Motor Strength Research Articles

Multi-domain predictors of grip strength differentiate individuals with and without alcohol use disorder.

Grip strength is considered one of the simplest and reliable indices of general health. Although motor ability and strength are commonly affected in people with alcohol use disorder (AUD), factors predictive of grip strength decline in AUD have not been investigated. Here, we employed a data-driven analysis predicting grip strength from measurements in 53 controls and 110 AUD participants, 53 of whom were comorbid with HIV infection. Controls and AUD were matched on sex, age, and body mass index. Measurements included commonly available metrics of brain structure, neuropsychological functioning, behavioural status, haematological and health status, and demographics. Based on 5-fold stratified cross-validation, a machine learning approach predicted grip strength separately for each cohort. The strongest (top 10%) predictors of grip were then tested against grip strength with correlational analysis. Leading grip strength predictors for both cohorts were cerebellar volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Predictors specific to controls were Backwards Digit Span, precentral gyrus volume, diastolic blood pressure, and mean platelet volume, which together significantly predicted grip strength (R2=0.255, p= 0.001). Unique predictors for AUD were comorbidity for HIV infection, social functioning, insular volume, and platelet count, which together significantly predicted grip strength (R2=0.162, p= 0.002). These cohort-specific predictors were doubly dissociated. Salient predictors of grip strength differed by diagnosis with only modest overlap. The constellation of cohort-specific predictive measurements of compromised grip strength provides insight into brain, behavioural, and physiological factors that may signal subtly affected yet treatable processes of physical decline and frailty.

Формування фізичної готовності до школи у дітей старшого дошкільного віку засобом спортивних ігор

An analysis of studies on the problem of forming physical readiness for school in older preschool children has been conducted. It is emphasized that physical readiness is fundamental for a child's successful adaptation to the school environment. It includes the development of motor skills, coordination, endurance, and strength, which are crucial for a child’s ability to perform various school tasks, from writing letters to participating in active games during breaks. Insufficient physical preparedness can lead to difficulties in mastering the school curriculum, decreased attention span, quick fatigue, and even health problems. Therefore, it is essential to develop the necessary physical qualities in children before they start school. It has been established that sports games are an effective tool for ensuring the physical readiness of older preschoolers for school. Games help develop coordination, strength, endurance, and flexibility, which are important for comprehensive physical development. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of sports games on the formation of physical readiness for school in older preschool children. At the initial stage of the study, generalized results of the level of physical readiness for school revealed that only 20% of children in the experimental group (EG) and 16% in the control group (CG) showed a high level of readiness, 58% of children in the EG and 52% in the CG showed a medium level, and 22% of children in the EG and 31% in the CG showed a low level. It was noted that the initial level of physical readiness for school in children from both the experimental and control groups was approximately the same at the beginning of the formative stage of the study. During the research, a system was developed and tested, aimed at enhancing the level of physical readiness for school in older preschool children, with active use of sports games elements. The proposed system of work involved organizing activities with children through play and was implemented sequentially across three interrelated stages: introductory, active, and creative. By the end of the study, the results in the CG and EG were as follows: a high level of physical readiness was shown by 46% of children in the EG and 24% in the CG, a medium level by 42% in the EG and 52% in the CG, and a low level by 12% in the EG and 24% in the CG.

Challenges in diagnosing and treating Liddle syndrome in resource-limited settings: A case report from Indonesia

Liddle syndrome, a rare form of monogenic hypertension, poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its phenotypic variability and the need for genetic testing. The rarity of the condition, coupled with the limited availability of first-line treatments such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blockers, makes this case report particularly urgent and novel, highlighting alternative management strategies in resource-limited settings. The aim of this case report was to present the diagnostic challenges, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes of a patient with Liddle syndrome who did not have access to ENaC blockers, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and personalized treatment. A 35-year-old female presented with resistant hypertension (190/100 mmHg) and bilateral limb weakness. Laboratory results revealed persistent hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and metabolic alkalosis. Low aldosterone levels, alongside clinical and family history, led to the diagnosis of Liddle syndrome. Genetic testing was not conducted due to resource limitations, and ENaC blockers were unavailable. The patients were managed with a combination of alternative antihypertensive agents, potassium supplementation, and a low-sodium diet. Although this approach led to modest improvements in blood pressure and motor strength, persistent hypokalemia and hypernatremia underscored the suboptimal control of the syndrome's underlying pathophysiology in the absence of ENaC blockers. This case highlights the challenges faced in resource-limited settings and the need for innovative strategies to manage rare conditions like Liddle syndrome. Liddle syndrome's diagnostic and therapeutic challenges underscore the critical importance of early recognition and access to targeted therapies. In the absence of ENaC blockers, alternative treatment strategies can provide some benefit, but they often fall short of optimal management. This case emphasizes the need for enhanced clinical awareness, improved access to genetic testing, and the development of personalized treatment approaches to achieve better patient outcomes.

