Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

Microscopic characteristics and sources of atmospheric dustfall in open-pit mining coal resource-based city in the arid desert area of Northwest China

Atmospheric dustfall is solid air pollutant, has a major impact on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the microscopic characteristics and sources of atmospheric dustfall in open-pit mining coal resource-based city in the arid desert area of Northwest China. The characteristics of size and shape factors, variation of shape factors with size distribution, types of individual particles, and sources of atmospheric dustfall, which were collected in the open-pit mining area and surrounding areas, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) combined with graphical method and shape factors. The results showed that the atmospheric dustfall in all functional areas was dominated by coarse-grained particles. The shape of the atmospheric dustfall deviated from spherical shape, and with decreasing particle size, the difference in shape factors increased in each functional area. The EDS and XRD analyses indicated the presence of 13 types of particles. The sources were mainly local and included soil dust from each functional area; industrial dust, construction dust, biogenic impurities, fossil fuel combustion, wear products of motor vehicle parts, motor vehicle exhaust emissions, and emission and excreta from biological activities in each functional area except the desert area; emissions from a steel plant in the industrial area; coal-associated ore, coal dust, coal gangue emissions, and emissions from the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue in the open-pit mining area; secondary chemical crystallization products in the industrial area and the open-pit mining area; dust generated by vehicles abrading the surface of the off-mine coal road and in the open-pit mining area.

Exhaust Emission Control in Sport Motorcycles: A Comparison of Catalytic Converters with Alternative Metal Materials

In this modern era, motor vehicles have brought significant changes in human life. Faster and more efficient mobility has increased connectivity between regions, supported economic growth, and improved quality of life. However, increased mobility also means an increase in vehicle exhaust emissions, which contribute to climate change and air pollution. One effective technology for controlling exhaust emissions is the use of catalytic converters. Metal catalytic converters, such as copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper, have been researched as more affordable and effective catalyst alternatives. This research aims to analyze the optimal design of exhaust systems with catalytic converters among three types of alternative materials (copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper) as well as standard exhaust systems without catalysts (STD NC) and standard platinum group metal exhaust systems (STD PGM) in maximizing the reduction of motor vehicle exhaust emissions. An experimental research design was used by utilizing a 2015 Yamaha Vixion Lightning as the research object. Catalytic converters were prepared with specific specifications to ensure consistency and accuracy in measurements. CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbons), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and O2 (oxygen) emissions were analyzed using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer. The research results indicate that the CuCr sample exhibits excellent performance in reducing CO and HC emissions. The CuCr sample has an average CO emission of 4.09% Vol with a standard deviation of 1.46, demonstrating good consistency in CO emissions. Meanwhile, the average HC emissions from the CuCr sample are 320 ppmVol with a standard deviation of 106, indicating good consistency in HC emissions. All samples meet the emission standards set by the government, except for the STD NC sample, which exceeds the CO emission threshold.

Research on the driving characteristics of motor vehicles in high-altitude areas for the analysis of exhaust emission characteristics

Research on the driving characteristics of motor vehicles at different altitudes in plateau regions and road emission intensity can provide technical support for energy conservation and emission reduction policies in plateau areas. This paper selects gasoline and diesel vehicles for on-board testing on typical road sections in plateau regions to study the overall driving characteristics of motor vehicles and the driving characteristics at different altitude intervals in plateau areas. The results show that with the increase in altitude, the driving conditions gradually concentrate towards ’high speed, low acceleration.’ The relevant conclusions can further study and analyze the distribution patterns of pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust emissions and road emission intensity.

