Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents Research Articles

Comprehensive Analysis of Fatal Road Accidents: Patterns and Characteristics of Injuries in a Forensic Medicine Setting

An accident is an occurrence that takes place suddenly, unexpectedly and unintentionally, often arising from unforeseen circumstances. Road traffic injuries (RTA/RTI) resulting in death, especially Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents (MVTA), have been recognized as a concealed epidemic with global impact, affecting every segment of society. This study has been conducted at a tertiary care hospital, aimed to identify different patterns and distributions of injuries, with the goal of devising preventive measures for the future.

Exploring General Personal Tort Issues Between Spouses in China A Perspective on Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents

With the increasing awareness of individual rights and independence, there is a growing popularity in the concept of citizens personal independence. Consequently, general personal tort disputes between spouses are on the rise, with motor vehicle traffic accidents serving as a typical example. This article explores the general personal tort liability between husbands and wives in China from this perspective. Using the fundamental logic of "problem identification, analysis, and solution finding," it compiles general personal tort cases between spouses in motor vehicle traffic accidents from recent years, examines the current state of domestic and international research, and presents judicial controversies regarding the application of the law, the determination of tort liability, and the realization of damages in such cases. The primary research methods employed are case analysis, literature research, and comparative analysis. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that previous judgments, legal improvements, and traditional views have influenced the application of the law. The determination of tort liability has not yet established a unified standard, and the property system of husbands and wives poses an obstacle to the realization of damages, which is the primary reason for differing judgments in similar cases. Consequently, it is recommended that the application of the law follow the sequence of the Road Traffic Safety Law, Tort Liability section, Personality Rights section, and General Provisions section to determine whether it constitutes general personal tort liability between spouses in motor vehicle traffic accidents in China. Additionally, clarifying the existing legal norms of matrimonial property can eliminate certain obstacles to realizing damages. The objective of this article is to provide practical guidance for judicial practice, ensure that remedies for the rights of the tortfeasor are achievable, and enrich theoretical research outcomes.

Research on Compensation for Vehicle Depreciation Losses in Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in Sichuan Province—Analysis Based on 100 Judgements

Research on Compensation for Vehicle Depreciation Losses in Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in Sichuan Province—Analysis Based on 100 Judgements

Outcome Analysis in Ipsilateral Proximal Femur and Shaft Fractures Treated by Intramedullary Nail and Plate Combinations: A Comparative Study

Abstract Introduction: Ipsilateral neck and shaft fractures of femur are not common. They result from high-energy trauma mechanisms, including motor vehicle traffic accidents and falls from heights. Surgical stabilization of such fractures remains a challenge. This study was planned to compare reconstruction-type intramedullary nailing and various plate combinations on the fracture healing and functional outcome in patients with these fractures. Aim: The aim was to study and compare the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of ipsilateral proximal femur and femoral shaft fractures treated by two methods nailing/plating. Subjects and Methods: We included 20 patients admitted from March 2020 to September 2020 to assess the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of ipsilateral proximal femur fractures associated with femoral shaft fractures, treated either by intramedullary nailing or by various plate combinations at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu. Statistical Analysis Used: Continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation, and the significance between their mean variables was analyzed using t-test. Results: We found that ipsilateral proximal femur and femoral shaft fractures are common in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th decades of life. There was a statistical significance in mean duration of surgery in nailing group 140.00 ± 24 compared with plating group 158.00 ± 18.7. In terms of average union time for proximal femur and femoral shaft fractures, age of the patient, delay in duration of surgery, and outcome results of both groups were similar and showed no statistical significance. Conclusion: Both treatment methods achieve satisfactory functional outcomes in patients with ipsilateral proximal femur and shaft fractures.

Trend analysis and prediction of injury death in Xi’an city, China, 2005-2020

BackgroundInjury is an important cause of death in China. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and trends of injury death in Xi’an residents from 2005 to 2020.MethodsData on injury deaths from 2005 to 2020 were obtained from the “Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention”, injury deaths were classified according to the International Classification Disease-10th Revision (ICD-10). The data were stratified by gender, age groups, injury types, and then overall and type-specific injury mortality rates were estimated. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to estimate annual percent change (APC). The grey interval predicting method was used to predict the future characteristics of injury deaths in Xi’an city.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2020, injury caused 32,596 deaths (5.79% of all deaths; 35.71/100000 population). Injury mortality rates were higher among males than females. Motor vehicle traffic accidents were the commonest injury type. The highest injury mortality rates were in those aged 85 years or older. Overall, Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that injury mortality had significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing trends. GM (1,1) model estimated that injury mortality will be on a declining curve.ConclusionsMotor vehicle traffic accidents, transport accidents other than motor vehicles, unintentional falls, suicide, and accidental poisoning are the main causes of injury. The injury death rate is projected to decline over the next decade.