Is the phoenix sign phenomenon due to vasodilation? A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial comparing motor function recovery after diagnostic common fibular nerve block with lidocaine and papaverine

BackgroundFocal entrapment of the common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CFN) is the most common nerve entrapment in the lower extremity. Accurate diagnosis can be difficult due to co-existent pathology such as low back pathology. A 1% lidocaine block of CFN is often used to confirm the local entrapment pathology and demonstrate possibility of pain relief. A surprising, unexpected and temporary strengthening of CFN supplied ankle and foot muscles is occasionally produced, termed the Phoenix sign. Aetiology of this phenomenon has been puzzling, but restoration of neural circulation and nutrition via improved local blood flow has been postulated to be responsible.MethodsThis is a double-blinded, randomized, prospective controlled trial of 20 patients, comparing 2 vasodilating agents and their ability to produce the Phoenix effect. Ultrasound guided infiltration of 0.3 mL 1% lidocaine or papaverine HCl 10 mg/mL was executed adjacent to CFN. Motor strength pre- infiltration and 4 min post-infiltration were measured for anterior compartment muscles utilizing MRC manual motor testing reported on a 0–5 scale. The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscle proved to be the most significant.ResultsAverage motor strength of the EHL improved from 2.2 (+/-0.40) to 4.9 (+/-0.32).) in the lidocaine group. In the papaverine group, pre-infiltration EHL motor strength averaging 2.1 (+/-0.93) improved to 4.4 (+/- 1.01) post-infiltration. Papaverine and lidocaine produced similar statistically significant increases in muscle strength (p = < 0.05).ConclusionThere was no difference between small local infiltrations of lidocaine or papaverine in production of increased anterior compartment EHL motor strength. It is most likely that the Phoenix Effect is explained by temporary local improvements in the microcirculation of the CFN vasa nervorum.Trial RegistrationNCT06637046 10/10/2024 Retrospectively registered.

The impact of neurological impairment and tone on hip joint development.

The purpose of this study was to define how different force environments by neuromuscular diagnosis (hypertonic versus hypotonic) impact the growth and morphology of the proximal femoral and acetabular regions relative to typically developing children. Children with cerebral palsy and spinal muscular atrophy were compared with typically developing children aged 6 months to 11 years. Routine pelvic radiographs were evaluated using measures of hip geometry for the proximal femur and acetabulum. The data were analyzed using general linear models to estimate the developmental patterns according to age and diagnosis. One hundred eighty-four children met the inclusion criteria: 58 spastic cerebral palsy Gross Motor Function Classification System I-V (263 hips), 32 spinal muscular atrophy (79 hips)), and 94 typically developing (187 hips) were included with a mean age of 4.9 ± 3.1 years. Using spinal muscular atrophy as a reference, significant differences in proximal femoral development included long thin versus short neck (p < 0.01) and round versus flat epiphysis (p = 0.001). A thin neck-wide epiphysis was found in spinal muscular atrophy versus thick neck-small epiphysis for typically developing (p < 0.05). The ratio of acetabular width to proximal femoral epiphysis width differed significantly for typically developing (p = 0.001) compared with cerebral palsy and spinal muscular atrophy. There was a negative correlation between migration percentage and acetabular width to epiphysis width in children with cerebral palsy, but no correlation in children with spinal muscular atrophy. Hip geometry was impacted by the force environment experienced during growth. These findings emphasize the crucial roles of gross motor function, muscle tone, and strength differences in determining hip morphology. III, retrospective case control.

