink-related crash.Conclusions: The outcome is a more nuanced understanding of drivers contributing to drink-related crashes in the UK. The study concludes by discussing the implications for governments and other interested bodies for better targeting and delivery of public education campaigns and interventions.

Development and evaluation of advanced seat and helmet for safer motorcycle users

The purpose of this research is to develop the prototypes of advanced motorcycle seat and protective equipment of compulsory helmet wearing through experimental evaluation. In this prototype, suitable sensors for detecting pillion, strapping chin and wearing helmet of motorcycle users are integrated with the existing motorcycle and helmet. These sensors were developed and investigated through the experimental testing procedures. For the evaluation of pillion seat sensor, the hip of dummy hybrid III 50th percentile male was used with the discrete values of mass on the sliding machine at each position of pillion seat. To conduct the experimental evaluation of strapping chin and wearing helmet conditions, the EN960 european standard headform were used at each position. Consequently, the functional detective range of the developed prototypes are identified and specified at pillion seat, chin strap and helmet wearing conditions. Additionally, these results are planned to develop an advanced system for supporting motorcycle users and increasing awareness of injury reduction.

Prediction of Motorcycle Seat Styling Based on Grey Modelling (1,1)

Prediction of Motorcycle Seat Styling Based on Grey Modelling (1,1)

Development of a Seating Comfort Questionnaire for Motorcycles.

Objective The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid Motorcycle Seating Comfort Questionnaire (MSCQ). Background Motorcycle seat development is an iterative process based on subjective evaluations; however, there are no established subjective tools for evaluation of seating comfort. Research also suggests that seating comfort in motorcycles is poor and needs improvement. The development of a MSCQ therefore is an important step that can enable further research and aid in improving the design of motorcycle seats. Method The MSCQ is developed following guidelines available in literature and referring to established questionnaires for seating comfort in passenger cars. The MSCQ is further refined based on pilot studies and interviews with experts. The final version of the MSCQ is then statistically evaluated for reliability and validity. The reliability is evaluated using a test-retest protocol with 31 volunteers. The validity is evaluated by comparing the ratings of the MSCQ with that of the Category Partitioning Scale (CP50 scale). The validity test is carried out with 15 volunteers evaluating five motorcycles using both scales. Results The results show that the MSCQ is reliable with a significant test-retest reliability coefficient ( r = 0.72, p < .01, n = 31) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81, n = 31). The results also show that ratings of the MSCQ have a significant correlation ( r = -0.765, p < .05, n = 15) with that of CP50, establishing its validity. Conclusions A Motorcycle Seating Comfort Questionnaire is developed in this study with statistically established reliability and validity. Applications The MSCQ can be used as a tool for evaluation of seating comfort in motorcycles. The MSCQ can also form a basis for further research on motorcycle seating to develop prediction models and guidelines for the design of motorcycle seats.

Faster, and: Familial

Faster, and: Familial Kimberly Johnson (bio) Faster The first chariot race took place the day The second chariot Rolled from the wheelwright’s workshop. Spooked horses flared at the unfamiliar Wheel grind in gravel, The spoked hub’s squeal around its axle, The hitch pole’s sudden itch against the flanks. The drivers twitched Leathers and fidgeted their whips, Each eyeing sidelong his rival’s rig. What, In those unbreathing Heartbeats before the start, Did they brace to outrun? The nervy one In the next car? Or a steadier champion, Implacable, whose pace unslacking pressed Ever just behind, In hoofbeats and hot breath. The third charioteer slicked back his hair And greased his axle- Tree. The fourth affixed [End Page 91] Tailfins and a spoiler. Turbocharger. Turbine. The next And next, and every newest fangle surges Further toward that unreachable Where deathless On every tongue fame flutters Like a checkered flag. We charioteers Are only brief- Ly faster than our fears. Familial Automatic, planless, My father startled from his roadside piss Kicks gun to shoulder cranks shell to chamber Knocks the buck down, His jeans bag at his ankles. My orange plastic vest crackles in the wind. I am ten. We are ten miles out from camp, Dirt bike half slung off the mud-rutted road While at our feet The unintended four-point Sinks into the redly melting snow. Masterly Our butchery: Quick jugulation, bloodless slice [End Page 92] Down the center line as I hold the hind legs wide, The tugs that empty Throat and heart, guts and sex Onto the ground for coyotes. Like lords I think Our progress Back to camp, the carcass Upright on the motorcycle seat, hooves Roped to pedal And handlebar, head half severed Lolling antlers back onto my father’s shoulder While I, snugged Into its vertical gash, throttle Down the mountain. I am red-handed, wind-raw And triumphal. I am my father’s son. [End Page 93] Kimberly Johnson Kimberly Johnson’s most recent collection of poems is Uncommon Prayer (Persea Books). Recipient of fellowships and awards from the Guggenheim Foundation and the nea, Johnson is co-editor of Before the Door of God: An Anthology of Devotional Poetry (Yale up). Copyright © 2016 University of Nebraska Press

