Motor Bike Research Articles

The Domestic Transition: Progress Towards Decent Living of Households in Low and Middle‐Income Countries

ABSTRACTOver the past decades, households have gradually increased their ownership of goods that make life easier and more comfortable, such as furniture, TVs, kitchen supplies, phones, (motor)bikes, and cars. We refer to this development, in which households move from having few durable assets to having many, as the domestic transition. In this study, we argue that this transition reflects the rise towards what could be called a decent standard of living. While this standard has been reached decades ago in affluent societies, the domestic transition has hardly started in the poorest countries. The current paper aims to assess the status of the domestic transition at the level of subnational regions within low‐ and middle‐income countries and to examine how variations in its pace relate to these regions' socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural characteristics. Our analyses reveal that the domestic transition in these regions follows an S‐shaped curve and that the speed of the transition is faster in wealthier, more educated, and urbanised regions with smaller dependent populations.

Using personal tracking software data to aid the impact of illegal trails in national parks

ABSTRACT The use of personal tracking devices for recreational use and for safety when in the outdoors has grown exponentially in recent years. The large-scale data collected through these platforms has enabled our team to gain a greater understanding of the way in which people encroach onto National Parks causing environmental damage. The project used freely accessible data on the access of illegal trails primarily from motor bike and mountain bike use in the East Otway Range of Victoria. This region was an excellent case study as it is a mosaic of state and national parks and the signage and restrictive fences place by national parks have been aligned with the illegal trail formation. The data mapping has been coupled with measurement of the impact on the environment including the number and scale of the trails and the type of environment they are impacting including fauna and flora of national significance. The data has shown some useful information around the manner in which illegal trails are identified and concealed by users. Further, the research has uncovered ways in which trails have been concealed from authorities.

Identification of Mineral Zircon (ZrSiO4) Rare Earth Metal (REM) As Smart Material For Electric Tactical Motor Bike Battery

Rare earth metals are associated minerals that are magnetic used as the main component in providing power to most electronic devices. Rare earth metal (REM) as a smart material that has 14 chemical elements. These elements are grouped according to their molecular weight, namely light rare earth metals (Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu) and heavy rare earth metals (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tr, Tm, Yb, Lu) . The use of this REM includes electric cars, health identification devices, LCDs and computer hardware. From some of the benefits and contents of REM, its development is not only in the industrial world but also in the world of defense, one of which is as a battery for motorized vehicles developed by the ministry of defense (Electric Tactical Motor Bike) that uses lithium batteries as a source of electrical energy. However, the use of lithium batteries which have shortcomings in terms of charging makes them look for other alternatives so that they can be charged optimally, one of which is using REM. The strategic position of rare earth minerals in the future must be developed so that they can be used sustainably, considering that Indonesia has potential resources that can be utilized.

Public Awareness and Behavioral Patterns During Smog

Smog is also an alarming signal for health problems in Pakistan especially in the city Lahore. Objective: To find out how the general public feels about smog. Methods: The study was conducted by surveying Lahore residents who drive. This was a survey-based study which included 100 subjects using any vehicle as a mode of transportation. Results: Generally, 2% people used cycle, motorbike 62%, car 13% and public transport 23% but during smog people shifted from bike to public transport and rate of car users were also increased from 13% to 25%. In this survey, 58% of the people came to know about smog through TV channels. Most of the respondents had the symptoms of chest tightness, eye irritation, breathing difficulty. This study revealed that 85% of vehicle users took preventive measures such as kept themselves hydrated (18%), worn mask (58%) and driven less (9%); which kept them away from hospitals during smog. Conclusions: It was anticipated that motor bike, car and public transport users had more knowledge about the causes of smog but none of cycle user was aware that sulfur and nitrogen compounds were the cause of smog (p<0.001). Thus, Pakistan needs to implement future countermeasures for smog.

