Taxonomy Of Motivations Research Articles

Conceptual Replication of Parental Influences on the Academic Motivation of Gifted Students: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Despite the strong influence parenting plays in every aspect of child development, there has been relatively little research focused on how parents influence the academic motivation of their high-ability or gifted child in the home setting. The current study details a conceptual replication of one widely cited study on this topic conducted by Garn et al. (2010). We used an exploratory qualitative design to analyze interview responses gathered from 14 parents (mothers of 22 gifted students) using a content analysis approach within the theoretical framework offered by the Self-Determination Theory taxonomy of motivation developed by Deci and Ryan. Our independent analysis grouped the content of parent responses into four themes that are consistent with those reported in the original study by Garn et al.

Well-being as Need Fulfillment: Implications for Theory, Methods, and Practice.

The most prominent concept championed by human resource professionals, point solution providers, and the mental health care industry is the construct of holistic well-being. Despite the tremendous attention focused on well-being, the concept lacks theoretical consensus among its proponents. Like the concept of engagement, this field cries out for clearly stated definitions that embed the concept within a theoretical framework, allowing theory development to avoid the prolific category errors of the past 50years. This paper argues for a more sophisticated approach to the concept of well-being, grounding it in the vast psychological literature on human motivation. Herein lies the contribution of our paper; we argue that the apparent diversity of operational definitions employed by academics and practitioners can be understood as tentative attempts to draw ever nearer to key motivational concepts, without ever quite getting there. We review the leading definitions of well-being in the literature and find that they are reducible to a core set of human motives, each backed by full research traditions of their own, which populate a comprehensive model of twelve human motivations. We propose that there is substantial value in adopting a comprehensive motivational taxonomy over current approaches, which have the effect of "snowballing" ever more dimensions and elements. We consider the impact of setting well-being concepts in existing motivational constructs for each of the following: (a) theory, especially the development of well-being frameworks; (b) methods, including the value of applying a comprehensive, structural approach; and (c) practice, where we emphasize the practical advantages of clear operational definitions.

Employee Engagement as Human Motivation: Implications for Theory, Methods, and Practice.

The central theoretical construct in human resource management today is employee engagement. Despite its centrality, clear theoretical and operational definitions are few and far between, with most treatments failing to separate causes from effects, psychological variables from organizational variables, and internal from external mechanisms. This paper argues for a more sophisticated approach to the engagement concept, grounding it in the vast psychological literature on human motivation. Herein lies the contribution of our paper; we argue that the apparent diversity of operational definitions employed by academics and practitioners can be understood as tentative attempts to draw ever nearer to key motivational concepts, but never quite get there. We review the leading definitions of employee engagement in the literature and find that they are reducible to a core set of human motives, each backed by full literatures of their own, which populate a comprehensive model of twelve human motivations. We propose that there is substantial value in adopting a comprehensive motivational taxonomy over current approaches, which have the effect of "snowballing" ever more constructs adopted from a variety of fields and theoretical traditions. We consider the impact of rooting engagement concepts in existing motivational constructs for each of the following: (a) theory, especially the development of engagement systems; (b) methods, including the value of applying a comprehensive, structural approach; and (c) practice, where we emphasize the practical advantages of clear operational definitions.

Children’s motivation for digital technology use: parents and children’s perspective

Since the use of digital technology (DT) has become a significant part of children’s everyday life, one of the main questions is why and for what purposes children use DT. This paper aims to explore categories of motivation for DT use among Croatian children aged 9 to 15 years, and their rate of occurrence, from the perspective of children (18 boys; 13 girls; average age = 11) and their parents (3 fathers; 28 mothers). Focus groups with children as well as their parents were conducted online via Zoom, in spring 2021. Results show that both children and their parents state following motives for children’s use of DT: fun and entertainment, interaction and communication, relaxation, and rest, learning and seeking information. Furthermore, children, but not their parents, state as their motives time pass and boredom, and Fear of Missing Out. This research contributes to a better understanding of the reasons why children use DT, provides a taxonomy of motives, and shows that children’s motives for DT use are universal to different life circumstances.

Developing a taxonomy of motivations for foodstagramming through photo elicitation

Foodstagramming, the capturing and sharing of food, has become an indispensable part of our digital culture. This study explores the motivations underlying foodstagramming through a photo elicitation approach. A total of 32 participants were interviewed and 690 photos were collected. Fifteen motivations for foodstagramming were identified. The motivations were conceptually distinguished into three main spheres: self-sphere (intrinsically-oriented), social-sphere (extrinsically-oriented), and restaurant-sphere (stimulus/context-oriented), and further categorized under three key dimensions: affective motives, expressive motives, and functional motives. The findings reveal the heterogeneity in the motivations underlying foodstagramming and provide empirical evidence for new dimensions in understanding this important social phenomenon.

How economic variables influence citations?

This paper explores the influence of select economic variables on total citations and citations per document as obtained from Scopus from 2016 to 2018. The analysis considered 32 countries that contribute 90% of the scholarly output. Variables considered in the study included citations, citable documents, total expenditure on R&D per capita ($), researchers in R&D per capita, GDP (PPP) per capita and university education index. Based on multiple regression equation, the output broadly confirms the earlier observation of citation intensity going with wealth intensity of nations. However, on closer examination based on the obtained regression equation, aberration between expected and obtained total citations and citations per document could be observed for India and several other countries. The paper sees a need to include a taxonomy of motivations to cite and contributor taxonomy to make the citation measures meaningful.

A legacy unfinished: An appreciative reply to comments on self-determination theory’s frontiers and challenges.

It is an honor to receive comments from such an esteemed group of scholars, and their recognition of the progress in motivational sciences catalyzed by a global community of self-determination theory (SDT) researchers. Given limited space, we respond to only a few of their reactions. In our legacy article (Ryan et al., 2021), we focused on autonomy, in part because, as Koestner and Holding (2021) highlighted, SDT is unique in its emphasis on this concept. Koestner and Holding further suggested that SDT's emphasis on autonomy has a particular salience in this age of COVID-19 in which voluntary compliance matters to public health. We agree, and have seen SDT's ability to differentiate between autonomy and freedom, and to identify strategies that facilitate maintained behavior change to be highly relevant in this pandemic (e.g., Martela et al., 2021;Vermote et al., 2021). Concerning this emphasis on autonomy, Sheldon and Geoffredi (2021) worried that SDT faces a threat from determinists who object to free will. Patall (2021) comments about the wide applicability of SDT's universal principles. Vallerand (2021) points to major contributions of SDT in focusing on basic human needs, in differentiating types of extrinsic motivation, and in researching human flourishing well before the advent of positive psychology. Sansone and Tang (2021) highlight the complexity of SDT's motivational taxonomy, and that people can have both betweenand within-person differences in configurations of motives. We appreciate these positive reviews of SDT, and agree with our commentators' unanimous view that the theory's work is far from complete. We hope our SDT legacy article thus serves not as a coda, but instead as a springboard for yet further theorizing, experimentation, and interventions that contribute to humanity through supporting people's autonomy and capacity to pursue what really matters to them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

The Development of the Online Player Type Scale

The present study outlines the development of the Online Player Type Scale (OPTS) utilizing a motivational taxonomy developed. This taxonomy was comprehensively reviewed to create scale items, and the conceptual framework of the scale was defined. The study group was comprised of 1,479 students attending grades 5 to 8 of a private school. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit the study group, and playing any videogame frequently was the criterion to be included in the sample. The construct validity and reliability testing showed the OPTS comprised four factors: achievement-oriented (ACH), socialization-oriented (SOC), exploration-oriented (EXP), and competition-oriented (COMP). The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients and composite reliability coefficients were 0.89 and 0.99 for KIL, 0.83 and 0.98 for EXP, 0.83 and 0.98 for SOC, and 0.94 and 0.99 for ACH. It is concluded that the Online Player Type Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing gaming motivation.

