Motivation For Alcohol Consumption Research Articles

Alcohol dependence and motivations for alcohol consumption in nursing students

Introduction: alcohol dependence is a public health problem on which multiple groups of researchers have focused their attention since it mainly affects the young population, as it is the most consumed drug in the world due to its easy access, which makes it imperative to advance in the understanding of this phenomenon.Objective: to determine the dependence and relationship that exists with the motivation to consume alcohol in nursing students. Methods: non-experimental, quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research, in a sample of 363 undergraduate nursing students from two university regions, using simple random probability sampling, applying the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Questionnaire (AUDIT) and the translation of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R). Results: 47,4 % were 21 to 23 years old, 62,3 % were from urban areas; the largest number of students consumed occasionally (62,2 %) and 20,1 % were abstinent (women were the most frequent drinkers). The 97,2 % are motivated to consume alcohol and 0,3 % are highly motivated. Conclusions: there is dependence to alcohol consumption related to motivation in nursing students (rs=,697, p=<0,01). Therefore, it is necessary to implement interventions in prevention and health promotion, to limit access to the substance or reduce their intake patterns

Risk level-specific hazardous drinking factors of alcohol use disorders in Japanese university students

ABSTRACT Background Mood, emotions, and alcohol use motives are risk factors for hazardous alcohol use among young people, but relevant research about students in Asia is scarce. In addition, it is necessary to identify risk factors not only in students who are already drinking dangerously, but also in students who are in the preliminary stages of dangerous drinking, but few studies have pursued risk factors for these different degrees of hazardous drinking. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure the risk-level-specific factors in Japanese college students. Methods 1,067 college students were categorized by the risk level of their drinking habits, and the risk-level-specific factors for hazardous drinking were examined. Results Students who engaged in high-risk drinking, and those who were suspected of being alcohol-dependent, were predominantly males. These students’ motives for alcohol consumption and expressions of anger were significantly stronger. In addition, they resorted to avoidant, accepting responsibility and emotion-focused strategies for coping with stress. The interesting findings are that positive mood states such as vigor and friendliness tended to be specifically higher in the risky drinking group. Conclusion These results suggest that emotions such as anger and stress coping skills may be potential targets for preventive interventions against hazardous drinking.

Motivations for alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamic Republic of Iran.

High alcohol consumption is an important public health problem, and understanding factors associated with such consumption is essential. This study aimed to assess individual and social factors associated with alcohol consumption during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this qualitative study, purposive sampling was used to select study participants by sharing the survey link on the Telegram application channels with an Iranian audience during COVID-19. The study was conducted from March to June 2020 and reached all Iranian provinces. We used qualitative content analysis to investigate specific concepts in the responses. Of the 116 participants who responded to the survey, 34 (29.3%) were females, and 82 (70.7%) were male. The mean age of the participants was 34.8 years (standard deviation 9.9; range 17-71 years). Most of the participants (75.9%) reported having consumed alcohol, and 56.9% reported having self-medicated for an illness without a doctor's prescription before the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common reason given for alcohol consumption was to relieve stress during home quarantining (32.3%). Based on analysis of the responses, two themes emerged: coping motivations and coping skills, with five subthemes and 14 basic codes. Coping motivations were more powerful than coping skills in relation to high alcohol consumption. Poor coping skills and strong motivations, combined with misinformation on social media and the internet, appear to have led to new or higher alcohol consumption among survey respondents.

Level of compliance of patients with alcohol dependence at the stages of active treatment of alcohol misuse

The article shows that one of the causes of relapses and re-hospitalizations is low compliance of patients, or non-compliance with their therapeutic regimen, especially at the end of anti-alcohol treatment. The author has developed some definitions, which specify the specifics of the phenomenon of compliance with patients with alcohol dependence; its levels in this group of patients were determined. Social and clinical-psychological factors that contribute to or hinder the formation of compliance are identified. Factors that increase compliance include: the presence of family support; motives for alcohol consumption, which are associated with the desire to neutralize negative emotional experiences (fear, anxiety, insecurity); therapeutic attitudes to understand the hidden causes of the disease and change painful stereotypes of behavior; ergopathic type of attitude to the disease; high level of subjective control in the professional field; emotional stability, social activity, as well as practicality and the ability to adequately assess their condition. Factors that reduce compliance are: young age of the patient; frequent relapses; repeated hospitalizations; addictive motivation to drink alcohol; therapeutic facilities for obtaining a "secondary gain" from the disease; apathetic type of attitude to the disease; overall low level of subjective control; conflict, negligence, rigidity of thinking. The selected psychological factors of compliance with alcohol dependence can be considered as targets of psychoprophylactic and psychocorrectional programs aimed at optimizing the process of adherence to the therapeutic regimen of patients with this pathology, which, in turn, will help prevent relapses and maintain remissions. This work is based on the results of the experience of psychodiagnostic and psychocorrectional work with alcohol-dependent patients who were under observation in the clinical databases of the Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Addiction of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine.