Characterization of photochemical losses of volatile organic compounds and their implications for ozone formation potential and source apportionment during summer in suburban Jinan, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) undergo substantial photochemical losses during their transport from emission sources to receptor sites, resulting in serious implications for their source apportionment and ozone (O3) formation. Based on the continuous measurements of VOCs in suburban Jinan in August 2022, the effects of photochemical losses on VOC source contributions and O3 formation were evaluated in this study. The observed and initial concentrations of total VOCs (TVOC) were 12.0 ± 5.1 and 16.0 ± 7.4 ppbv, respectively. Throughout the observation period, alkenes had the most prominent photochemical losses (58.2%), followed by aromatic hydrocarbons (23.1%), accounting for 80.6% and 6.9% of the total losses, respectively. During high O3 episodes, the photochemical loss of VOCs was 6.9 times higher than that during the cleaning period. Alkene losses (exceeding 67.3%), specifically losses of isoprene, propylene, ethylene, and n-butene, dominated the total losses of VOCs during the O3 increase period. Eight sources of VOCs were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on the observed and initial concentration data (OC-PMF and IC-PMF, respectively). Concentrations of all emission sources in the OC-PMF were underestimated by 2.4%–57.1%. Moreover, the contribution of each emission source was over- or underestimated compared with that in case of the IC-PMF. The contributions of biogenic and motor vehicle exhaust emissions were underestimated by 5.3 and 2.8 percentage points, respectively, which was associated with substantial oxidation of the emitted high-reactive species. The contributions of coal/biomass burning and natural gas were overestimated by 2.4 and 3.9 percentage points, respectively, which were related to the emission of low-reactive species (acetylene, ethane, and propane). Based on our results, the photochemical losses of VOCs grossly affect their source apportionment and O3 formation. Thus, photochemical losses of VOCs must be thoroughly accounted to establish a precise scientific foundation for air-pollution control strategies.

Periodic intermittent cruise control: An innovative approach for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in road traffic systems

Motor vehicle exhaust emission has become an important source of global atmospheric emissions, and the urgency of protection and management of this issues has become increasingly prominent. The cooperative control strategy of road vehicles can comprehensively manage the individual vehicles from the whole perspective, which is a powerful means to achieve the goal of dual carbon goal. In the preliminary stage of the IoV, limited communication bandwidth increases the difficulty of designing the above cooperative cruise control scheme. To solve this problem, we designed a new novel periodic intermittent cruise controller to track and assess the real-time operating status and relevant environmental indicators of road vehicles. Compared with the previous continuous controller, the proposed controller subdivides the time domain into each sub-period, and the controller is activated merely during the working time interval of each period, which can effectively reduce the control cost. Besides, when the leading vehicle state changes, the following vehicle can quickly respond to the above adjustment and track the leading vehicles with the new desired speed and headway, thereby reduce the duration time and amplitude of road vehicle state oscillation. Based on the Lyapunov-like function method, the sufficient condition for the existence of designed periodically intermittent cruise controller is given, which guarantees that the closed-loop error dynamic system is satisfies exponential stable, and the controller gain coefficients in proposed control protocol can be obtained via solving a set of linear matrix inequalities with some commercial software built-in toolbox. At last, based on the VT-Microenvironment experiment evaluation model, we have carried out some numerical simulation experiments, and the results show that the periodic intermittent cruise control protocol is feasible in improving vehicle safety tracking performance, and remain valid in reducing energy consumption and exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, NOx, and approximately decreased by 2.52%, 6.65%, 34.75%, and 15.70% respectively from the rural value. This research result provides a technical reference to road traffic safety and environmental assessment.

Analysis of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Characteristics based on PEMS in Mountain Cities

Analysis of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Characteristics based on PEMS in Mountain Cities

Evaluasi Jalur Pedestrian Ramah Gender dengan Menggunakan Indikator Gender Impact Assestment (GIA)

Abstract
 It is a must that any infrastructure built must pay attention to the aspirations, needs and problems associated with all user groups with the aim of creating a sense of security and comfort. A gender-responsive infrastructure will be considered successful if it is able to accommodate all the needs of men, women, children, the elderly, vulnerable groups equally and fairly. The existence of pedestrian paths, in addition to facilitating pedestrian access, can also be a means of city promotion which has a positive impact on improving the urban economy and reducing pollution levels due to motor vehicle exhaust emissions for better air quality. The Piere Tendean pedestrian street along the Boulevard on Business area is one of the PUPR infrastructure built by the Manado City Government. By looking at the pedestrian principle as a public space that is used for all groups, this infrastructure should have been built based on gender responsive infrastructure criteria. The evaluation was carried out using the Gender Impact Assessment (GIA) as a guide to measure the level of gender responsiveness of public works infrastructure and settlements by involving respondents from direct users of the pedestrian path. Afterwards, it was found that, in general, the pedestrian paths built did not meet the 5 (five) criteria used, so there is still a need for improvement and further development to meet gender responsive infrastructure standards.
 Keywords: gender responsive infrastructure, pedestrian paths, gender friendly,

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PAHs in the Soil of Wild Forsythia Suspensa in Shanxi