Motivating EFL Learners Comprehensively: Applying Dörnyei’s Taxonomy of Classroom Motivational Strategies

<p><em>Learning English as a foreign language is considered as a long-term process. During the period of learning, students might undergo ‘ups’ and ‘downs’ issue related to motivation swings. It is believed that motivated learners likely to outperform others who have high language aptitude but possess low motivation. For this reason, EFL teachers are required to involve strategies that captivate EFL students’ motivation. Motivating students should not only rely on immediate teaching strategies or a single activity since learning English as a foreign language is not an immediate process. Students tend to show fluctuated motivation in a time while in the other occasions could suffer in learning. </em><em>Hence, how motivation is considered as a process rather than a single state is described. Examining other perspective about motivation and the changing of focus in researching motivation show that seeing motivation as a process indicates more promising results for EFL students’ learning accomplishment. </em><em>Pointing out the importance of motivation in English learning attainment and the need of continuum process in motivating students, this paper offers the practical and comprehensive classroom motivational strategies by applying </em><em>Dörnyei’s motivational taxonomy</em><em>. </em></p>

Probabilistic Worst-Case Timing Analysis

The unabated increase in the complexity of the hardware and software components of modern embedded real-time systems has given momentum to a host of research in the use of probabilistic and statistical techniques for timing analysis. In the last few years, that front of investigation has yielded a body of scientific literature vast enough to warrant some comprehensive taxonomy of motivations, strategies of application, and directions of research. This survey addresses this very need, singling out the principal techniques in the state of the art of timing analysis that employ probabilistic reasoning at some level, building a taxonomy of them, discussing their relative merit and limitations, and the relations among them. In addition to offering a comprehensive foundation to savvy probabilistic timing analysis, this article also identifies the key challenges to be addressed to consolidate the scientific soundness and industrial viability of this emerging field.

Predictors and Motivational Taxonomy of Youth Elopement From Residential Mental Health Placement

ABSTRACTThis study examined predictors of initial elopement from residential care settings (RCS) in a large sample of youth receiving residential treatment in Hawai‘i (n = 1,261) and analyzed mandated reports from a subsample of elopement events (n = 300) to classify behavioral motivations of eloped youth. Given youth were nested within facilities (k = 16), a multi-level logistic regression was conducted. After controlling for other factors, youth in unlocked facilities diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders were most likely to elope. Three major elopement motivational categories emerged: peer influence, escape from negative stimuli inside the RCS, and approach toward reinforcing stimuli outside the RCS. Each of these categories was associated with at least one youth characteristic (e.g., gender, diagnosis). Common motivational sub-categories included escape from anger- or frustration-inducing events, desire to use substances, and unspecified peer involvement. Programmatic implications are discussed.

Exploration of work motivation structure and profiles based on self-determination theory among Korean employees

The Self-determination theory (SDT) posits the existence of distinct taxonomy of motivation (i.e., amotivation, external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic motivation). The purpose of this study was to explore whether SDT’s work motivation structure can be applied to the understanding that of Korean employees, and to identify the motivational profiles for Korean employees together with their relationships with a variety of organizational outcomes. Data was collected from two separate samples of Korean employees(Study 1: 509 employees; Study 2: 153 employees). The results showed that unlike SDT taxonomy, autonomous motivations were not classified into three distinctive categories(identified, integrated, and intrinsic motivation). The results also revealed that there were three distinct motivational profiles(i.e., autonomous motivated, controlled motivated, and amotivated), and the largest proportion of Korean employees was covered by controlled motivated cluster. The autonomous motivated cluster had the most favorable levels of adaptive organizational outcomes(i.e., organizational commitment, job satisfaction), whereas the amotivated cluster was strongly related to non-adoptive organizational outcomes(i.e., turnover, emotional exhaustion). Based on these results, discussion was made regarding the distinct features of work motivation structure and motivational profiles in Korean work setting, and also future research directions were suggested.

Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation

Emotion regulation involves the pursuit of desired emotional states (i.e., emotion goals) in the service of superordinate motives. The nature and consequences of emotion regulation, therefore, are likely to depend on the motives it is intended to serve. Nonetheless, limited attention has been devoted to studying what motivates emotion regulation. By mapping the potential benefits of emotion to key human motives, this review identifies key classes of motives in emotion regulation. The proposed taxonomy distinguishes between hedonic motives that target the immediate phenomenology of emotions, and instrumental motives that target other potential benefits of emotions. Instrumental motives include behavioral, epistemic, social, and eudaimonic motives. The proposed taxonomy offers important implications for understanding the mechanism of emotion regulation, variation across individuals and contexts, and psychological function and dysfunction, and points to novel research directions.

Exploring the Criminal Behavior of Women with Psychopathy: Results from a Multicenter Study into Psychopathy and Violent Offending in Female Forensic Psychiatric Patients

Research into the criminal behavior of women with psychopathy is scarce. The overall aim of the present study was to examine differences between the criminal behavior of women with and without psychopathy. The sample comprised 221 female forensic psychiatric patients who are or have been admitted to one of four participating forensic settings in the Netherlands between 1984 and 2012. An extensive questionnaire containing demographic, criminal, and psychiatric variables was coded, as well as the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, several risk assessment tools, and a taxonomy of motivations (inspired by Coid, 1998). The lowered PCL-R cut-off score as applied in the Female Additional Manual was used to define women with psychopathy. It was found that women with psychopathy were younger at their first conviction and had more criminal versatility in their offense histories than women without psychopathy. With respect to the index offense it was found that women with psychopathy committed a fatal index offense less often, were more likely to have stranger victims, and committed offenses motivated by power, dominance, or personal gain (i.e., Bad motivation typology) more often than women without psychopathy. No differences were found between women with and without psychopathy with respect to type of weapon used at the index offense. Implications and suggestions for future research into psychopathy in women are discussed.

A taxonomy of motives to cite.

In this study, we explicate citing behavior in the writing of scientific papers by presenting a taxonomy of motives to cite. The suggested taxonomy consists of four main categories, which are purely descriptive: Argumentation, Social Alignment, Mercantile Alignment, and Data. These categories are divided into a suggested set of subcategories. We argue that the complexities of citing practice show how little can be assumed about actual citing behavior when studying a finished paper. The discussion supports the claim that it might be misleading to treat all citations as equal in quantitative citation analysis.

The Neglected Ethical and Spiritual Motivations in the Workplace

Understanding what motivates employees is essential to the success of organizational objectives. Therefore, properly capturing and explaining the full range of such motivations are important. However, the classical and most popular theories describing employee motives have neglected, if not omitted entirely, the importance of the ethical and spiritual dimensions of motivation. This has led to a model of a person as self-interested, amoral, and non-spiritual. In this paper, we attempt to expose this omission and offer a more complete taxonomy of motivations which include these dimensions. Although more work will need to be done to fully develop the ethical and spiritual dimensions of motivation, the expanded taxonomy will provide the foundations and serve as a guide for such further research. Furthermore, this new categorization of motivations brings out the full dimensions of being human, which promises to lead to improved management practices with regard to employees and foster greater human flourishing in the workplace.

Motives for international cooperation on R&D and innovation: empirical evidence from Argentinean and Spanish firms

This paper focuses on the strategic motives and firm characteristics that influence cooperation for R&D and innovation among Argentinean and Spanish firms. On the basis of a review of different theoretical perspectives we propose and apply a taxonomy of motives for inter-firm technological cooperation. We combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies, developing a database of 540 innovative firms and conducting a survey that obtained evidence from 104 of these firms, supplemented by information gathered from 19 in-depth interviews. Our results show that technological cooperation is not easy to achieve and determined by a complex interplay of intentions and practical opportunities. The lack of convergence in the motives for cooperation creates un-favourable conditions and affects negatively the initiation of the cooperation processes. These differences together with asymmetries in access to funding are important obstacles to cooperation with implications in the administration of national policy incentives and its regulation mechanisms.