Accident Liability Determination of Autonomous Driving Systems Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology and Its Impact on Public Mental Health.

With the rise of self-driving technology research, the establishment of a scientific and perfect legal restraint and supervision system for self-driving vehicles has been gradually paid attention to. The determination of tort liability subject of traffic accidents of self-driving cars is different from that of ordinary motor vehicle traffic accident tort, which challenges the application of traditional fault liability and product liability. The tort issue of self-driving cars should be discussed by distinguishing two kinds of situations: assisted driving cars and highly automated driving, and typological analysis of each situation is needed. When the car is in the assisted driving mode, the accident occurs due to the quality defect or product damage of the self-driving car, and there is no other fault cause; then, the producer and seller of the car should bear the product liability according to the no-fault principle; if the driver has a subjective fault and fails to exercise a high degree of care; the owner and user of the car should bear the fault liability. This paper analyzes the study of the impact of autonomous driving public on public psychological health, summarizes the key factors affecting the public acceptance of autonomous driving, and dissects its impact on public psychological acceptance. In order to fully study the responsibility determination of autonomous driving system accidents and their impact on public psychological health, this paper proposes an autonomous driving risk prediction model based on artificial intelligence technology, combined with a complex intelligent traffic environment vehicle autonomous driving risk prediction method, to complete the risk target detection. The experimental results in the relevant dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Investigation on occupational injury of sanitation workers in Shenzhen City

Objective: To understand the occurrence of occupational injuries among sanitation workers in Shenzhen, and provide a scientific basis for the prevention of occupational injuries among sanitation workers. Methods: From May to November 2020, a cluster sampling method was used to select some street sanitation workers in Shenzhen to conduct a questionnaire survey. A total of 2200 questionnaires were recovered, of which 2167 were valid (98.5% effective recovery rate) . The socio-demographic data, length of service, type of work and occurrence of occupational injuries of sanitation workers were collected, and the distribution characteristics of occupational injuries and their relationship with factors such as type of work were analyzed. Results: Among the 2167 sanitation workers, 240 (11.1%) had experienced occupational injuries. The most common occupational injuries among sanitation workers were sharp injury, heat stroke and motor vehicle traffic accident, with the incidence rates of 6.1% (133/2167) , 2.4% (53/2167) and 1.7% (36/2167) respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of occupational injuries among sanitation workers with different lengths of work and types of work (P<0.05) . The incidence of occupational injury among sanitation workers with more than 5 years of service was significantly higher than that of workers with less than 5 years of service (P<0.05) . The incidence of sharp injury among garbage sorting and transportation personnel was higher (7.9%, 21/265) , the incidence of heat stroke among manual cleaners was higher (3.1%, 42/1366) , and the incidence of motor vehicle traffic accident among mechanized cleaners was higher (5.4%, 10/184) . Conclusion: There are many cases of occupational injuries among sanitation workers in Shenzhen. Targeted measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of different types of work and different types of occupational injuries, and to improve the occupational health level of sanitation workers.

Research on Tort liability of Traffic Accidents of Self-Driving Vehicles

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the tort of self-driving car challenges the current traffic accident liability based on driver's fault. It can be considered to construct the applicable rules of "motor vehicle traffic accident liability and product liability" according to the intelligent grade of autopilot system. In the conditional and highly autopilot stage, according to the fault identification standard of "integration of human and vehicle", the producers and drivers bear joint and several liability externally, and bear proportional liability internally according to various reasons.