Reward-Related Attentional Capture Moderates the Association between Fear-Driven Motives and Heavy Drinking

Background: To date, there has been little investigation on how motivational and cognitive mechanisms interact to influence problematic drinking behaviours. Towards this aim, the current study examined whether reward-related attentional capture is associated with reward, fear (relief), and habit drinking motives, and further, whether it interacts with these motives in relation to problematic drinking patterns. Methods: Ninety participants (mean age = 34.8 years, SD = 9.1, 54% male) who reported having consumed alcohol in the past month completed an online visual search task that measured reward-related attentional capture as well as the Habit Reward Fear Scale, a measure of drinking motives. Participants also completed measures of psychological distress, impulsivity, compulsive drinking, and consumption items of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Regression analyses examined the associations between motives for alcohol consumption and reward-related attentional capture, as well as the associations between reward-related attentional capture, motives, and their interaction, with alcohol consumption and problems. Results: Greater reward-related attentional capture was associated with greater reward motives. Further, reward-related attentional capture also interacted with fear motives in relation to alcohol consumption. Follow-up analyses showed that this interaction was driven by greater fear motives being associated with heavier drinking among those with lower reward-related attentional capture (i.e., “goal-trackers”). Conclusion: These findings have implications for understanding how cognition may interact with motives in association with problematic drinking. Specifically, the findings highlight different potential pathways to problematic drinking according to an individual’s cognitive-motivational profile and may inform tailored interventions to target profile-specific mechanisms. Finally, these findings offer support for contemporary models of addiction that view excessive goal-directed behaviour under negative affect as a critical contributor to addictive behaviours.

Temperament and character of patients with alcohol toxicity during COVID \u2212\u200919 pandemic

BackgroundCorona virus epidemic may be acts as a stressor or trauma that affects both physical health and mental health. People exhibited various reactive behaviors to confront with this stressful situation. In Iran, one of the common motives for alcohol consumption is to scape problems and cope with stresses. It has been shown that personality factors influence alcohol consumption, since they are associated with drinking motives. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between temperament and character and alcohol abuse.MethodsThis cross-section study was conducted on 135 alcohol intoxicated patients admitted to emergency room in March 2020 and 255 participants who were randomly selected from public in Shiraz. A questionnaire consisted of TCI (Temperament and character inventory) and several questions about COVID-19 pandemic. It was completed by a trained interviewer using the matched answer technique. Demographic factors were self-reported.ResultsAmong the alcohol intoxicated group, 117 (86.7%) were males and 18(13.3%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 32.43 ± 10.81 years. Among control group, 99 (38.8%) were males and 156 (61.2%) were females. The mean age of control group was 33.12 ± 14.77 years. Alcohol toxicity was mostly observed among the young males (male/female ratio was 6.45). According to temperament and character index, mean scores of novelty seeking, harm avoidant, and self-transcendence were higher in the alcohol toxicity group than normal population (P < 0.01). Mean scores of reward dependent, cooperativeness, and self-directedness were higher in normal population than the alcohol toxicity group (P < 0.001). The mean score of persistence was not significantly different between methanol intoxicated and normal population groups (P = 0.718).ConclusionAlcohol intoxicated patients had higher scores of novelty-seeking and self-transcendence and lower scores of reward-dependency scores, cooperativeness and self-directedness. These scores are associated with higher likelihood of personality disorders.

Психологическая диагностика и гендерный анализ склонности подростков к аддикции

We consider the current issue of teenagers’ attitude to psychoactive substances. A comprehensive study of the value relationship of teenagers to psychoactive substances and the motivation for their use is necessary. The teenagers development crisis leads to a drop in academic performance, a decrease in working capacity, negativism, alienation, ambivalence of feelings and much more, it is noted that the demonstrative “adulthood” of teenagers, their acute experience of the discrepancy between the external and internal worlds often lead them to behavioral transformations aimed at remaking reality for themselves. Based on the types of deviations characterized in psychology, we analyze the causes of chemical addiction. In the course of the study, we identify the main reasons that encourage teenagers to try drugs and consider the age differentiation of the reasons. The main motives of alcohol consumption by teenagers are determined. The results of the study were analyzed by gender of the respondents, and the peculiarities of the attitude to psychoactive substances and persons who use the above substances were noted. We present an expert assessment of the risk of teenagers’ dependence on psychoactive substances, given by schoolteachers, and identify the main causes that affect the risk of developing addiction. We note the necessity of conducting psychological preventive work with this group of respondents and the environment.

ПОЛОВОЗРАСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ АЛКОГОЛЬНОЙ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ У ПОДРОСТКОВ

Statement of the problem. The article provides an overview of the theoretical provisions and research on the formation of alcohol dependence in adolescence. At the same time, alcohol dependence is presented as a complex phenomenon, which includes the following components: addictive liability, dependent behavior, motives of alcohol consumption. There is a contradiction between the continuous growth of adolescent alcoholism, decrease in the age of persons who consume alcoholic beverages, the increasing number of adolescent girls who consume alcoholic beverages, and the insufficient number of psychological and pedagogical studies in the field of alcohol addiction development among elder adolescents. As a research task, the authors identified an attempt to identify and describe the indicators of alcohol dependence among elder adolescents. It has been shown that there is a connection between addictive behavior, alcohol dependence and the motives of alcohol consumption in adolescence. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of alcohol dependence development in adolescence. Research methodology. In the study, we rely on the scientific ideas of age-related development in the context of studying addictive behavior among adolescents in the works by L.S. Vygotsky, A.V. Petrovsky, E. Erickson, and others; research on the problems of addictive behavior and its prevention (A.A. Aleksandrova, A.V. Gogoleva, M.V. Romannikova, N.A.Sirota, T.A.Shilova, V.M. Yaltonsky, etc.). The total sample size was 162 adolescents in the 9th grade: 80 boys and 82 girls studying in educational institutions of Krasnoyarsk. The diagnostic package is represented by the following methods: questionnaire survey “Attitude of adolescents to alcoholic beverages”, test questionnaire “Addictive liability” by V.V. Yusupov and V.A. Korzunina, test questionnaire “Liability to addictive behavior” (on the example of alcohol dependence) by V.D. Mendelevich, V.Yu. Zavyalov’s questionnaire “The motives for consuming alcohol”. To compare the samples, the Mann-Whitney U-test and calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Results. The study showed that adolescents are characterized by low psychological resistance to an unfavorable social environment and poor adaptation in the educational space. The risk of alcohol dependence development was revealed under certain social conditions, and the girls were more strongly oriented towards the use of alcoholic beverages. The first acquaintance with alcohol of adolescents took place before the age of 10, adolescents tried alcohol, and half of them prefer beer, but at the same time drink strong drinks. Internal psychological reasons allow adolescents to use alcohol more often to raise their spirits, to liberate themselves in communication, to become ‘cronies’ in the group. The latter is especially true for girls. The leading motives for alcohol consumption are mainly the motives of the traditional and hedonic subtypes among girls and the pseudo-cultural and ataractic subtypes among boys, which may indicate the absence of alcoholic illness as such, but this is an alarming symptom for adolescents. There is a relationship between the severity of addiction, alcohol dependence and motivation for alcohol consumption (moderately pronounced addictive risk, signs of a tendency, addiction to alcohol, traditional motives, signs of increased addiction, submissive motives, pronounced signs of addiction, signs of increased liability, alcohol consumption for the company, pseudo-cultural type of motives, hedonistic motives, ataractic motives). Conclusion. The study made it possible to identify adolescents with varying degrees of risk of alcohol dependence, who require preventive work to be carried out with them. It is concluded that the study of adolescents’ attitudes to alcohol will expand the understanding of the phenomenon of alcohol dependence, and, no doubt, will be useful for purposeful planning and implementation of psychological and pedagogical prevention in an educational institution. Based on the data obtained, a prevention program can be developed using modern interactive technologies.

Alcohol consumption at selected bars in Keffi, Nigeria: Consumers’ awareness of recommended limits and consumption motivations

Are alcohol consumers aware of the recommended limit of alcohol consumption per day? What are the motivations for alcohol consumption? These questions constitute the major objective of this study. The study was carried out in Keffi town in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Exploratory research design was adopted while the qualitative research method and instrument were adopted for data collection. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 52 alcohol consumers in two different bars in Keffi. The study found that while all consumers expressed various reasons for alcohol consumption, all the interviewed respondents were not aware of the quantity of alcohol that poses immediate or future harm to the consumer. Consequently, all the interviewed drinkers consumed above the WHO recommended percentage of alcohol consumption per day. The study recommends that alcoholic drinks, and advertisements should carry more information about recommended daily intake, and quantity of alcohol that poses health and safety risks.