DYNAMIC INTEGRATION OF BICYCLE DESIGN

Bicycles have been an essential mode of transportation and a source of recreation for centuries. In recent years, the field of bicycle design has seen a paradigm shift with the introduction of dynamic integration. This innovative approach focuses on seamlessly combining various elements of design to enhance both performance and user experience, setting a new standard for the cycling industry. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air or noise pollution, and much reduced traffic congestion. These lead to less financial cost to the user as well as to society at large. In Bicycles by using simple pedaling travelling longer distances is difficult, on an average a normal person can travel 10-15 km by using bicycle, but usingthe contemporary ways i.e., mounting an I.C engine on bicycle one can travel longer distance. A motorized bicycle is a bicycle with an attached motor and conveyance, usedeither to power the vehicle unassisted, or to assist with pedaling. Since it always retainsboth pedals and a discrete connected drive for rider-powered motive force In this demonstration a 2-stroke I.C engine is mounted on a bicycle, it create low pollution when equate to motor bikes. The engine is mounted at the middle of the bicycle and by using the chain the engine is associated to the rear wheel. By using thesekind motorized bicycles we have serious prospect to decrease the pollution and traffic (because it occupies less space than motor bikes), and human efforts bicycles and increases the health of human. Key words: Two Stroke Engine, Bicycle, Eco-Friendly, Human Effort.

Compare the Effectiveness of Soft Tissue Mobilization and TENS with Stretching Exercises and TENS for Low Back Pain among Online Motorbike Delivery Workers

Background: The majority of the time that drivers are at work is spent seated this causes low back pain inmotorbike riders, motor bike riders were more likely to have Low Back Pain. The workload of each workersdifferent, according to the type of work. Workloads can be mental, physical and social.Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of soft tissue mobilization and TENS with stretching exercises and TENSfor low back pain among online motorbike delivery workers.Materials and Methods: Total of 60 subjects were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thedetailed procedure of the study was explained to the subjects, and the informed consent form was collected. Thesubjects were chosen from A.K.B Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation centre. The pre and post test values weremeasured using the numerical pain rating scale and low back pain rating scale. The subject were allocated in totwo groups soft tissue mobilization and TENS group and stretching exercises and TENS group.The study durationwas 4 weeks. study period:october 2022-june 2023.Result: Statistical analysis of post test result revealed that both the group show similar results but soft tissuemobilization and TENS exceeds the Stretching exercises and TENS statistically with a p value of<0.0001 .Conclusion: Soft tissue mobilization and TENS is more effective than stretching exercises and TENS in reducinglow back pain among online motorbike delivery workers.

IoT Based Accident Identification and Alert System

An accident is an unpredicted and unintentional event. Considering the alarming increase in the number of motor bike riders and the number of accidents happening in our country, this system ensures to make the vehicle driving safer than before for the rider. The lack of treatment in proper time is the major reason for half of the deaths in road accidents. This system aims at providing early detection of accidents and communicating the information immediately to the emergency responses on time to provide quick assistance for the injured person. When the vehicle met with an accident, the vibration sensor or MEMS sensor which is embedded in the vehicle senses the vibration frequency and transfers the value to the raspberry pi module that is interfaced to it. While vibration threshold frequency exceeds the programmed maximum limit, the raspberry pi board extracts GPS data from the GPS module and the message with all the necessary information is sent quickly to the registered emergency contacts of the rider. This system assures to provide immediate assistance to the victim of the accident. The results give the exact locations of the accident.

Investigating Post-Purchase Behavior of Hero Motor Bikes Customers: A Study with Special Reference to K.M Motors, Changaramkulam

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study on the post-purchase behavior of customers who have bought Hero Motor Bikes, with a specific focus on their experiences at K.M Motors in Changaramkulam. Understanding the factors that influence post-purchase behavior is critical for both the dealership and the manufacturer to enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and overall brand perception. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, this study combines qualitative insights obtained through customer interviews, surveys, and service records analysis with quantitative data to comprehensively analyze the post-purchase behavior of Hero Motor Bikes customers at K.M Motors. The qualitative component seeks to uncover nuanced perspectives on customer experiences, satisfaction drivers, and areas for improvement, while the quantitative analysis focuses on measuring customer satisfaction levels and identifying patterns. The research will explore various aspects of post-purchase behavior, including customer perceptions of product performance, the quality of after-sales service provided by K.M Motors, and the overall dealership experience. It aims to assess the impact of factors such as timely service, communication, and customer support on brand loyalty and repeat purchases. Furthermore, the study will investigate the role of marketing communications, warranty programs, and customer engagement initiatives in influencing customers' perceptions after the purchase of Hero Motor Bikes. The findings from this research are expected to provide valuable insights for K.M Motors, Hero Motor Bikes, and other stakeholders in the automotive industry. By understanding the post-purchase behavior of customers, both the dealership and the manufacturer can refine strategies, improve service offerings, and contribute to the overall satisfaction and loyalty of Hero Motor Bikes customers in Changaramkulam. This study serves as a foundation for informed decision-making and future research within the realm of post-purchase behavior in the automotive sector.

Severity of Maxillofacial Trauma in Motor Bike Riders among Helmet Wearers vs. Non-Helmet Wearers

Aim: To evaluate the severity of maxillofacial trauma in motorbike riders among helmet wearers and non-helmet wearers. Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The setting was Jinnah Hospital Lahore from April 1, 2021, to October 1, 2021. Method: The study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore from April 1, 2021, to October 1, 2021. The sample size of our study was 143 patients. The data were collected from the clinical records of individuals who had suffered maxillofacial trauma. Subjects engaged in motorcycle accidents with thorough case records and radiological studies met the inclusion criteria. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 23 version. Results: In our study, the mean age of patients was 31.10±9.15, with 129 (90.2%) patients being male and 14 (9.8%) patients being female. 41 (28.5%) patients were helmet users, and 102 (71.3%) patients were non-helmet users. In our study, we also found the severity of maxillofacial trauma: 39.2% of patients had mandible fractures, 35.7% had zygomatic arch fractures, 65.7% had soft-tissue injuries, and 21.0% had dentoalveolar fractures. Observed the greater severity of maxillofacial trauma in non-helmet users with a significant p value (p<0.05). Non-helmet wearers noted more general comminuted fractures, loss of organs like blindness and loss of vision due to orbital fractures, more deep facial lacerations causing lifetime esthetic concerns, a greater hospital stay, and more expenditure at the hospital. Also, more trauma to teeth and injuries lead to a more expensive burden for tooth prostheses afterwards. In helmet wearers, there were fewer fractures, and patients had to stay less or didn’t need to stay at the hospital; they could continue with their daily routine work and job.

Design and analysis of coil spring suspension system using N4518 grade flux levitation for motor bikes

Riding comfort is of paramount importance when designing a suspension system considering vehicle dynamics & stability control. Generally, two-wheelers use springs, hydraulic and pneumatic-type damping mechanisms. The present work was a neoteric magnetic suspension system for two-wheelers that use both magnetic and spring cushioning effects to provide comfort to the rider. In this work, two Neodymium ferromagnetic materials were fixed inside the shock absorber cylinders facing same pole each other. The repulsive magnetic flux they produce when come closer due to shocking load was utilized as media for dampening the shock. The combination of permanent magnet with coiled spring has been utilized to enhance the cushioning effect against the shock transmitted due to acceleration on an uneven road condition. The designed suspension system was more efficient over other type of suspension systems, absorbs a greater number of shocks with high accuracy and had no leakage problem unlike in hydraulic and pneumatic system. The design was validated using 3D modelling and Ansys simulation. The beneficial software validation made the design tentative to work efficiently with less maintenance cost.

The use of whole-body trauma CT should be based on mechanism of injury: A risk analysis of 3920 patients at a tertiary trauma centre

BackgroundMechanism of injury (MOI) plays a significant role in a decision to perform whole-body computed tomography (CT) imaging for trauma patients. Various mechanisms have unique patterns of injury and therefore form an important variable in decision making. MethodsRetrospective cohort study including all patients >18 years old who received a whole-body CT scan between 1 January 2019 and 19 February 2020. The outcomes were divided into CT ‘positive’ if any internal injuries were detected and CT ‘negative’ if no internal injuries were detected. The MOI, vital sign parameters, and other relevant clinical examination findings at presentation were recorded. Results3920 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 1591 (40.6%) had a positive CT. The most common MOI was fall from standing height (FFSH), accounting for 23.0%, followed by motor vehicle accident (MVA), accounting for 22.4%. Covariates significantly associated with a positive CT included age, MVA >60 km/h, motor bike, bicycle, or pedestrian accident >30 km/h, prolonged extrication >30 min, fall from height above standing, penetrating chest or abdominal injury, as well as hypotension, neurological deficit, or hypoxia on arrival. FFSH was shown to reduce the risk of a positive CT overall, however, sub-analysis of FFSH in patients >65 years showed a significant association with a positive CT (OR 2.34, p < 0.001) compared to <65 years. ConclusionsPre-arrival information including MOI and vital signs have significant impact on identifying subsequent injuries with CT imaging. In high energy trauma, we should consider the need for whole-body CT based on MOI alone regardless of the clinical examination findings. However, for low-energy trauma, including FFSH, in the absence of clinical examination findings which support an internal injury, a screening whole-body CT is unlikely to yield a positive result, particularly in the age group <65yo.

Why &lt;em&gt;Monopoly&lt;/em&gt; Monopolises Popular Culture Board Games

Why &lt;em&gt;Monopoly&lt;/em&gt; Monopolises Popular Culture Board Games

Night Market Rescue by Charlotte Cheng (review)

Reviewed by: Night Market Rescue by Charlotte Cheng Kate Quealy-Gainer, Editor Cheng, Charlotte Night Market Rescue; illus. by Amber Ren. Rocky Pond/Penguin, 2023 [32p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780593531723 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593531730 $10.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 4-7 yrs The cool night air sweeps out the hot stickiness of the day in Taipei and brings with it sweet and spicy scents, ones that beckon GoGo, a content but currently hungry street dog, to the bustling night market. Weaving around zooming motor bikes and busy vendors and their customers, GoGo finds a veritable feast: sausage bites, ginger tea, baby bok choy, and scallion stems. He puts his revelry on pause, though, when he sees a little girl, clearly lost, and he beckons her to the market; they wander the area until the little one spots her family, running to their open arms—but now, GoGo is left alone, slinking back into the streets. Viewers will likely see where this is going, but they'll be nonetheless delighted when the child and her family call to GoGo and welcome him into their family. GoGo's an undeniably cute pooch, but the star here is the Night Market, gleaming with red lanterns, sparkling with luminescent colors, and peopled with a delightful assortment of characters that viewers can track through the pages. Shifts in perspectives and varied compositions bring the audience right into the hustle and bustle of the street, as we join GoGo underneath the stalls to grab a treat or zoom out to see him tussle with a possessive cat. Dog lovers will appreciate the warm tail—er, tale—of GoGo finding a forever family, while foodies will relish the assortment of visual treats on offer. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Evaluation of Neck Pain and Posture of Cervical Spine among Helmet Users Riding Motor Bike