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEW MODEL OF MOTORCYCLE SEAT WITH BUILT-IN LUMBAR SUPPORT

Motorcycle is getting significant attention as it is already and will be an important mode of transport in the future. However, motorcycle is a hazardous type of vehicle mode and therefore requires more efforts to enhance their safety and comfort level. As compared to car drivers, motorcyclists are more exposed to sitting hazards during the riding process. Due to increased exposures to seated postures, sitting comfort has become an important issue that demands adequate ergonomic interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of new model of motorcycle seat with lumbar support aimed at reducing muscle discomfort among male motorcyclists. This study was conducted among male motorcyclists at University Putra Malaysia (UPM). 94 subjects were participated, with 47 subjects for each control and experimental group. Each subject was asked to sit for 2 hours on motorcycle in two different sessions. At every 15 minutes interval, subjects were required to evaluate their discomfort level on Borg’s scale CR-10 questionnaire. Results in this study found that lumbar support (prototype) shows a significant effect towards certain body parts particularly on the neck, shoulder, upper back, arms and also lower back. However, there were no significant effect were found on the buttock, thigh, knee, calf and ankles. In conclusion, this new model of motorcycle seat with lumbar support can help to reduce discomfort level towards motorcyclists especially during prolonged riding process.

Child Motorcycle Pillion Rider Anthropometric Measurement

In Malaysia, wheremotorcycles are often used as a family vehicle, children tend to travel as pillion riders at an early age, most commonly sat in front of the rider, either on the fuel tank or in the carrying basket, or alternatively behind the rider. This study aims to determine the possible mismatches between individual lower limb dimensions of Malaysian primary students and motorcycle pillion seat. An anthropometric survey was carried out on a sample of male and female school children aged 7-9 years (N=233), to elucidate on the anthropometric parameters of Malaysian children. A set of seen body dimensions covering most of the lower extremity, relevant to the design of riding pillion on a motorcycle were considered. Additionally, an investigation of foot-foot peg gap and knee opening length on a static motorcycle test rig was also measured. There is a significant vertical difference between child pillion riders’ feet relative to motorcycle foot pegs. The maximum height of students who were not able to reach the foot pegs was 1263 mm with a mean of 1137 mm, which is similar with student volunteers’ age 7 years old (mean = 1160 mm). Stature influences the centre of gravity and stability of motorcycle, especially during cornering. This anthropometric analysis could be used to design ergonomic-oriented motorcycles which will not only suit the small stature of child pillion riders, but also improve the level of comfort.

Optimization of processing parameters for minimizing warpage of large thin-walled parts in whole stages of injection molding

This study investigated total warpage of a type of motorcycle seat support made of polypropylene (PP) during the entire process of injection molding and free-cooling after demolding. Finite element modeling (FEM) analysis for injection molding and its associated thermal deformation was carried out in the study. The effects of processing parameters on warpage occurring in different stages were analyzed by Taguchi optimization method. It was found that packing pressure is the major factor that affects warpage in the injection stage, whereas cooling time is the major factor in free-cooling stage. From an overall evaluation, melt temperature affects the total warpage most, followed by cooling time, packing pressure, packing time and mold temperature. The result proved that optimum parameters for minimizing final warpage of the injected parts can be obtained only when the deformation in the entire manufacturing process is addressed in both molding and demolding stages.

Deformation of Seat Support during Free-Cooling after Ejection

The deformation of an injection-molded part of a motorcycle seat support during the free-cooling stage after ejection was studied by an experimental and numerical method. Numerical analysis of heat transfer based on the uneven temperature distribution measured in the seat support was employed to re-construct the initial temperature field of the part. The temperature field was then introduced into the FEM codes to calculate the deformation of the ejected part due to thermal-stress during the free-cooling stage. It was found that the high and uneven temperature distribution of the part leads to an uneven shrinkage during cooling after ejection, which is primarily responsible for the warpage of the part.

Body-fitting customisation of motorcycle seats: an investigation of consumer requirements

This paper discusses the results of an investigation into the customisation of motorcycle seats. Results showed that the majority of motorcyclists felt discomfort during long distance travelling and that a customised motorcycle seat that exactly fits to the body geometry appeals to the majority of motorcyclists surveyed. Motorcyclists are willing to pay a premium for the customised seat and even wait a longer time for the customised product. The important factors motorcyclists considered when acquiring customised seats include effectiveness, quality/reliability, wellbeing and injury prevention. Although there are some motorcyclists who prefer aesthetic customisation, most motorcyclists value functionality and wellbeing above all these. Additionally, not only do the motorcyclists want customised seats for their bike, they are interested in having other parts of the motorcycle customised too.