Alcoholics Fanonymous: The relationships between reasons for drinking, aggression, and team identification in sports fans

Prior research has illustrated that sport spectators, particularly those with higher team identification, display a willingness to engage in both hostile and instrumental aggressive acts towards opposing teams and officials. With alcohol consumption prominent at major sporting events across the United States, the relationship between drinking motivation and aggressive acts deserves greater scrutiny. Individuals may consume alcohol for a variety of reasons, such as for positive, social reasons or negative motives that seek to escape aversive features of the environment or one’s personal issues. The present experiment explored the relationships between sport fans’ reported motivation for alcohol consumption, various types of aggression, and team identification. Specifically, we examined positive (social) and negative (escape) reasons for drinking. We predicted that there would be positive relationships between (1) team identification and both negative and positive reasons for drinking, (2) team identification and both hostile and instrumental aggression, and (3) negative reasons for drinking and both hostile and instrumental aggression. In addition, we expected that positive reasons for drinking would be negatively associated with hostile and instrumental aggression. The results from our study provided partial support of our predictions. More highly identified fans reported a higher proclivity to perform hostile and instrumental acts compared to lower identified fans. Negative reasons for drinking were positively related to both types of aggression. Our experiment effectively replicates past research on aggression in sports fans. Future directions and implications of the current study are also discussed.

Acute alcohol exposure dose-dependently alleviates social avoidance in adolescent mice and inhibits social investigation in adult mice.

Motivations for alcohol consumption often focus on ethanol's purported prosocial effects: social enhancement and reduction of socially focused anxiety. Despite substantial research supporting prosocial effects, contrary research exists demonstrating alcohol-elicited antisocial and asocial behaviours. Additionally, evidence typically fails to delineate whether alcohol-induced prosocial effects are due to alcohol expectancies or pharmacological actions of ethanol. Studies exploring ethanol's pharmacological effects on social behaviour and factors that modulate apparent contradictory prosocial versus asocial effects are lacking. This study investigated whether factors of age, ethanol dose and social fear modulate ethanol-induced pharmacological effects on sociability and social anxiety-like avoidance. Experiments examined the acute effects of ethanol doses (0, 0.25, 0.8, 1.6g/kg; i.p.) in adult (10-week-old) and adolescent (PND 31-33) C57BL/6J male mice on social interaction using a social fear conditioning paradigm. Control experiments assessed whether ethanol-induced effects were social-specific. In adult mice, no specific effects of ethanol on social avoidance were observed at any dose. However, high-dose ethanol (1.6g/kg) suppressed social approach in all adult mice. In contrast, low-dose ethanol (0.25g/kg) alleviated social avoidance in adolescent mice and no social suppression was observed at higher ethanol doses. Thus, higher doses of ethanol impair social behaviour in adult mice, whereas lower doses specifically alleviate social anxiety-like avoidance in adolescent mice. Age, dose and social fear are critical modulators of acute ethanol-induced pharmacological effects on social behaviour. Inconsistencies in ethanol-induced social consequences appear at least partly mediated by pharmacological interactions-not solely alcohol expectancies.

Teenagers and Alcohol in the Arctic Region: Factors, Features, Prospects for Prevention on the Example of the Kola Peninsula Region

The paper is devoted to the development of addictive behavior in adolescents and the possibilities of its prevention. The authors presented a theoretical analysis of alcoholism in general and identified the main issues on the example of adolescents of the Kola Peninsula. This paper focuses on the environmental peculiarities of the problem, since living conditions in the polar region contribute to the development of addictive behavior. The study involved 539 respondents of both sexes, with an average age of 15 years, who formed two groups: deviant and standardized adolescents. Considering that subjects with addictions could modify their answers to be more socially desirable, the deviant group was formed based on the data provided by organizations working with them. The empirical research identified the psychological factors of alcohol addiction of adolescents, determined and analyzed their manifestations specific for this age group. It presented detailed prescription of mental states, alcohol consumption motives, communication and organizational skills, specificity of responsible behavior, locus control, style of family education and relations. The research also revealed the relationship between these indicators. It was found that adolescents with alcohol addiction had problems with somatic and mental health; the motives for alcohol consumption included social, pseudo-cultural and hedonistic motives. The mental state of adolescents affected the alcohol addiction and depended on their communication skills. The study of the locus control in both groups revealed no significant differences. Both groups had the prevalence of the external locus control and the low level of responsible behavior. The research showed that the preferences of a specific paternalism leaded to the formation of a propensity for alcohol consumption. The paper identified the key aspects of adolescent alcoholism in Kola Peninsula region, which could be used as basis for prevention activities.