Task-Based Eating and Drinking Interventions in Animal Models: A Narrative Review of Functional Improvements and Neuromuscular Adaptations in Age-Related Dysphagia.

Age-related dysphagia involves sarcopenia and nervous system changes affecting ingestion. The ACT-ING program, a novel task-based occupational therapy intervention, has been developed to improve strength, endurance, and ingestive skills using real-world eating and drinking tasks for older adults with age-related dysphagia. This narrative review evaluates the outcomes and neuromuscular adaptations of task-based eating and drinking interventions in aging animal models to inform potential refinements of the ACT-ING program and interpret results from an ongoing proof-of-concept study. Publications were obtained from PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and EMBASE, and selected following the PRISMA guideline. Thirteen randomized trials investigated a task-based fluid-licking intervention in rats, combining strength, endurance, and skill training. Results suggested benefits in improving muscle strength, endurance, and swallowing skills in terms of quantity and speed. Although neuromuscular adaptations were less conclusive, the intervention appeared to induce cortical plasticity and increase fatigue-resistant muscle fibers in the involved muscles. While these findings are promising, methodological concerns and potential biases were identified. Therefore, further research is necessary to refine the ACT-ING program, including both clinical studies in humans and preclinical studies in aging animal models that clearly define interventions targeting all aspects of ingestion-related skills within a motor learning and strength training framework.

Popliteal plexus block compared with tibial nerve block on rehabilitation goals following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized non-inferiority trial

This trial examined the effectiveness of the popliteal plexus block (PPB) and tibial nerve block (TNB) for early rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We allocated 136 participants to receive PPB or TNB with 0.25% levobupivacaine 10 mL in a randomized, double-masked manner. The primary outcome was achieving rehabilitation goals with a non-inferiority 9-hour margin, including adequate pain relief, knee flexion angles over 90 degrees, and enabling ambulatory rehabilitation. The time to reach rehabilitation goals showed non-inferiority with 49.7 ± 10.5 h for TNB and 47.4 ± 9.7 h for PPB, whose mean difference (PPB - TNB) was − 2.3 h (95% CI -5.8 to 1.2 h; P < 0.001). PPB showed higher dorsal and plantar percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (dorsal, PPB 87.7% ± 11.4% vs. TNB 74.0% ± 16.5%: P < 0.001; plantar, PPB 90.9% ± 10.3% vs. TNB 72.1% ± 16.0%; P < 0.001) at six hours after nerve block. No significant differences between the two groups emerged in pain scores, knee range of motion, additional analgesic requirements, success in the straight leg raise, and adverse events. PPB exhibited non-inferiority to TNB in achieving postoperative rehabilitation goals and had superiority in preserving foot motor strength after TKA. (200)

Case report: Encephalitis with Guillain-Barré Syndrome secondary to extensively multi-drug resistant Salmonella infection