Understanding Urban Green Space as a Health Resource: A Qualitative Comparison of Visit Motivation and Derived Effects among Park Users in Sheffield, UK

With increasing interest in the use of urban green space to promote human health, there is a need to understand the extent to which park users conceptualize these places as a resource for health and well-being. This study sought to examine park users’ own reasons for and benefits from green space usage and compare these with concepts and constructs in existing person-environment-health theories and models of health. Conducted in 13 public green spaces in Sheffield, UK, we undertook a qualitative content analysis of 312 park users’ responses to open-ended interview questions and identified a breadth, depth and salience of visit motivators and derived effects. Findings highlight a discrepancy between reasons for visiting and derived effects from the use of urban green space. Motivations emphasized walking, green space qualities, and children. Derived effects highlighted relaxation, positive emotions within the self and towards the place, and spiritual well-being. We generate a taxonomy of motivations and derived effects that could facilitate operationalization within empirical research and articulate a conceptual framework linking motivators to outcomes for investigating green space as a resource for human health and well-being.

Toward a Unified Model of Human Motivation

Motivational theory has taken many forms throughout history, reflecting the scientific paradigms and current concerns of the day. The result is a diverse array of theoretical constructs and core motive concepts, with no systematic integration of this work. This paper proposes a unified model that places motivational concepts from past work within a comprehensive descriptive structure, akin to the periodic table of elements in chemistry. Starting from the precept that all human motivation is a search for change, the model identifies two key taxonomic questions: “Change where?” and “What type of change?” The result is a 3 × 3 matrix with rows that represent answers to the “Change where?” question (within the self, within the material world, within the social world), and columns that represent answers to the “What type of change?” question (change in potential/expectations for life, change in process/experience of living, and change in outcomes/evaluation of life activities). The matrix generates nine motivational domains—each reflecting the properties of its respective rows and columns. The model accounts for virtually all of the motives proposed by the major motivational theorists of the last century. By introducing a potentially precise common language in the taxonomy of motives, it is hoped that the model can provide a foundation for the systematic study of individual development, for the analysis of personality and cultural differences, and for investigating situational dynamics in human behavior.

Knowledge sharing in organisational contexts: a motivation‐based perspective

PurposeFacilitating knowledge sharing within organisations is a difficult task: the willingness of individuals to share and integrate their knowledge is one of the central barriers. This paper aims to develop a motivation‐based perspective to explore how organisations resolve the social dilemma of knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis builds on a three‐category taxonomy of motivation, adding “hedonic” motivation to the traditional dichotomy of “extrinsic” and “intrinsic” motivation. It uses case studies gleaned from the literature to explore the interactive effects between the different motivators in two different types of knowledge‐intensive organisations: professional bureaucracy and operating adhocracy.FindingsWithin a professional bureaucracy, the social dilemma of knowledge sharing may be overcome through normative motivation, with provision of hedonic motivation through extrinsic incentives such as training and career progression. In an operating adhocracy where interdependent teamwork is vital, it may be overcome through normative alignment reinforced by intensive socialisation. Extrinsic motivators that align with hedonic motivation may also reinforce the propensity for knowledge sharing. In both organisational types, financial extrinsic incentives do not appear to be relevant on their own, and may “crowd out” other motivators.Research limitations/implicationsThe cases reported were chosen from the existing literature and, although many were not designed specifically to address motivational issues, suggestive conclusions are drawn. Most of the cases were drawn from organisations rooted in the Anglo‐American context and thus care would be needed in generalising the findings to organisations in other contexts.Originality/valueThe paper represents the first attempt to apply a three‐category taxonomy of motivation to examine knowledge‐sharing behaviour in organisations. It highlights the interaction between the different motivators and provides a basis to integrate further the work of social psychologists and socio‐economists on incentives and motivation in the context of knowledge sharing.