Exploration of young adults’ influences on, and consequences of, avoiding alcohol consumption

Background: There is a wealth of research on motives for alcohol consumption among young people. However, little is known about motives to avoid alcohol in this population. Objectives: The study purpose was to explore what influences young adults’ decisions to avoid alcohol and their motives to avoid alcohol. Methods: Face-to-face, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted in 2015 with young adults (n = 30, Mage = 21.13 years, SD = 2.05) living in Australia who did not consume alcohol regularly. Interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Thematic analysis resulted in seven themes: being in control; avoiding negative health consequences; taste; socialization influences; being left out; peer pressure; strategies to curb excessive alcohol consumption. Conclusions/Importance: Findings from the present study contribute to the literature in identifying coping strategies that participants adopted when faced with questions concerning their abstinence. The data provide evidence that, even in a minority, strong identities and beliefs appear to be a robust means to counteract pressure to conform to the social norm to consume alcohol. Findings may inform the (1) development of youth-centered interventions that target values and social norms to help build resistance to pressures to consume alcohol from peers and the wider community and (2) creation of opportunities and promotion of activities that are fun and alcohol free.

Sa1463 - Associations of Alcohol Consumption Motives with Depression and Pain Among Individuals with Hepatitis C

Sa1463 - Associations of Alcohol Consumption Motives with Depression and Pain Among Individuals with Hepatitis C

Examination of Drinking Habits and Motives of Collegiate Student-Athletes

Universities across the United States have reported consistently high rates of alcohol use and abuse among students during the past 20 years. The college student alcohol consumption level is considered an important public health concern. The increase in problematic drinking seems to be campus wide, but there is an understudied at-risk demographic—collegiate student-athletes. The purpose of this study is to examine student-athletes’ motives for alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related negative consequences. Student-athletes (N = 283) from five Midwestern universities completed an online questionnaire assessing this behavior. Male student-athletes reported higher levels in all three categories than females. In addition, differences were found in the drinking motives of individual and team sport student-athletes. Unlike previous studies, Division I student-athletes did not differ from Division III with respect to these behaviors. Male student-athletes seem particularly at-risk for problematic alcohol consumption. Additionally, differences were found in motives experienced for alcohol consumption based on sport type (i.e., individual versus team). Level of play was not found to influence drinking motives or alcohol consumption which may signify participation in intercollegiate athletics is a greater influence than division. Differences found in gender and sport type may provide insight to help decrease dangerous drinking habits of student-athletes.

Measuring alcohol-related consequences and motives among students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities

IntroductionCollege student drinkers have the propensity to engage in heavy alcohol consumption. These consumption patterns can be problematic given the well-established relationship between heavy drinking and negative consequences of alcohol consumption. Though the research on college student drinking is abundant, much of the work conducted has been with Caucasian samples and less so with African American samples or at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). MethodsThe current paper assessed the internal reliability and concurrent validity of two popular measures of alcohol related negative consequences (CAPS-r and YAACQ) and a measure of drinking motives (DMQ-R) within a HBCU sample. ResultsTotal scores for the CAPS-r and YAACQ and all five subscales of the DMQ-R were internally reliable as determined by Cronbach's alpha. Correlations and regressions established concurrent validity for both measures of negative consequences as well as the subscales for the DMQ-R. ConclusionsFindings support the use of these measures in the assessment of negative consequences and motivations for alcohol consumption within a HBCU population.