Abstract Background This case report presents a highly unusual and challenging medical case involving a 16-month-old previously healthy boy who developed encephalitis followed by Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) as complications of multi-drug resistant Salmonella infection, despite an initial misdiagnosis of gastroenteritis and outpatient treatment with Cefixime. Methods The patient initially experienced an increase in stool frequency, accompanied by low-grade fevers, which was initially attributed to gastroenteritis. Outpatient treatment with oral Cefixime was started, but the child’s symptoms worsened, ultimately leading to high-grade fevers and an increase in vomiting and loose stools. In light of his clinical deterioration, he was admitted to our hospital with signs of mild metabolic acidosis and elevated inflammatory markers. During his hospitalization, the patient’s condition worsened, with drowsiness, irritability, and a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, prompting concern for brain involvement. Consequently, he underwent lumbar puncture, and neuroimaging, and received high-dose intravenous steroids. Further medical investigations including lumbar puncture and brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which revealed normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and non-enhancing white matter changes in the occipital region, respectively. In addition, a collected blood culture confirmed the presence of extensively multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi and prompted an adjustment of antibiotics to intravenous Meropenem. Due to autonomic dysfunction, the patient was transferred to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) for close monitoring and specialized care. While in the PICU, he developed flaccid limb weakness and axial hypotonia. A repeat lumbar puncture was normal, but nerve conduction studies showed features of axonal polyneuropathy diagnosis, consistent with the diagnosis of GBS. To treat the encephalopathy and polyneuropathy, high-dose dexamethasone and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatments were initiated, without necessitating respiratory or inotropic support. After receiving these treatments, the patient’s autonomic instability and motor strength improved, prompting his transfer back to the general pediatrics wards. He was treated with a 21-day course of IV Meropenem. Upon discharge, his motor power had returned to normal, and he displayed progress in movement transitions, including the ability to stand and walk independently, albeit with mild gait abnormalities. Results The co-occurrence of encephalitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to Typhoid fever is exceedingly rare. The patient’s origin, with recent travel to Pakistan where extensively drug-resistant Salmonella typhi prevails, necessitates heightened awareness among healthcare providers. Initial misdiagnosis and inadequate antibiotics treatment may have contributed to encephalitis and polyneuropathy. High-dose dexamethasone and IVIG were pivotal in the patient’s treatment. While Typhoid fever-related neurological complications are infrequent, high-dose dexamethasone offers promise in reducing mortality and mitigating typhoid-induced encephalopathy. Importantly, IVIG is not conventionally employed in Salmonella encephalopalitis but was used due to polyneuropathy and its role in GBS management. Conclusion This exceptional pediatric case serves as a striking example of the possibility simultaneous encephalitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome as rare complications of Typhoid fever. This case report underscores the importance of early diagnosis, prompt management with appropriate antibiotics and caution of possible neurological complications. Furthermore, it calls for further research into the role of high-dose glucocorticoids and IVIG in the management of extensively multi-drug resistant Salmonella infection and its neurological complications.

Basketball-Based Physical Education on Students’ Physical Fitness in a Selected Technical Vocational College, Fujian, China

The role of basketball-based physical education in enhancing students' physical fitness has been extensively documented, with numerous studies highlighting its benefits. In China, where sports and physical education are integral components of the educational curriculum, the importance of understanding the specific impacts of basketball-based physical education cannot be overstated. This study focuses on the technical vocational college setting in Fujian, China, aiming to fill a crucial research gap and address the need for tailored physical education programs. Basketball has been widely promoted and accepted in major universities across China, garnering broad support from both students and faculty. Wang (2024) emphasizes that with its increasing incorporation into university physical education programs, basketball significantly impacts students' physical fitness and athletic abilities. The current educational reforms in China necessitate the continual optimization of teaching methods and approaches to establish a solid foundation for the physical and mental development of students. Sui (2024) explores the impact of community basketball programs on high school students' physical and mental health in Guangzhou, highlighting improvements in physical fitness, social skills, and mental well-being. This study underscores the broader benefits of basketball beyond mere physical health, emphasizing its role in fostering social interaction and emotional resilience. Additionally, Shao et al. (2022) examine the individual characteristics of physical and mental development and their connection with regular physical exercises when playing basketball. Their findings suggest that basketball enhances motor fitness, moral, volitional, and mental qualities, as well as creativity and decision-making skills in rapidly changing circumstances. This holistic development is crucial for students, particularly in a competitive and fast-paced society like China. Butenko (2023) presents the effectiveness of a comprehensive use of sports games, including basketball, during extracurricular activities for high school students. The study found significant improvements in physical performance, physical qualities, and health indicators, demonstrating the high potential of integrating sports games into physical education programs to enhance students' overall fitness and health. As a teacher and coach in a technical vocational college in Fujian, China, the researcher has observed the transformative impact of sports, particularly basketball, on students' lives. Professional experience has shown that students engaged in basketball not only develop better physical fitness but also exhibit improved teamwork, leadership skills, and emotional resilience. These observations have fueled the researcher's passion for integrating basketball into the physical education curriculum and inspired a systematic exploration of its broader impacts. The researcher's personal motivation stems from a deep-seated belief in the power of sports to shape character and foster holistic development. Having been a basketball player, the researcher has experienced the discipline, dedication, and camaraderie that the sport instills. These values are essential for students, especially those in technical vocational education, as they prepare for their future careers and personal lives. Despite the known benefits of basketball-based physical education, there is a significant gap in research specifically targeting technical vocational colleges in China. Most existing studies focus on general high school or university settings, leaving a void in understanding how basketball impacts students in technical vocational education, who may have different needs and challenges. This study addresses this gap by focusing on a technical vocational college in Fujian, China. It aims to provide evidence-based insights into how basketball-based physical education influences various aspects of students' physical fitness, including physical attributes development, motor skills enhancement, cardiovascular fitness, strength and power development, flexibility and agility, coordination and balance, mental and emotional benefits, social interaction and teamwork, skill development and performance, and health and fitness awareness. By filling this research gap, the study seeks to inform policy and practice in physical education, providing valuable recommendations for optimizing physical education programs to enhance the health and fitness outcomes of vocational students.