Analysis of traffic accidents with fuzzy and crisp data mining techniques to identify factors affecting injury severity

Injury severity in motor vehicle traffic accidents is determined by a number of factors including driver, vehicle, and environment. Airbag deployment, vehicle speed, manner of collusion, atmospheric and light conditions, degree of ejection of occupant’s body from the crash, the use of equipment or other forces to re-move occupants from the vehicle, model and type of vehicle have been considered as important risk factors affecting accident severity as well as driver-related conditions such as age, gender, seatbelt use, alcohol and drug involvement. In this study, we aim to identify important variables that contribute to injury severity in the traffic crashes. A contemporary dataset is obtained from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). To identify accident severity groups, we performed different clustering algorithms including fuzzy clustering. We then assessed the important factors affecting injury severity by using classification and regression trees (CRT). The results which would guide car manufacturers, policy makers and insurance companies indicate that the most important factor in defining injury severity is deployment of air-bag, followed by extrication, ejection occurrences, and travel speed and alcohol involvement.

Application of Correspondence Analysis in the Analysis of Accidental Death of Chinese Residents

Objective To study the preference relation between residence, sex, age and causes of accidental death of Chinese residents. Methods In this study, 72 residence-sex-age groups and 8 causes of accidental death were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by correspondence analysis using the official statistical yearbook issued from 2014 to 2018, and the preference values were calculated. Results Among the 576 pairs of correspondences between the residence-sex-age groups and causes of accidental death, 352 pairs （61.11%） showed a preference relation （preference value>0）. In terms of residence and sex, accidental death preference among Chinese residents was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and males were higher than females. In terms of the causes of accidental death, the overall risk of accidental mechanical asphyxia and motor vehicle accidents was the highest among all age groups of Chinese residents. In terms of age, with the increase of age, the preference value of accidental death of Chinese residents showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The comparative analysis results of the preference values of various causes of accidental death in different age groups showed that motor vehicle traffic accidents, accidental poisoning, death by crush and electric shock were more likely to occur in the working age group between 20 and 59 years old, accidental fall and fire were more likely to occur in the elderly group over 80 years old, and drowning and accidental mechanical asphyxia were more likely to occur in the minor group between 1 and 19 years old. Conclusion There are different preference relations between residence-sex-age groups and causes of accidental death in China. Therefore, effective control strategies and measures should be formulated for Chinese residents with preference for accidental death.

Association of Subconjunctival Hemorrhage and Development of Autoimmune Diseases in Taiwan

Background : This study investigated the correlation between a history of subconjunctival hemorrhages (SCH) and risk of systemic autoimmune diseases. Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study by our national insurance database. The study cohort comprised 16641 patients with incident SCH diagnosed by ophthalmologists between 2000 and 2012 and 16641 propensity score matched non-SCH comparison cohort by demographic characteristics and comorbidities. All study individuals were followed up until they developed systemic autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis , or dermatomyositis, withdraw from the insurance program, were lost to follow-up, or until the end of 2013. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze the risk of autoimmune diseases with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the NTS and comparison cohort. We also implemented a negative outcome control (motor vehicle traffic accident) to detect residual confounding. Results: 2,345 of all 33,282 patients developed autoimmune diseases during a 247,995 follow up person-years. The adjusted HRs (95% CI) of autoimmune diseases for SCH patients relative to controls was 1.61 (1.48, 1.75) after adjusting sex, age comorbidities and. (p<0.0001). The subgroup analysis indicated that there was a significantly different risk of autoimmune diseases among age subgroups (p for interaction =0.0464) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (p for interaction =0.0298). Conclusions: This nationwide cohort study of 16641 patients with subconjunctival hemorrhages (SCH) and 16641 matched non-SCH comparison cohort revealed SCH was associated with 1.61 fold risk of subsequent systemic autoimmune diseases . Age and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease acted as effect modifiers Funding Information: This work was supported by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center (MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133004), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10701010021). Declaration of Interests: All of the authors declared no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The Research Ethics Committee of China Medical University and Hospital in Taiwan approved the study (CMUH104-REC2-115(AR-4)).

A Consolidated Database of Police-Reported Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in the United States for Actuarial Applications

A Consolidated Database of Police-Reported Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in the United States for Actuarial Applications

Traumatic dental injures on maxillary incisors and its sequelae after 22-years follow-up: a case report

Avulsion of a permanent tooth is a serious condition and a true dental emergency that can be associated with other traumatic injuries. In addition, in reimplanted avulsed teeth, ankylosis and external replacement resorption (ERR) are two typical biological responses, with long-term progression and outcome associated with the patient's growth stage. The purpose of this report is to present the long-term outcome of an 18-year-old patient who was the victim of a motor vehicle traffic accident that resulted in traumatic injury to the maxillary incisors, including an avulsed central incisor with extensive external replacement resorption (tooth 11). Twenty-two years later, due to the continuous effect of the ERR process on the reimplanted tooth and favorable bone weight, it was decided to perform rehabilitation with immediate guided implant by a simplified method (KEA-TECH system). In young patients, the decision to maintain the tooth even under unfavorable conditions may delay rehabilitation with implants.