Drinking alcohol as harmful habits among young people

Background: The consumption of alcohol is a massive and almost pandemic occurrence behavior, in general, and the youth population and becomes part of the social pathology, with the inevitable health consequences. Objective: To determine the habits of alcohol consumption in the population of students, to determine their attitudes toward alcohol consumption and awareness of the damaging effects of alcohol consumption. Methodology: descriptive and observational method - household survey, a survey was conducted in the student population, the Medical College of Professional Studies in Belgrade, on a random sample of N-316 at all years of basic professional studies. We used part of the ESPAD questionnaire that is tailored to the needs of this research is anonymous and consisted of 14 questions. Results: The results indicate that 92.4% of respondents have experience of drinking alcohol. Half of the first alcoholic drink consumed at the urging of other /friends. The motives of alcohol consumption are generally hedonistic nature. The results indicate that 69.3% of respondents have experience of drinking. The subjects consumed approximately all kinds of alcohol, and more than half of the respondents consumed alcohol in the company of a friend, 56.3% of them. More than half of respondents, 56% have a positive attitude towards the consumption of alcohol, while only 33% of students are well informed about the harmful effects of alcohol consumption. Discussion: The consumption of alcohol is the most common form of addiction among young people. Motiva and trigger a more in addition to the influence of peers there is a curiosity and benevolent treatment of our society towards alcohol drinking. Peers act as an influential model, the introduction of the high-risk activities. Freshman population is particularly at risk. Conclusion: The respondents were largely consumed alcohol. Bearing in mind that the testing was anonymous and the profession for which the educated respondents, the results are certainly worse in both subjects and the general population of students. It is therefore very important in the course of their training, raising awareness about the dangers of alcohol consumption and the development of skills, so that young people learn how to resist pressures to adopt new forms of harmful behavior, including drinking alcohol.

Stress and alcohol drinking

The concept of stress‐relief by alcohol has led to many investigations in order to elucidate the mechanisms of interactions of stress and alcohol, and the stress‐reducing effect of alcohol as a motivation for alcohol consumption. The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) system is one of the biological systems affected by both stress and alcohol. However, there is a high individual variation in the response of the HPA axis to either stress or alcohol. Factors like quality, severity and duration of stress, dose of alcohol and frequency of stress or alcohol exposure add to the individual response to stress or alcohol. The individual response is determined by interactions of genetic, environmental and experiential factors. Facing that complexity, with even more factors to be named, the often reported inconsistencies in both human and animal studies are not only attributable to methodological differences. Nevertheless, there are studies showing an influence of stress on alcohol consumption which most likely depends on the sample of probands examined. To our view, the concept of stress‐relief by alcohol as a basic motivation for developing alcohol drinking habits is only applicable to subgroups of drinkers. Individuals with a dysfunctional HPA axis, inherited and/or acquired, might represent such a subgroup of stress‐motivated drinkers.

Disruption of dopamine D 1 receptor gene expression attenuates alcohol-seeking behavior

The role of the dopamine D 1 receptor subtype in alcohol-seeking behaviors was studied in mice genetically deficient in dopamine D 1 receptors (D 1−/−). In two-tube free choice limited (1–5 h) and continuous (24 h) access paradigms, mice were exposed to water and increasing concentrations of ethanol (3%, 6% and 12% w/v). Voluntary ethanol consumption and preference over water were markedly reduced in D 1−/− mice as compared to heterozygous (D 1+/−) and wild-type (D 1+/+) controls, whereas overall fluid consumption was comparable. When offered a single drinking tube containing alcohol as their only source of fluid for 24 h, D 1−/− mice continued to drink significantly less alcohol than D 1+/+ and D 1+/− mice. Dopamine D 2 receptor blockade with sulpiride caused a small but significant reduction in alcohol intake and preference in D 1+/+ mice and attenuated residual alcohol drinking in D 1−/− mice. Dopamine D 1 receptor blockade with SCH-23390 very effectively reduced alcohol intake in D 1+/+ and D 1+/− mice to the level seen in untreated D 1−/− mice. These findings suggest involvement of both dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptor mechanisms in alcohol-seeking behavior in mice; however, these implicate D 1 receptors as having a more important role in the motivation for alcohol consumption.

Need for control in the workplace and motivation for alcohol consumption: a written survey in 3 public civil service agencies

The links between the need for control (inability to withdraw from work obligations and work commitment) at the workplace and the motivation to consume alcohol is investigated on the basis of 427 male employees in three public administrations or spatially and organizationally homogenous parts of these administrations. By analogy with the work of McClelland and with reference to the concept of the need for control it is conjectured that a link exists between the need for control and the motivation to consume alcohol as a means of coping with stress. Using a linear-additive regression model it becomes evident that the inability to withdraw from work obligations though not the work commitment have an effect on the consumption motive. This effect is not eliminated by the tendency for social desirability and the salary grouping, which are included in the regression model as predictors. In summary, the data proves a link between the inability to withdraw from work obligations on the one side and the consumption of alcohol as a means of coping with stress on the other.