7342 Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis

Abstract Disclosure: G. Arora: None. Case presentation: A 40 year old male with no significant past medical history presented to the emergency department with diffuse body weakness for one day. On the night prior to admission, his thighs started getting sore which in a matter of a few hours, progressed to weakness involving his entire body. He was unable to flex his hips, shoulders, and neck. He was unable to get up or move without assistance. He was found to have an irregular heartbeat two weeks prior to admission and had undergone a thyroid ultrasound which showed inflammation of the thyroid gland. He was not started on any new medications. He endorsed fatigue, palpitations, neck swelling, and 45 lbs unintentional weight loss over 6 months. No fever, chills, vision changes, congestion, chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, tingling, numbness or weakness. He denied alcohol or drug use. Physical examination was notable for blood pressure 151/80 mm Hg, heart rate 120 bpm, enlarged thyroid gland tender to palpation, and muscle weakness (motor strength 3/5 in flexors and extensors of hips and knees). Labs were notable for K 2.3 (3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L), ALP 218 (32 - 91 U/L), TSH &amp;lt;0.010 (0.400 - 4.300 mcIU/mL), Free T4 3.5 (0.6 - 1.6 ng/dL), CK 608 (49 - 397 U/L). Urine toxicology was negative. MRI spine did not show any acute abnormality except for thyromegaly. He received potassium supplementation which led to symptomatic improvement and was admitted to medical floor. Further tests revealed: TSI 39.50 (&amp;lt;=0.54 IU/L), TSH receptor antibody 26 (&amp;lt;=1.75 IU/L), thyroid microsomal antibody 773.3 (0.0 - 9.0 IU/mL), anti-thyroglobulin antibody 4 (&amp;lt;4 IU/mL). Thyroid ultrasound showed an enlarged, heterogenous, hypervascular thyroid without any nodules. He was started on Propranolol and Propylthiouracil, which led to symptom resolution and he was discharged. Discussion: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare muscle disorder, belonging to the family of diseases called channelopathies. Thyroid hormone increases tissue responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation, which increases Na-K ATPase activity on the skeletal muscle membrane driving potassium into cells. This leads to hyperpolarization of the muscle membrane and relative inexcitability of the muscle fibers, especially in the presence of a trigger such as provocation with exercise, fasting state or a high carbohydrate meal (insulin stimulates Na-K ATPase pump). Furthermore, more than 95% of TPP cases occur in males. This predominance is due to androgen-induced Na-K ATPase sensitization, more pronounced hyperinsulinemia, comparatively higher sympathetic and catecholamine-induced Na-K ATPase activity and higher muscle mass in males. Given the life-threatening association of severe hypokalemia, TPP should be considered in all patients presenting with acute painless muscle weakness. Presentation: 6/3/2024

6812 A Rare Case of Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome Type 3B Presenting with Unsteady Gait Due to Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord Associated with Pernicious Anemia

Abstract Disclosure: F. Mohammadrezaei: None. F. Sajid: None. C.A. Resta: None. J.G. Karam: None. A Rare Case of Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome Type 3B Presenting with Unsteady Gait due to Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord associated with Pernicious Anemia Background: The coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and pernicious anemia is well established and is recognized as Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome (PAS) Type 3B [1]. We describe a rare case of a patient presenting with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord leading to the diagnosis of PAS Type 3B. Case Presentation: A 37-year-old man with no known medical history presented to the Emergency Department after a fall in the subway station. On history, he complained of progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness of 10 months duration, necessitating assistance with ambulation, and significant weight gain, described as an increase in his pants size from 40 to 56. His physical examination was relevant for weight of 145kg, BMI of 46.5, normal motor strength and sensation of the upper extremities, decreased strength at 4 out of 5 of bilateral hip flexion and extension, and decreased vibration sensation of bilateral lower extremities. He could not fully stand or walk due to imbalance and weakness. Blood testing revealed a hemoglobin level of 11.4 gm/dl (14-18), MCV of 108.8 FL (80-94), a significantly low vitamin B12 at 89 pg/ml, and normal folate level. His TSH level was 9.26 MCIU/ML (0.39-4.08), with a free T4 of 0.74 ng/dl (0.8-1.8) and significantly elevated Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody titer at 4320 IU/ml (&amp;lt; 34.9). Intrinsic factor antibody and parietal cell antibody tests both came back elevated at 13.4 AU/mL (0.0-1.1) and 1.8 (&amp;lt;1.2), respectively. A head CT scan showed no acute pathology, but MRI spine with contrast revealed abnormal T2 hyperintensity, primarily affecting the lateral columns throughout the cervical and thoracic cord, likely indicative of subacute combined degeneration. The patient was diagnosed with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to vitamin B12 deficiency. He was treated with daily vitamin B12 1000mcg muscular injections, levothyroxine 75mcg orally daily (after ruling out adrenal insufficiency), and physical therapy. Conclusion: This case highlights the complexity of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes and the importance of recognizing atypical presentations early in the history of disease. Comprehensive evaluation and timely intervention are essential to mitigate the progression of these conditions and improve patients' quality of life. Reference: (1) Betterle C, Furmaniak J, Sabbadin C, Scaroni C, Presotto F. Type 3 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS-3) or type 3 multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS-3): an expanding galaxy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023 Apr;46(4):643-665. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Exploring the use of tummy time guidelines to improve infant development in rural primary care

BackgroundTummy time enhances motor development, improves mobility, strength, and head clearance, reduces cranial asymmetry, and decreases the risk of childhood obesity. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises all infants, beginning at birth, partake in supervised daily tummy time during awake periods. Since 1994, when the AAP initiated the “Back to Sleep” campaign, the number of infants participating in daily tummy time has significantly declined, leading to an increase in adverse outcomes. MethodsUsing a quasi-experimental design, tummy time guidelines were implemented in a rural family primary care practice to support infant development. This three-phase intervention included educating providers, developing a smart phrase, and posting visual reminders. A convenience sample of infants who presented for well-visits at a rural family practice in southwestern Washington were included in this project. The Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children measurement tool was used to collect infant developmental outcome data. FindingsFollowing the intervention, infant developmental outcomes improved. There was a 10% reduction at two months of age and a 7% reduction at four months of age in the number of infants with below average developmental scores. DiscussionThis project demonstrates that increased provider awareness and implementation of tummy time clinical practice guidelines can benefit infant development in primary care, especially in rural populations. Application to practiceViable strategies for incorporating clinical practice guidelines into primary care are presented.

Robotics in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review.

As the global prevalence of motor disabilities continues to rise, there is a pressing need for advanced solutions in physical rehabilitation. This systematic review examines the progress and challenges of implementing robotic technologies in the motor rehabilitation of patients with physical disabilities. The integration of robotic technologies such as exoskeletons, assistive training devices, and brain-computer interface systems holds significant promise for enhancing functional recovery and patient autonomy. The review synthesizes findings from the most important studies, focusing on the clinical effectiveness of robotic interventions in comparison to traditional rehabilitation methods. The analysis reveals that robotic therapies can significantly improve motor function, strength, co-ordination, and dexterity. Robotic systems also support neuroplasticity, enabling patients to relearn lost motor skills through precise, controlled, and repetitive exercises. However, the adoption of these technologies is hindered by high costs, the need for specialized training, and limited accessibility. Key insights from the review highlight the necessity of personalizing robotic therapies to meet individual patient needs, alongside addressing technical, economic, social, and cultural barriers. The review also underscores the importance of continued research to optimize these technologies and develop effective implementation strategies. By overcoming these challenges, robotic technologies can revolutionize motor rehabilitation, improving quality of life and social integration for individuals with motor disabilities.

Cauda equina syndrome successfully treated with microdiscectomy and methylprednisolone therapy: A case report

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) caused by lumbar disc herniation is a rare neurosurgical emergency in young adults that requires immediate decompression. A surgical delay over 48 hours may result in irreversible ramifications, underscoring a crucial timeframe for managing this condition. We presented a 26-year-old man with lower limb weakness persisting for one week, accompanied with exacerbating bowel and bladder issues after massage. The patient had a history of low back pain and tingling sensations radiating to the left leg over the past year. His physical examination showed right motor strength of 5/4 and left motor strength of 5/3, with weakened bowel peristalsis, loose anal sphincter and saddle anaesthesia. A spinal MRI revealed protruded discs extending to the intervertebral levels of L4-L5 and L5-S1, implicating herniated discs as the likely cause of CES. He underwent a microdiscectomy with a posterior approach, and intravenous methylprednisolone was administered before the procedure. The next surgery demonstrated enhancements in motor strength, bowel and bladder function, and it also reduced pain. He was discharged with persistent tingling sensations in his both legs. We concluded that CES represents a critical neurosurgical emergency, which is diagnosed through clinical symptoms and neuroimaging. Rapid decompression and intravenous administration of methylprednisolone are associated with better prognosis.

Improving neurological deficits secondary to transverse myelitis using epidural spinal cord stimulation: illustrative cases.

Epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) is canonically used for the treatment of intractable, chronic pain. Recent efforts have successfully utilized eSCS to improve neurological deficits in patients with spinal cord injury. However, there is a paucity of literature on the use of eSCS for demyelinating conditions, with no prior case reports examining eSCS among patients with transverse myelitis (TM). Two patients with TM underwent eSCS and experienced improvements in motor function and bladder symptoms. The first patient exhibited enhanced motor strength in both lower extremities and no longer experienced leg spasms, increasing exercise capacity and decreasing their fall risk. The patient had reduced incontinence pad usage due to a regained ability to sense bladder fullness. The second patient also experienced improved motor scores, leading to enhanced motor functionality and independence. Furthermore, the patient observed reductions in urinary tract infections post-eSCS. Neither patient reported substantial improvement in bowel function following stimulation. Improvements in motor functionality and bladder functioning are well-documented as factors that improve quality of life among paraplegic patients. Given the findings of the present case report, larger cohort studies examining the use of eSCS for demyelinating conditions, including TM, are warranted. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24152.

30. Posterior column osteotomies and not lumbar decompressions alone improve lower extremity motor strength in adult spinal deformity patients with preoperative motor impairment

30. Posterior column osteotomies and not lumbar decompressions alone improve lower extremity motor strength in adult spinal deformity patients with preoperative motor impairment

Perioperative Benefits of a 3D Printed Spine Biomodel in the Setting of Congenital Scoliosis Surgery

The spine community is continuously adding to its armamentarium of intraoperative techniques for visualization and instrumentation of the spine. Recently, three-dimensional printed spine models were introduced for use in preoperative planning, surgical simulation, and intraoperative guidance. We present a 14-year old African male with congenital kyphoscoliosis, small stature, an obvious gibbus deformity and coronal imbalance, who underwent a three-staged posterior surgical correction procedure, during which a 3D-printed spine biomodel was utilized for better appreciation of his complex spinal deformity patho-anatomy. During the first stage of the procedure, he developed diminished lower extremity motor strength bilaterally and bowel/bladder control, but, following his third stage procedure and with focused rehabilitation efforts, he has regained full control of his bowel and bladder function, and is able to ambulate and perform activities of daily living independently, albeit still requiring intermittent walking support with a single forearm crutch due to residual left leg weakness. The 3D spine biomodel functioned successfully as a valuable tool and surrogate anatomic blueprint for the surgeons, enabling adequate appreciation of the complex bony anatomy which could not be easily resolved on the conventionally available imaging modalities, intraoperative navigation or robotic platform. Theoretically, up to $2900 USD in savings, translated from the mean estimated time saved per procedure with the use 3D-printed spine models has been proposed in some studies. Therefore, 3D-printed spine models have utility in complex spinal deformity correction surgery.

Agreement and Consistency of Absolute and Relative Corticospinal Stimulus-Response Curves for Upper, Lower, and Axial Musculature in Healthy Adults.

To assess the agreement and consistency of absolute and relative stimulus-response curve (SRC) parameter estimates for upper extremity, lower extremity, and axial muscles. Thirty (15 W, age: 27.0 ± 6.3 y, height: 171.9 ± 8.9 cm, weight: 80.2 ± 19.3 kg) healthy adults completed absolute (5% to 100% stimulator output) and relative (65% to 160% motor threshold) SRCs of the first dorsal interosseous, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis during submaximal isometric contractions. Mean motor-evoked potential amplitudes were fit with nonlinear regression to derive MEPmax, V50, and slope. Absolute agreement and consistency were assessed with ICCs, Cronbachs alphas, and Bland-Altman plots. Independent t-tests were used to examine differences in motor threshold, physical activity, strength, and muscle activity among participants with valid and invalid SRC parameters. Absolute and relative SRCs displayed good agreement and consistency for MEPmax and V50 but not slope. Motor thresholds were lower among participants with valid absolute SRCs for the rectus abdominis and vastus lateralis. Motor threshold, physical activity, strength, and muscle activity did not differ among those with valid and invalid parameters for all relative SRCs and absolute SRCs for the first dorsal interosseous. Absolute and relative SRCs produce similar MEPmax and V50 estimates in the first dorsal interosseous, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis. The validity of absolute and relative SRC results may differ depending on individual characteristics and tested muscles.

Study of the availability of home modifications in paraplegics

Background: Paraplegia is loss of motor strength, sensations and bowel bladder function below the level of injury due to spinal cord damage. Spinal cord injury is medically managed along with rehabilitation which includes muscle strengthening, and mobility in a wheelchair with proper training and home modification. The paraplegic population is the most demoted section of our society and is confronted with barriers to accessibility, health facilities, educational opportunities, and skill development. Accessibility is very important for the paraplegic population and lack of accessibility may affect their abilities in self-care and employment so our objective was to find out modifications done in the house of paraplegics, compartmentalize and standardize various modifications done. Methods: The study setting and design was done at tertiary care centre, community setting and observational study. The sample size was 40. Inclusion was of both genders, sub-acute to chronic phase spinal cord injury and wheelchair users was taken. Exclusion was quadriplegics and bedridden patient’s spinal cord injury individual. Results: The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS V 26 software. The mean and standard deviation were calculated. In this study, the mean average modification shows in the ascending order of the entrance and exits (69.5%), followed by the hall (64.30%), bedroom (60%) bathroom (60%) and the kitchen (37.5%). Conclusions: The study concluded that most of the spinal cord injury individuals modify their houses. Entrance, exits and followed by the hall were most modified and the kitchen was the least modified compartment in the house.

Acute intermittent hypoxia increases maximal motor unit discharge rates in people with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury.

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is an emerging technique for enhancing neuroplasticity and motor function in respiratory and limb musculature. Thus far, AIH-induced improvements in strength have been reported for upper and lower limb muscles after chronic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (iSCI), but the underlying mechanisms have been elusive. We used high-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) to determine if motor unit discharge behaviour is altered after 15×60s exposures to 9% inspired oxygen, interspersed with 21% inspired oxygen (AIH), compared to breathing only 21% air (SHAM). We recorded HDsEMG from the biceps and triceps brachii of seven individuals with iSCI during maximal elbow flexion and extension contractions, and motor unit spike trains were identified using convolutive blind source separation. After AIH, elbow flexion and extension torque increased by 54% and 59% from baseline (P=0.003), respectively, whereas there was no change after SHAM. Across muscles, motor unit discharge rates increased by ∼4 pulses per second (P=0.002) during maximal efforts, from before to after AIH. These results suggest that excitability and/or activation of spinal motoneurons is augmented after AIH, providing a mechanism to explain AIH-induced increases in voluntary strength. Pending validation, AIH may be helpful in conjunction with other therapies to enhance rehabilitation outcomes after incomplete spinal cord injury, due to these enhancements in motor unit function and strength. KEY POINTS: Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) causes increases in muscular strength and neuroplasticity in people living with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but how it affects motor unit discharge rates is unknown. Motor unit spike times were identified from high-density surface electromyograms during maximal voluntary contractions and tracked from before to after AIH. Motor unit discharge rates were increased following AIH. These findings suggest that AIH can facilitate motoneuron function in people with incomplete SCI.