Inhomogeneous higher-order summary statistics for point processes on linear networks

As a workaround for the lack of transitive transformations on linear network structures, which are required to consider different notions of distributional invariance, including stationarity, we introduce the notions of pseudostationarity and intensity reweighted moment pseudostationarity for point processes on linear networks. Moreover, using arbitrary so-called regular linear network distances, e.g. the Euclidean and the shortest-path distance, we further propose geometrically corrected versions of different higher-order summary statistics, including the inhomogeneous empty space function, the inhomogeneous nearest neighbour distance distribution function and the inhomogeneous J-function. Such summary statistics detect interactions of order higher than two. We also discuss their nonparametric estimators and through a simulation study, considering models with different types of spatial interaction and different networks, we study the performance of our proposed summary statistics by means of envelopes. Our summary statistic estimators manage to capture clustering, regularity as well as Poisson process independence. Finally, we make use of our new summary statistics to analyse two different datasets: motor vehicle traffic accidents and spiderwebs.

An Analysis of Macro Effects of Drunk Driving Penalty on Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in China

The effects of the law to punish drunk driving after coming into force in China can be seen in some media reports, while academic statistical analysis and evaluation are rare. In this study, the intervention analysis model of the law was constructed, by which the data of the number of motor vehicle accidents per 10,000 people in China, the number of injuries per 10,000 people and the number of deaths per 10,000 people were fitted, the macro effects of “drunk driving in punishment” on motor vehicle accidents in China were analyzed. The results showed that “drunk driving penalty” did not change the trend of motor vehicle accidents in China statistically.

Is changing the minimum legal drinking age an effective policy tool?

In year 1991, regional governments in Spain started a period of implementation of a law that rose the minimum legal drinking age from 16 to 18years old. To evaluate the effects of this change on the consumption of legal drugs and its related morbidity outcomes, we construct a regional panel dataset on alcohol consumption and hospital entry registers and compare variation in several measures of prevalence between the treatment group (16-18years old) and the control group (20-22years old). Our findings show important differences by gender. Our main result regarding overall drinking prevalence shows a reduction of -21.37% for the subsample that includes males and females altogether. This effect on drinking is mainly driven by a reduction of -44.43% in mixed drinks and/or liquors drinking prevalence corresponding to the subsample of males. No causal effects regarding overall smoking prevalence and hospitalizations due to alcohol overdose or motor vehicle traffic accidents were found. To our knowledge, this is the first paper providing evidence on gender-based differences to policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption. Our results have important policy implications for countries currently considering changes in the minimum legal drinking age.

Patient Characteristics and Causes of Facial Fractures in the State of California

Each year, more than 400,000 emergency department (ED) visits in the United States are due to facial fractures. To inform targeted interventions to prevent facial fractures, the purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with causes of facial fractures in California. The 2005 to 2011 California State Emergency Department Database was used for this cross-sectional study. The study population was composed of all ED visits for facial fractures. The primary outcome was cause of injury: fall, firearm injury, motor vehicle traffic accident, pedal cycle accident, pedestrian accident, transport accident, and assault. Predictor variables included patient characteristics, such as age, gender, insurance type, and race and ethnicity. Multivariable logistic regression models were used. There were 198,870 ED visits for facial fractures from 2005 to 2011. The patients' average age was 35.7years. Most ED visits were by male patients (71%), privately insured patients (35%), and white patients (52%). Approximately 65% of visits were on weekdays and 93% were routinely discharged. Closed fractures of nasal bones, other facial bones, orbital floor, malar and maxillary bones, and mandible were the most prevalent (91%) facial fractures. Assaults (44%), falls (24%), and motor vehicle traffic crashes (6%) were the top 3 causes of facial fractures. Elderly patients (odds ratio [OR]=6.17), female patients (OR=2.25), and Medicare enrollees (OR=1.51) were statistically more likely to have fall-related fractures than patients 45 to 64years old, male patients, and privately insured patients. Blacks (OR=0.46) and micropolitan residents (OR=0.76) were statistically less likely to have fall-related fractures than whites and metropolitan residents. Violence among youth and falls among the elderly are predominant causes of facial fractures. The uninsured contribute to more than one fourth of ED visits for facial fractures. Interventions targeted at these population groups can curb the prevalence of these fractures.