Shanxi is one of the main producing areas of Forsythia suspensa in China. In order to explore the safety of the soil in the areas where Forsythia suspensa grows,70 surface (0-25 cm) soil samples were collected from the main growing areas of F. suspensa in the eastsouth of Shanxi Province in July 2017. The concentration and composition characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sample soils were analyzed using chemical extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The diagnostic ratio method was used to determine the source of PAHs in the areas. The potential ecological risk was assessed by using the method of calculating the equivalent carcinogenic concentration of benzo[a]pyrene. The results showed that the average concentration of total PAHs (Σ16PAHs) in all of the soil samples was 1.85 μg·g-1, which was dominated by three ring number PAHs, accounting for 76.7% of the total PAHs. The detection rates of phenanthrene (Phe) and anthracene (Ant) were both 100% of all the sample sites. The soil PAHs in the wild F. suspensa growing areas mainly originated from coal, biomass burning, and motor vehicle exhaust emissions, which resulted from air transport and sedimentation pathways. In all of the sample sites, the concentration of Σ16PAHs the limit standard level (0.2 μg·g-1) of Maliszewska-Kordybach for agricultural soil pollution and exceeded the soil heavy pollution level limit value (1.0 μg·g-1) in 41.4% of the sample sites. The concentration of BaP was above the risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land (0.55 μg·g-1) in 10% of all the soil samples. A total of 11.4% of the sample soil ΣBaPeq16PAHs and ΣBaPeq8BPAHs exceeded the agricultural soil screening value (0.55 μg·g-1). These results indicate that the contamination of PAHs was at a detectable level in the soil of wild F. suspensa growing in Shanxi, and thus their potential ecological risks should not be ignored. It is necessary to enhance the research regarding these areas to ensure the safe production of medicinal plants.

Pengaruh Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Dengan Kadar Karbon Monoksida (CO) Di Udara Pada Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Dan Jalan Lubuk Begalung

Vehicles with low speed will produce more exhaust emissions, especially CO gas. Exposure to air with CO gas can cause poisoning of the central nervous system and heart. This study aims to determine the effect of the number of motorized vehicles with levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air on Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan and Jalan Lubuk Begalung, Padang City in 2022. The type of research used was analytical observational using a correlation test with a cross sectional design with a sample of 5 samples. Times per day at the same time. The results showed that Carbon Monoxide levels were positively correlated to the increase in the number of motorized vehicles with a value of r = 0.9. The number of motorized vehicles on Lubuk Begalung street is lower, humidity and wind speed are lower, the temperature is higher, while the number of motor vehicles on Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan is higher, humidity and wind speed are higher and temperature are low. Carbon Monoxide levels on Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan were higher at 3.242 ug/Nm3 and on Lubuk Begalung street at 2.572 ug/Nm3. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the quality of public transportation power by checking and repairing public transportation and reducing the use of privite vehicles and making green efforts on roads that can absorb pollutants to reduce the impact of motor vehicle exhaust emissions.

Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in Summer in Yuncheng City

Based on the online monitoring data of VOCs, O3, and NO2 in Yuncheng City from June to August 2020, the pollution characteristics of VOCs in Yuncheng City in summer were analyzed. At the same time, the main emission sources were determined using a PMF model, and the chemical reactivity of VOCs was evaluated using the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method and fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC). The results showed that the urban area of Yuncheng was seriously polluted by VOCs and NO2 in the early morning and evening during summer, the peak value of VOCs daily variation occurred at 08:00 and 20:00, respectively, and was mainly affected by the morning and evening peaks in traffic. The ρ(VOCs) from June to August was 50.52 μg·m-3, and the species with the highest proportion were alkanes (39.39%) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs, 34.63%). Five VOCs emission sources were determined by the PMF model, of which the largest contribution was from motor vehicle exhaust emission sources (33.10%), followed by industrial emission sources (29.46%), natural gas and coal combustion sources (17.31%), solvent use sources (11.94%), and plant emission sources (8.19%). Controlling motor vehicle exhaust emission sources is the key to alleviate VOCs pollution in summer in Yuncheng City. The average ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs was 162.88 μg·m-3, in which OVOCs had the highest contribution rate (45.37%); acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, ethylene, isoprene, and toluene were the key active components; and industrial emission sources were the emission sources with the highest contribution rate. The average value of secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAp) of VOCs was 0.40 μg·m-3, in which the contribution rate of aromatic hydrocarbons was the highest (88.00%), and the solvent use source was the emission source with the highest contribution rate.