Background: Helmet use is become mandatory by the Indian govt. in the year of 2016. After the helmet law the prevalence of helmet users increased up to 80%. Other 20% populations refused to wear helmet while riding due their own reasons such as some founds wearing of helmet causing suffocating, heaviness over neck muscles or some feels headache too. Among various postural disorders, forward head posture (FHP) has found to be commonest. It occurs when position of the head is forward to a plumb line passing over the centre of gravity. The good posture could be present, as the external auditory meatus allied with the plumb line. FHP can be assessed by using various assessment methods and Cranio-vertebral angle (CVA) method is highly reliable method to measure FHP, which indicates smaller the angle greater the FHP. The aim of the study was to evaluate the postural changes in cervical spine and presence of neck pain among helmet users riding motor bike. Method Total 300 subjects participated in the study and were assessed by self- made questionnaire, out of which 260(Male= 189, Female= 71) subjects were taken in the study as they were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Then dividing them into two groups based on complaining of pain on neck (with neck pain and without neck pain) using Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). CVA was measured using MB-Ruler software for both the groups. Result The results shows CVA has a significant correlation with helmet weight (p value=0.000), BMI (p value=0.04), years of riding (p value=0.037) and days of riding per week (p value=0.031). NPRS showed to have significant correlation with helmet weight (p value=0.046) and weight of the bag (p value=0.012). 45% of study populations were having FHP and 66% populations were having neck pain. Conclusion The study concludes that helmet weight has significant impact on both neck pain and forward head posture. The incidence rate of forward head posture was greater among with neck pain populations.

Systematic literature review of 10 years of cyclist safety research

Cyclist safety is a research field that is gaining increasing interest and attention, but still offers questions and challenges open to the scientific community. The aim of this study was to provide an exhaustive review of scientific publications in the cyclist safety field. For this purpose, Bibliometrix-R tool was used to analyse 1066 documents retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) between 2012 and 2021. The study examined published sources and productive scholars by exposing their most influential contributions, presented institutions and countries most contributing to cyclist safety and explored countries open towards international collaborations. A keywords analysis provided the most frequent author keywords in cyclist safety shown in a word cloud with E-bike, behaviour, and crash severity representing the primary keywords. Furthermore, a thematic map of cyclist safety field drafted from the author’s keywords was identified. The strategic diagram is divided in four quadrants and, according to both density and centrality, the themes can be classified as follows: 1) motor themes, characterized by high value of both centrality and density; 2) niche themes, defined by high density and low centrality; 3) emerging or declining themes, featured by low value of both centrality and density; and 4) basic themes, distinguished by high centrality and low density. The motor themes (i.e., the main topics in cyclist safety field) crash severity and bike network were further explored.The research findings will be useful to develop strategies for making bike a safer and more confident form of transport as well as to guide researchers towards the future scientific knowledge.

A Study on Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Towards Hero Motor Bikes

The present study aims to investigate customer purchasing behaviour towards Hero motor bikes. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a sample of Hero motorbike customers. The research aims to identify the factors that influence customer buying decisions, including brand perception, product quality, price, and availability The study found that factors such as brand loyalty, affordability, fuel efficiency, and after-sales service were the key determinants of customer purchasing behaviour. Additionally, the study revealed that customers preferred to rely on recommendations from family and friends and advertisements to make informed purchase decisions. The findings of this study have important implications for marketing strategies aimed at attracting and retaining customers in the highly competitive motorcycle industry.

The Environmental Consequence of Automobile and Motor-bike Traffic Noise Intensity on the Activity of African Grey Parrots (Psithacus erittacus) in Limbe Botanic Garden, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Highway traffic noise pollution is unavoidably generated by human activity, and has caused serious health problems to the human society. However, it’s also a challenge to many wildlife species, though, continous exposure to the noise stimuli has seemingly given them adaptation. Understanding the ability of wildlife species to cope with noise pollution is complex, thus, requires research. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore automobile and motor bike traffic noise intensity on African grey parrots’ activity in Limbe Botanic Garden. The research data was collected for a period of three months from 8:00 am - 5:00 pm each day. Traffic noise pollution is difficult to avoid in urban settings because of huge human population and its activity, however, its interference with other sounds is common, and wildlife population living in cities, such as birds are affected. The study revealed a positive significance X2 = 25.796 df=2 P=0.000 and X2 =39.489 df=6 P=0.000 on photoperiod and meteorological conditions respectively. Moreover, meteorological changes in the study area recorded significance on sun 75%, cloud 15%, wind 6%, and rain 4% respectively. Furthermore, noise intensity of automobile and motor bike traffic around the botanic garden area showed a significance X2 = 5.657 df=8 P&lt;0.05, and r = 0.209 P=0.000 on behavior and parrots' food availability respectively. The highest parrots’ activity recorded during this study was on contact calls 54%, and the least was roosting 3%. Though a comprehensive inventory is not carried out on the parrot population in Cameroon, there are signs, these birds are already facing population reduction; principally because of the pet-trade driven by the craving human love for the colourful plumage morphology and the talented sound-mimicking behavior of the parrots. There is a necessity for further study to be carried out on the birds’ population census in the country. The study found that traffic noise intensity at all levels have a negative influence on the aggregation activity of grey parrots, reason why they avoid the vegetation along the streets of the garden. Finally, oil palm fruit-feeding was a dominant activity recorded in this study, hence, we recommend more oil palm trees be planted in the garden far from major roads to enrich the feeding environment of the grey parrots.

Electric Motorcycle: Study of Speed and Range

Abstract: In the world of ever-changing modes of transport, one that remains and will prevail even in future is Motorbike. In today era electric vehicles are considered as one of the most versatile and sustainable means of transport. Hence, the aim of this research paper is to compare ideal and real-life electric power train motorbike speed and range. This paper includes results conducted and tested effectively on a real-life working and fully functioning model of an Electric motor bike.

Some differences but all at risk: Improving farm safety for young people-An Australian experience.

A significant portion of on-farm deaths and injuries in Australia occur among young people working on the farm. Since most Australian farms are still family owned and operated, young people are an integral part of everyday operations and the farm is a place where these young people live, work and play. This paper describes how the international Gear Up for Ag Health and Safety™ program, originally developed in North America, was further developed for a younger Australian audience (ages 12-19) enrolled in agricultural programs at secondary or vocational schools. In addition, we share insight on demographics, self-reported farm safety behaviours, and the most common farm tasks being performed by program participants utilising a pre-survey originally developed for program customisation. Of particular importance were the most common farming tasks reported by this group. The most common tasks performed on Australian farms included a large variety of vehicle use (farm vehicles, motorbikes, and quadbikes) and handling livestock. Females reported operating vehicles and other farm equipment at the same rates as males. Males were more likely to be working with large heavy machinery and driving trucks, while females were more likely to be working with livestock and using horses for stockwork. Both males and females reported low use of PPE and poor safety habits. In future Australian programs, it will be important to address the conspicuous use of motor vehicles, quadbikes, motor bikes and machinery at early ages, and to target gender-specific tasks to reduce risks on the farm.

DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL SELECTION SOFTWARE FOR NON-FERROUS METALS

A huge number of materials are available to the modern engineer, but selecting the appropriate material for engineering application is a complex task. This work tries to solve the material selection problem by developing the material selection software. The software adopts the Multi Attribute Decision Making technique for the selection. An optimization criterion (goal programming) was introduced, and the software uses this to prioritize materials suitable for an application. The software contains a graphical user interface as front end and a database management system as back end. Database was created, and by writing structured query language statements, commands were executed by the database management system. Nonferrous materials with their properties were stored in the database. Management system uses the algorithm to search the database and select optimum material based on desired criteria input in the graphical user interface. The material selection software developed in this research work was tested for selection of material. A criterion for selecting material for connecting rod for motor bikes application was given. The software scanned through the database and searched for materials with range of these properties and optimizes each and ranked them. Results displayed two aluminum materials and found out that Aluminum 7075-T73 was the optimum material for the application. Software was validated using Granta Cambridge Engineering Selector software which showed that the material selection software developed in this work is valid for selection of materials.