Resample-smoothing of Voronoi intensity estimators

Voronoi estimators are non-parametric and adaptive estimators of the intensity of a point process. The intensity estimate at a given location is equal to the reciprocal of the size of the Voronoi/Dirichlet cell containing that location. Their major drawback is that they tend to paradoxically under-smooth the data in regions where the point density of the observed point pattern is high, and over-smooth where the point density is low. To remedy this behaviour, we propose to apply an additional smoothing operation to the Voronoi estimator, based on resampling the point pattern by independent random thinning. Through a simulation study we show that our resample-smoothing technique improves the estimation substantially. In addition, we study statistical properties such as unbiasedness and variance, and propose a rule-of-thumb and a data-driven cross-validation approach to choose the amount of smoothing to apply. Finally we apply our proposed intensity estimation scheme to two datasets: locations of pine saplings (planar point pattern) and motor vehicle traffic accidents (linear network point pattern).

The influence of certain factors on the specific features of the injuries inflicted to the children involved in the motor vehicle traffic accidents

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the influence of the age of the child, its location in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, and the application of the safety seat belts on the frequency of the injuries inflicted to the children involved in the motor vehicle traffic accidents. The analysis of the relevant clinical materials has demonstrated the non-uniform influence of the factors being evaluated on the specific features of the injuries to the different parts of the children's body. The age of the child was found to have the most pronounced effect on the character of the injuries. Direct correlation was documented between the age and the frequency and severity of the injuries to the body and bone of the lower legs whereas the frequency and severity of the fractures of the femoral bones as well as of the craniocerebral traumas showed inverse correlation with the age. The bones of the upper arm and the forearm are most frequently fractured in the 3-6-year-old children. The location of the child in the passenger compartment at the moment of the accident also influences the character of the injury. The front seat passengers most frequently suffer the severe injuries to the head and the fractures of the lower extremities. The injuries to the body and the fractures of the upper extremities occur more frequently in the children occupying the back seats. Fixation of the children with the safety belts is an important factor having the influence on the frequency and severity of the injuries caused to the body and the lower extremities in the children in the passenger compartment of a car. The absence of fixation increases the occurrence of injuries to the internal organs of the chest and abdominal cavities and of the fractures of the thoracic and pelvic bones. Moreover, the frequency of fractures of the femoral, mid- and lower leg bones increases.

Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction During Motor Vehicle Accident Related Hospitalizations

Data on Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA) associated acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) are scares. We aimed to examine the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of AMI among patients admitted with MVA. Patients hospitalized with Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents (ICD-9-CM codes e810-e819) in 2003 to 2014 were identified in the national inpatient sample. The primary end point was crude and risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality in patients with and without AMI. Secondary end-points were major morbidities, and resource utilization metrics. A total of 573,717 patients were hospitalized after MVAs in 2003 to 2014, of whom 2,793 (0.5%) suffered an AMI (26% STEMI and 74% NSTEMI). Patients who suffered AMI were older, and had higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, renal insufficiency, and vascular disease. In the AMI group, angiography was performed in 26.7%, and among those, 42.2% received percutaneous intervention and 9.2% underwent coronary artery bypass surgery during the same admission. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with AMI compared with patients without MI (21.7% vs 2.7%, p <0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, race, co-morbidities, and hospital characteristics, AMI remained associated with significantly higher mortality (adjusted overall [OR] 6.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.98 to 6.57, p< 0.001). Patients with AMI had higher incidences of cardiac arrest (11.9% vs 0.7%, p <0.001), new dialysis (2.2% vs 0.1%, p <0.001), and stroke (4.1% vs 0.5%, p <0.001). They also had longer hospitalizations (12 ± 17 vs 6 ± 10 days, p <0.001), higher cost ($48046 ± 56316 vs $20820 ± 31758, p <0.001), and higher rates of nonhome discharges (55.5% vs 15.4%, p <0.001). In conclusion: AMI in patients admitted with MVA is uncommon but is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost.