Motor RPM Research Articles

RPM MEASUREMENT COMPARISON USING A THERMOMETER AND LM393 MICROCONTROLLER

RPM measurement is a crucial measurement tool for assessing a machine's rotation quality and ensuring that it meets the DC motor manufacturer's specifications. The quality of rotation of electric motors and combustion motors can both be observed through RPM measurements. The precision with which the LM393 sensor measures the rotation of a DC motor engine is the problem formulation in this study. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the rotation measurement accuracy of the LM393 Microcontroller sensor and compare it to a traditional tachometer. In order to conduct rotational variations on the DC motor, the following voltages will be applied: 0.93V, 2.83V, 4.25V, 7.05V, and 9.07V. Next, a tachometer and an LM393 microcontroller are used to measure the DC motor rotation. The gathered data will be made available for verification. Based on the measurement results, the corresponding data differences are -5.560 RPM, -1.577 RPM, -2.182 RPM, -3 RPM, and 0.334 RPM. Therefore, measurement validation was done based on the disparity in readings, yielding results of 0.252%, -1.45%, 0.12%, 0.038%, and 0.0725%. Based on validation results showing a presentation of no more than 10%, the LM393 measuring tool for DC motor RPM measurement is deemed valid and suitable for use.

Electric Aircraft Battery Performance: Examining Full Discharge Under Two Conditions

The understanding of battery performance, particularly over the full course of discharge and over battery life is critical to allow pilots to maintain safety in electric aviation. In this study, an electric aircraft powered by two Lithium-Ion battery packs is used as a test article. The objectives of the current study are to build on previous work by conducting two full tests discharging both battery packs from a 100% charge. This allows examination of the battery performance a) under a constant power output and b) with periodic tests of the maximum power available. In addition to state of charge (SOC), remaining flight time, battery temperature, and motor power, this study presents data on motor RPM, torque, voltage, current, battery internal resistance, and available energy. The data on motor power indicates that the available maximum power decreases with lower SOCs when the throttle settings are varied; however, at lower power settings, such as an optimum cruise at 27 kW, the motor power remains constant and as expected during discharge. Also, the constant power setting illustrates that there are inflection points in physical battery characteristics. These results confirm that electric aircraft performance changes during a flight are different than what a pilot expects from a gasoline-powered aircraft. The longer the aircraft flies at different throttle settings, the faster the batteries discharge; the discharge curve is nonlinear. Thus, a piston-trained pilot’s expectation for an aircraft’s performance later in a flight will not match an electric aircraft.

Driving behavior analysis and classification by vehicle OBD data using machine learning.

The transportation industry's focus on improving performance and reducing costs has driven the integration of IoT and machine learning technologies. The correlation between driving style and behavior with fuel consumption and emissions has highlighted the need to classify different driver's driving patterns. In response, vehicles now come equipped with sensors that gather a wide range of operational data. The proposed technique collects critical vehicle performance data, including speed, motor RPM, paddle position, determined motor load, and over 50 other parameters through the OBD interface. The OBD-II diagnostics protocol, the primary diagnostic process used by technicians, can acquire this information via the car's communication port. OBD-II protocol is used to acquire real-time data linked to the vehicle's operation. This data are used to collect engine operation-related characteristics and assist with fault detection. The proposed method uses machine learning techniques, such as SVM, AdaBoost, and Random Forest, to classify driver's behavior based on ten categories that include fuel consumption, steering stability, velocity stability, and braking patterns. The solution offers an effective means to study driving behavior and recommend corrective actions for efficient and safe driving. The proposed model offers a classification of ten driver classes based on fuel consumption, steering stability, velocity stability, and braking patterns. This research work uses data extracted from the engine's internal sensors via the OBD-II protocol, eliminating the need for additional sensors. The collected data are used to build a model that classifies driver's behavior and can be used to provide feedback to improve driving habits. Key driving events, such as high-speed braking, rapid acceleration, deceleration, and turning, are used to characterize individual drivers. Visualization techniques, such as line plots and correlation matrices, are used to compare drivers' performance. Time-series values of the sensor data are considered in the model. The supervised learning methods are employed to compare all driver classes. SVM, AdaBoost, and Random Forest algorithms are implemented with 99%, 99%, and 100% accuracy, respectively. The suggested model offers a practical approach to examining driving behavior and suggesting necessary measures to enhance driving safety and efficiency.

The Design of Rice Milling and Screening Systems Uses the DC Motor PID Method

Rice is one of the staple foods of most Indonesian people, the processing of rice derived from rice plants goes through many stages, one of which is rice milling and sifting. This research aims to make it easier for farmers to do milling and screening, the system will utilize DC motor rotation which is suitable for application in milling and screening, this system also utilizes electrical energy obtained from sunlight so it is more efficient and environmentally friendly. The milling DC motor will use the PID method with a value of P=25, I=50 and D=5 with a setpoint of 250, while the winnowing motor will use a PWM setting of 200 with a voltage of 7.07 V and a motor RPM of 348. This study also has digital scales. which can easily find out the results in units of grams with a maximum capacity of 5,000 grams. The prototype of this rice grinder and sifter has a success rate of testing sensors and motors in the range of 50%, even though the milling results can be said to be less than optimal, the screening results can work according to function, as well as solar panels that can optimally provide power to move the actuators and sensors. sensors in this system.

State of Charge Estimation Model Based on Genetic Algorithms and Multivariate Linear Regression with Applications in Electric Vehicles

Nowadays, the use of renewable, green/eco-friendly technologies is attracting the attention of researchers, with a view to overcoming recent challenges that must be faced to guarantee the availability of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Therefore, this work proposes a methodology based on Genetic Algorithms (GA) and multivariate regression for estimating and modeling the State of Charge (SOC) in Electric Vehicles. Indeed, the proposal considers the continuous monitoring of six load-related variables that have an influence on the SOC (State of Charge), specifically, the vehicle acceleration, vehicle speed, battery bank temperature, motor RPM, motor current, and motor temperature. Thus, these measurements are evaluated in a structure comprised of a Genetic Algorithm and a multivariate regression model in order to find those relevant signals that better model the State of Charge, as well as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The proposed approach is validated under a real set of data acquired from a self-assembly Electric Vehicle, and the obtained results show a maximum accuracy of approximately 95.5%; thus, this proposed method can be applied as a reliable diagnostic tool in the automotive industry.

Characterization of the Propulsion System for Submersible Multimedium Robotic Vehicles

Multimedium robots are a new class of bioinspired vehicles with the ability of cross-domain transition and maneuverability across multiple domains. Such hybrid robots can transverse both in air and water, overcoming the stark differences in the motion dynamics within these mediums. Differences in the density, viscosity, and additional fluid-induced forces of the medium make the propulsion system design for multimedium robots a crucial challenge. Both unmanned aerial and remotely operated underwater vehicles rely on electrical propulsion coupled with propellers to navigate in their own respective medium of operation. However, due to the density differences in water and air, which is approximately 103 times, an aerial propeller demands higher RPM to generate significant thrust, unlike an underwater propeller. Higher water density and fluid inertia, on the other hand, demand a greater in-drive torque to spin the propeller in underwater conditions. Other critical parameters to be considered while choosing a suitable propulsion system are propeller diameter, propeller pitch, shaft torque requirements, operational RPM of motor–propeller pair, cavitation, and propeller tip deflection. This article presents an in-depth investigation and evaluation methodology to identify the feasible operating range for propellers and motors that meet the aerial and underwater thrust requirements while minimizing cavitation and propeller deflection. The thrusters (motor-propeller pair) are investigated individually, where propeller performance and physical constraints on the propeller blade are analyzed using blade elemental momentum theory (BEMT), while the motor is studied using the three-constant motor model. These subsystems are then mapped using torque equilibrium to determine their specific operational regime and overall efficiency. Numerical simulation in QPROP demonstrates that aerial thrusters can be utilized for both the mediums but with a sacrifice of overall efficiency. The optimal motor efficiency was 73.06% in aerial operation and 8.1% in underwater operation, but with increased thrust underwater due to higher fluid density, which is essentially a design tradeoff. The results of the analysis are experimentally validated and further presented as a framework for selecting an appropriate propulsion subsystem for multimedium vehicles based on the specific user-defined design requirements.

The Augmentation of a Flight Control Mechanism for a Hybrid Fixed-Wing VTOL Drone for Parcel Delivery

Several companies are experimenting with multicopters drones to deliver packages to customers. Although they are less aerodynamically efficient than fixed-wing aircraft, their ability to do the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) makes them ideal for delivery services. In this study, two methodologies will be used to build the drone which is software simulation and experimental approach. Software such as SIMNET is used to simulate and design an electronic operation of the drone while Mission Planner is used to setup the flight controller. Electronics layout is done prior to ensure a clear sight of work, components and information through the software. The flight controller used is called Pixhawk which is an open hardware mainly used for drone. The radio control system is also setup to be used as the link to control the flight controller. Flight tests were also performed to study the behavior of the drone at various percentage of throttle. At 60 percent throttle, the drone yaws continously to the left at 63.43 degrees at 4.879 degrees per second during test flights. With a payload weight of 516g, it tilted to the front nose down, with support provided at the tip of the left wing. With more design and calibration advancements, experimental findings that are similar to theoretical outcomes might be attained. Flight data after each test flight is extracted from the software and analysed for further improvement. The fabrication of complete prototype could not be finished within the stipulated time due to a delay in acquiring new parts such as propeller due to a problem, as well as procuring the appropriate material for the wing. A test of the drone motions including roll, pitch, and yaw, is also carried out using flight charts to validate the suggested design parameter. The drone tends to fly better with the motor turning with the same orientation rather than turning with different orientation due to better stability.This flight chart allows users to choose the best design parameters by determining the length of the wingspan, motor RPM, and propeller diameter that are expected to meet the performance requirements in these three flying motions. The procedure for estimating the drone's battery usage has also been presented in the flight chart.

A 3D Miniaturized Glass Magnetic-Active Centrifugal Micropump Fabricated by SLE Process and Laser Welding

A miniaturized pump to manipulate liquid flow in microchannels is the key component of microfluidic devices. Many researchers have demonstrated active microfluidic pumps, but most of them still required additional large peripherals to operate their micropumps. In addition, those micropumps were made of polymer materials so that their application may be limited to a variety of fields that require harsh conditions at high pressures and temperatures or organic solvents and acid/base. In this work, we present a 3D miniaturized magnetic-driven glass centrifugal pump for microfluidic devices. The pump consists of a volute structure and a 3D impeller integrated with two magnet disks of Φ1 mm. The 3D pump structure was 13 mm × 10.5 mm × 3 mm, and it was monolithically fabricated in a fused silica sheet by selective laser-induced etching (SLE) technology using a femtosecond laser. The pump operation requires only one motor rotating two magnets. It was Φ42 mm × 54 mm and powered by a battery. To align the shaft of the motor to the center of the 3D glass pump chip, a housing containing the motor and the chip was fabricated, and the overall size of the proposed micropump device was 95 mm × 70 mm × 75 mm. Compared with other miniaturized pumps, ours was more compact and portable. The output pressure of the fabricated micropump was between 215 Pa and 3104 Pa, and the volumetric flow rate range was 0.55 mL/min and 7.88 mL/min. The relationship between the motor RPM and the impeller RPM was analyzed, and the flow rate was able to be controlled by the RPM. With its portability, the proposed pump can be applied to produce an integrated and portable microfluidic device for point-of-care analysis.

Analisa Pengaruh Kecepatan Putar Motor DC Terhadap Jarak Lontaran Pelet Pada Mesin Pelontar Pakan Ikan

Freshwater fish is a type of fish that is very popular with the wider community. The problem that often occurs in cultivators is the timing of feeding fish. This study introduces automatic pellet sowing with a DC motor as a pellet ejector. The method used is by identifying research variables. This research was conducted with 3 variations of DC motor rpm rotation with 2 different pellet sizes. The data obtained showed that the farthest ejection distance is 3 mm pellets with a rotational speed of 6000 rpm, while the closest ejection distance is 3 mm pellets with a rotational speed of 1000 rpm, and it is also concluded that the data findings are the estimated time to run out of 3 kg of pellets for each pellet sample with three variations of DC motor rotational speed. Pellets with the fastest time of 1.90 s are pellets with a size of 3 mm with a rotational speed of 6000 rpm, while the longest time is 5.2 s, namely pellets with a size of 1 mm with a rotational speed of 1000 rpm.

Electric Bicycle with Fuzzy Logic Control

Abstract: This system monitors speed of BLDC motor using fuzzy logic. This system uses an 8051 microcontroller to achieve this purpose. Here, we constantly monitor the motor’s speed using an IR sensor. The photo-diode is used to keep track of the fan’s motor rotation and measure the RPM. This sensor is integrated with the microcontroller and provides input to the system. The microcontroller then calculates the RPM of motor based on signals provided by the photo-diode. The microcontroller is also integrated with an LCD display to show the status of the system along with the speed of the motor. The fuzzy logic is used in this project to increase and decrease PWM supply based on the RPM of fan monitored to keep it rotating close to the desired speed. Thus, microcontroller constantly provides PWM pulses to keep the motor rotating at the desired speed as per fuzzy logic. Keywords: FUZZY-LOGIC, Motorcontrol, 8051, IR Sensor, LCD

Fluid Viscosity Measuring Instrument with Internet of Things (IoT) Based Rotary Method

The viscometer is a system measuring the viscosity value of a liquid substance. The function of this viscosity measuring instrument is used to analyze the viscosity level of a particular product so that it is easy to know the quality of fluid viscosity. In this research, two methods were conducted, namely simulation and experimentation. Simulations were conducted using Simulink Matlab while experiments were conducted by designing fluid viscosity measuring instruments by rotary method or commonly known as a rotational viscometer. This tool uses two sensors namely, rpm sensor to measure rpm of dc motor and current and voltage sensor to measure current from dc motor, and also use controller equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) so that the measurement results will be displayed through LCD and can be monitored through the website. From the simulation results obtained drum motor spinning at low speed to the 10th second of the motor rotation about 6 rad / s and as time increases, the motor rotation will increase until the 60th second of the motor rotation begins to be constant this is due to the large shear voltage produced by a fluid at the beginning of the motor is turned on very large and decreases over time. While the test results of the tool that has been designed, obtained the measurement results on SAE 40 Oil obtained accuracy results of 0.99, on the measurement of SAE Oil 20W-50 obtained an accuracy value of 0.99 and in the measurement of SAE 10W-30 Oil obtained an accuracy value of 0.99.

Implementation of drive mechanism to control worktable motion in planer machine tool

Recent technological development circumstances, the small changes and captivity of any sectors may prove to a commendable fact. In the area of manufacturing its value adds to the core of obtaining a successful product and even the safety process in addition. Whatever be the factors and parameters it should be considered, even its impact is not so effective on the machine or the operators performing. In the planer machine, the reciprocating motion is high, the operators (students) cannot operate it conveniently. In our laboratory, the motor which is being used as 3HP motor with the 1440 rpm. Replacing of motor is possible to vary (fluctuation of) the power, but while considering on the basis of cost it is more. It cost about 15000/- and power consumption is more. The slight variation or changes in the planer machine setup fetches some safety to the operators especially the students who performing some machining process in the planer machine. Reduction of the rpm is by reducing the motor rpm from 288 (before drive implementation) to 172 (after drive implementation) by drive mechanism method. This is to control the reciprocating motion of the table and at the same time we are not considering the process parameters during the machining process.

Perancangan Simulator Differential Konvensional Menggunakan Penggerak Motor Listrik

Design and manufacture of this simulator aims to explain how the movement of the differential components. The components of this differential simulation consist of a differential case, pinion gear or spider gear, side gear, spider shaft, electric motor, pulley, v-belt and dimmer (motor speed controller). The method used in making this simulator is to start by first making a simulator design and then continuing with the collection of tools and materials needed. From testing the components of the simulator tool which was carried out for 50 minutes, it was found that every 10 minutes the temperature increased due to the lubrication system that was not maximized. Tests to determine the correlation between the dimmer and the RPM of the electric motor, it was found that any decrease in the resistance value will result in an increase in the RPM value of the electric motor. These results also show that the maximum value of the motor RPM after being assembled is 1435 RPM. Then the test when given a load found that the shaft axle rotation speed of the differential will change if there is a load on one side. From this test, it can be seen that there is an increase in the RPM value on the side of the shaft axle which rotates freely when the other shaft is given a load. With this simulator, it can also provide an overview of how the movement of the differential gears contained in the axle of a unit vehicle so that you can understand how it works

Acoustic Sensing and Noise Identification of a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Unit: Industrial Case Study

Reducing the noise and improving the sound quality of vehicles’ interior space is one of the challenges to enhance passengers’ experience. This is an ever-growing issue as entirely electric cars are becoming commonplace, making previously unnoticed noise a significant problem. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) units are a major noise source in a vehicle’s interior space, yet automotive manufacturers only give a maximum dB specification to HVAC unit manufactures. Problematic noise is only typically identified once the unit is within the vehicle at the late stages of a project. Psychoacoustics is the study of human perception to sound, allowing unpleasant noise to be identified within recorded data. Within this study, an industrial prototype HVAC unit was analysed using a 96-channel acoustic camera capable of isolating and locating noise sources from the unit using beamforming. In addition to identifying the location of noise sources, several psychoacoustic metrics were used, such as sharpness and loudness, to identify undesirable noise within an extensive data set due to the vast range of test configurations. Testing was conducted to analyse the unit. Within the initial testing, an ‘annoying’ sound was identified at a particular motor RPM, and this was located using the camera to an area which indicated that it was a result of structural resonance. In addition, present was a high-frequency source which could not be located accurately. The results of this testing enable modifications to the unit to be made early in its’ development, either structurally to alter the resonance of the unit or within the settings to ensure certain RPMs are avoided.

Industrial Monitoring Using Internet of Things -A MQTT Paradigm

Abstract: Internet of things (IOT) has taken a very pervasive role in our technological advancement. Today we find development in medical, schools, industrial sectors using IOT to enhance their operations. IOT is used in medical to gather information about patient’s health records, in schools’ teachers are able to track attendance of students in the campus, in industries motor controls, maintenance, and predictive fault analysis are some of application. The architecture of IOT is setup in such a way that sensors and actuators are connected to the internet. The devices on which interface to internet are small embedded modules such as microcontroller which have limited resources and processing power at the edge. Hence an efficient and reliable communication protocol is needed which fulfills the design criteria. MQTT is implemented using client and broker network entities. In this paper a hardware system is developed which tracks and monitor the parameters like temperature, RPM, vibration, load current and voltage of induction motor. A Dashboard is developed which illustrates the various parameters on IOT cloud platform which can be accessed remotely. Keywords: MQTT-Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, edge computing, Industrial IOT.

Modeling and linearization of longitudinal dynamics for a flapping wing micro aerial vehicle dragonfly-like with active rigid tail

The main purpose of this paper is to model and simulate flight dynamics for a flapping wing micro aerial vehicle dragonfly-like with two pair clap and fling mechanism and active rigid tail. This article simulates the flight dynamics of a micro aerial vehicle dragonfly-like that can also use tail movements for longitudinal stability. Initially, using Kane's method, the equations of motion of the longitudinal mode are obtained. Then aerodynamics forces of Delfly II micro aerial vehicle and gearbox simulation are added to the equations of motion. Also, a novel design for a flapping wing micro aerial vehicle dragonfly-like is presented, in which tail movement is similar to the movement of insect tails in longitudinal mode. In this work, the tail movement is not used as an elevator, but the rigid tail movement is used as a control torque. The difference in brush motor rpm leads to differential thrust and pitch moment generation, similar to a quadrotor. Finally, the dynamic equations and aerodynamics and gearbox are all linearized and presented as state-space equations. Also, the response of the open-loop linearized model is compared with the nonlinear response by creating suitable initial conditions for the brush motor rpm.

Modelling and performance analysis of electric vehicle

Conventional vehicles utilise petroleum-derived fuels for providing good performance and long-range speed. Due to the utilisation of petrol or diesel, there are few disadvantages such low fuel economy and exhaust gas emissions, which cause environmental pollution. To overcome such problems, this paper addresses the designing of an electric vehicle model, to enhance energy efficiency, reduce emissions, high-performance and low-maintenance. A simple and low run-time electric vehicle is modelled using simscape components using MATLAB. The dynamic model was used with the drive cycle source, battery, driver controller, power converter, motor, and vehicle subsystem. The power converter is designed using H-bridge with regenerative braking. The vehicle’s kinetic energy is recovered by braking the electric motor in the generator mode. Performance parameters, such as vehicle speed, current, State of Charge (SoC), motor RPM and distance, are verified with various drive cycles. The distance travelled, speed and torque by the electric vehicle are obtained using the simulation model and results are analysed.

Modifying RPM of Motor with Respect to Temperature using VFD and DCS

Modifying RPM of Motor with Respect to Temperature using VFD and DCS

Design and Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Power Plant Temperature Monitoring and Control using Fuzzylite

Design and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller for power plant temperature monitoring and control used fuzzy lite software to simulate using triangular method and compared with bell shape membership function. Fuzzy logic technology was deployed; the motor temperature and RPM being used as crisp inputs to the fuzzy logic controller with appropriate membership function definitions. The fuzzy logic was designed and simulated using the Fuzzy Lite and Proteus software. It was implemented as firmware written in C++ programming language being executed on the PIC16F877A microcontroller. The results gotten from the simulations and implementation were in concordance as variations in motor temperature influenced motor speed. Triangular method used in this work was compared with Bell shape method used in previous work to ascertain its contribution to knowledge and also discovered that triangular method is more precise in its result.

The Pressure-Speed Control of 555 Timer Circuit for Flow-Controlled Booster Motor by Solar Cell

This paper presents the application of 555 timer circuit. For general PWM control circuit components manner and cost reduction improvements, and apply this system of automatic flow-controlled motor. We use pressure switch to control the rpm of automatic flow-controlled motor. And then, it can enhance the water pressure due to a water tower lack. The system can reach the target of energy –saving and environment friendly by using solar energy. Finally, the consumer can adjust the water flow volume by choosing low speed, middle speed, and high speed of permanent magnet DC motor revolution due to pressure switch control. Keywords: Solar cell, 555 timer circuit, PWM control circuit, Flow-controlled booster motor, Pressure switch.