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs in Jinghong

In order to investigate the seasonal variation in chemical characteristics of VOCs in the urban and suburban areas of southwest China, we used SUMMA canister sampling in Jinghong city from October 2016 to June 2017. Forty-eight VOC species concentrations were analyzed using atmospheric preconcentration gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Then, regional VOC pollution characteristics, ozone formation potentials (OFP), source identity, and health risk assessments were studied. The results showed that the average concentration of total mass was 144.34 μg·m−3 in the urban area and 47.81 μg·m−3 in the suburban area. Alkanes accounted for the highest proportion of VOC groups at 38.11%, followed by olefins (36.60%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (25.28%). Propane and isoprene were the species with the highest mass concentrations in urban and suburban sampling sites. The calculation of OFP showed that the contributions of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons were higher than those of alkanes. Through the ratio of specific species, the VOCs were mainly affected by motor vehicle exhaust emissions, fuel volatilization, vegetation emissions, and biomass combustion. Combined with the analysis of the backward trajectory model, biomass burning activities in Myanmar influenced the concentration of VOCs in Jinghong. Health risk assessments have shown that the noncarcinogenic risk and hazard index of atmospheric VOCs in Jinghong were low (less than 1). However, the value of the benzene cancer risk to the human body was higher than the safety threshold of 1 × 10−6, showing that benzene has carcinogenic risk. This study provides effective support for local governments formulating air pollution control policies.

Association between traffic-related air pollution and anxiety hospitalizations in a coastal Chinese city: are there potentially susceptible groups?

Motor vehicle exhaust emissions have become the main source of urban air pollution in China, but few studies have explored the association of short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) with anxiety disorders. Thus, we used an overdispersed, generalized additive model (GAM) to investigate the association between TRAPs and hospital admissions (HAs) for anxiety in Qingdao, a coastal Chinese city with high vehicle ownership. In addition, stratified analyses were performed by gender, age, season and hospitalization frequency (first admission and readmission). A positive association between TRAPs and HAs for anxiety was observed. Both inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) showed significant effects at lag 3 in the single-day lag structure, and each 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentrations was significantly associated with increases of 0.88% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04%, 1.72%] for PM10 and 2.74% (0.45%, 5.08%) for NO2 on anxiety hospitalizations. For fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), the strongest effects were found at lag05 and lag04 [2.67% (0.77%, 4.62%) and 0.19% (0.04%, 0.34%), respectively] in the multiday lag structure. The estimates of PM2.5 were relatively robust after adjusting for other pollutants in the two-pollutant model. Stratified analyses indicated that the associations were stronger in females and younger individuals (<45 in age) than in males and elderly individuals (≥45 in age). Furthermore, the effects of PM2.5 and CO were most obvious during the cold season. Regarding hospitalization frequency, only PM2.5 was found to have a significant effect in the first-admission group. The results showed that short-term exposure to TRAPs, especially to PM2.5, was significantly associated with the increased risk of daily HAs for anxiety, which can help clinicians and policymakers better understand the effects of TRAPs to implement targeted interventions.

A Portable Device of Air Pollution Measurement Due to Highway Exhaust Emissions Using LabVIEW Programming

A multisensory gas device integrated with myRIO module to measure air pollution has been established. This device is programmed using the LabVIEW programming language and can measure CO2, CO, NOX, and HC pollution on roads due to motor vehicle exhaust emissions. The device and the display system are made separately using wireless network communication to make this tool portable. Exhaust Gas Analyzer (EGA) was chosen for device calibration, obtaining 3.62% on the average error after performing 30 tests. The tests for measuring CO, CO2, NOX, and HC gas levels were conducted in several locations in Padang City and performed in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The result showed that the system properly measured CO2, CO, NOX and HC pollution in parks and highways in real-time in parts per million (ppm). It also displayed varied gas measurement results in terms of time and test location with a range of CO gas values at 0.034 – 0.15 ppm, CO2 151.3 – 815.2 ppm, NOX 0.0001 – 0.004 ppm, and HC 0.04 – 0.65 ppm. In addition, the system could perform well in providing warnings by automatically activating the air indicator alert at several measurement places when the gas content on one of the gas elements and compounds at a particular location has exceeded the threshold for the clean air category. Thus, this device can be used as initial research to build a real-time air pollution measurement system using the Internet of Things (IoT).

Experimental Study on the Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols in Wuhan, China

Air pollution has a significant impact on the use of solar energy. On the one hand, the polluted environment directly reduces the intensity of solar radiation, on the other hand, pollution of the environment will also reduce the life of the equipment. Therefore, mastering the dynamic characteristics of the atmospheric environment has certain guiding significance for the efficient utilization of solar energy. In this study, the concentrations of particulate matter, CO, SO2 and NO2 from Tianyun big data website are analyzed to obtain the general characteristics of particulate pollution in Wuhan. At the same time, a long-period sampling atmospheric particulate matter sampler in the Huangjiahu area of Wuhan has been used, and experimental analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples has been obtained. The results show that both PM2.5 and PM10 show obvious seasonal changes, and the concentration of the four anions during the sampling period is SO42− &gt; NO3− &gt; Cl− &gt; F−. During the sampling period, atmospheric particulate matter is mainly composed of organic matter, inorganic anions and oxides of more than 20 elements. The results of the enrichment factor analysis show that elements such as Br, Pb, Sb and Zn are the main enriched elements during the sampling period. The enrichment factors of these elements are 246.43 ± 168.81, 133.28 ± 115.03, 403.305 ± 396.18 and 90.67 ± 67.01, respectively. The high enrichment of these elements also reflects the contribution of motor vehicle exhaust emission during the sampling period. Traffic source is the main emission source in the Huangjiahu area of Wuhan. This research has a certain guiding significance for many industries such as energy utilization, environmental monitoring, health care, transportation and so on.

Study Design and Development Gas Sensor Technology for Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions

Metal oxide-based gas sensors, have been used in the detection of gaseous pollutants emitted from motor vehicles, such as CO, SO2, NH3, NOx, hydrocarbons (HC) etc. However, the problems that up to now are still faced by the metal oxide-based sensors are reviews their low sensitivity, low selectivity and lack of stability. Therefore, it is difficult, to the make such an accurate metal oxide-based sensor and stable over a long period of time. In this short review, it will be described the state-of-the-art technology, design and fabrication methods and various techniques that can be applied to improve the performance of metal oxide-based sensors. Keywords: gaseous pollutants, the motor vehicle emission, gas sensors, metal oxide

Variation Characteristics and Source Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Winter in Jiashan

Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and PM2.5 concentration data obtained from Shanxi Super Station in Jiashan County of Jiaxing City, in the winter of 2018 and 2019, were analyzed to determine the variation and potential source areas of carbonaceous aerosols. The results show that OC concentrations in the winter of 2018 and 2019 were 6.90 μg·m-3 and 5.63 μg·m-3, respectively, while EC concentrations were 2.47 μg·m-3 and 1.57 μg·m-3, respectively. The concentrations of OC and EC in the winter of 2019 were lower than those in the winter of 2018, by approximately 18.4% and 36.4%, respectively. In 2018 and 2019, the concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC), calculated using the minimum R-squared (MRS) method, were 1.49 μg·m-3 and 1.97 μg·m-3, respectively, and the concentrations of primary organic carbon (POC) were 5.41 μg·m-3 and 3.66 μg·m-3, respectively. The proportion of POC in OC showed a downward trend, from 96.0% in December 2018 to 64.9% in February 2020, indicating a decrease of 31.1 percentage points. SOC showed an upward trend, increasing by 31.1 percentage points from 4.0% in December 2018 to 35.1% in February 2020. It is worth noting that with the increase in PM2.5 concentration, the concentration of OC and EC increased by 474.7% and 408.2%, respectively, although the proportion of OC in PM2.5 decreased from 18.8% to 12.3%. and the percentage of OC decreased from 5.8% to 3.3%. The contribution of POC to PM2.5 did not fluctuate, and only decreased significantly above 150 μg·m-3, while the contribution of SOC to PM2.5 first decreased and then increased. In Jiaxing, the potential sources of OC and EC were mainly southern Jiangsu, southeastern Anhui, local Jiaxing, and northern Zhejiang. In the winter of the contribution concentrations of OC and EC in the main potential source regions were approximately 2 μg·m-3 and 6 μg·m-3 lower, respectively, than in winter 2018. The range of high values in the potential source regions also decreased in 2019. Before the COVID-19 epidemic, it was affected by both motor vehicle exhaust emissions and coal burning. During the Spring Festival and home isolation, due to traffic control and other reasons, motor vehicle emissions were reduced, which leaving coal burning as the main contributor.

Monitoring dan Kontrol Gas CO Dalam Ruangan Berbasis Pemrograman LabVIEW dan Mikrokontroler

Carbon dioxide is gas produced by industrial pollution and motor vehicle exhaust emissions. The air is declared clean and healthy for human activities if the CO level does not exceed 15 ppm. Industrial pollution or motor vehicle pollution does not only pollute the outdoor air, but it is very likely to pollute the indoor air. For this reason, a system that is able to monitor and control CO levels in the room has been designed so that it is safe for users while doing this activities. The research stage is carried out by making a series of sensors to detect CO gas and then the sensor circuit is connected to the Arduino UNO microcontroller as an interface with a PC. The program used is LabVIEW programming as a neural programming for displaying Virtual Instruments as display media. The output system is an air purifier system that cleans the indoor air when the CO level is more than 15 ppm. Based on the results of trials and analyzes, the response of the sensor system is able to detect changes in CO gas within 7 seconds. The average monitoring of CO levels result when observed 30 times was 11.47 ppm. The air purifier response time is able to restore indoor CO levels to the maximum threshold of 15 ppm in the fastest time of 3 minutes and 22 seconds.

Pemamfaatan logam sisa permesinan pada knalpot guna mengurangi pencemaran udara

Exhaust gas emissions from motorized vehicles also contribute to air pollution in our environment. So it is necessary to reduce air pollution so that the negative impacts on humans, animals and the environment can be reduced. Hoping and making alternative tools to reduce exhaust gas in 100cc motorcycle vehicles. With experimental methods and testing of 100cc motor vehicle exhaust emissions with a comparison of standard exhaust data. Tests are carried out on the exhaust to determine the results of exhaust gas emissions, plus a modified exhaust with the addition of scrap ST-40 iron. The elements to be observed are the CO value, HC value and CO2 value as comparative data. The tool that will be used to store and view these elements is the Gas Analyzer. This tool is a useful tool for measuring the portion and composition of combined gases. From the results of testing and analysis, it is obtained exhaust gas emission testing data with an average engine speed of 500 rpm, and exhaust pipe temperature of 40 0 C to 45 0 C. After the standard exhaust model, then the exhaust model. In tests that added 50 g, 70 g, and 90 g of ST-40 iron, it was found that the best way to reduce and reduce exhaust emissions was an exhaust with added pieces of ST-40 90 g iron. And when compared to standard exhaust, CO element drops to 72.35% and HC element drops to 58.70%. and the element CO2 decreased to 74.28%.

Increasing community participation in the green technology program through design and application of alternative mufflers

The high number of motorized vehicles on one side is very beneficial for humans because it can facilitate transportation. But on the other hand, it turns out to cause a big problem, namely air pollution. Because 70% of air pollution is caused by motor vehicle exhaust emissions. This study aims to find the design and product of motor vehicle mufflers with innovative catalytic converters from cheaper alternative catalyst materials, to increase community participation in Green technology programs. The research method used is experimental. The products produced through this research are innovative muffler designs and products at low prices, using an alternative catalyst of manganese-coated copper (Cu), which is proven to be able to reduce CO 96.36% exhaust gas pollutants, and HC 94.74%. Thus this research product has great potential to support and increase public participation in the manufacture and use of environmentally friendly technology products.

Kajian Dampak Penghapusan Bbm Pertalite terhadap Profitabilitas PT Pertamina Tahun 2021

Energy Fuel Oil (BBM) is one of the most needed by the community. Its use as a vehicle transportation fuel makes the level of fuel consumption high. Pertalite as one type of fuel PT.Pertamina with Octane 90 dominates fuel consumption, this is because the quality of the fuel is cleaner than premium and the selling price is cheaper than Pertamax. However, the government is discussing the elimination of BBM below Octane 91 starting in 2022, namely Premium and Pertalite. The elimination strategy is a simplification of product variants and complies with the Regulation of the Minister of Forestry and Environment (KLHK) Number P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/3/2017 which regulates the issue of quality standards for new types of motor vehicle exhaust emissions for motorized vehicles four or more wheels. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the elimination of Pertalite fuel on the profitability of PT.Pertamina in 2022. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative using a literature review. The results show that the elimination of Pertalite will create high inflation and will suppress the profitability of PT.Pertamina. Inflation will have a positive impact on Pertamina's profitability although it is not significant. This happens because consumers are forced to buy products or goods that are sold because part of the basic needs will still be purchased even though the price rises.&#x0D; Keywords: BBM, Pertalite, Profitability, Pertamina