Motivational Climate In Sport Questionnaire Research Articles

Motivation Profiles, Perceived Motivational Climate, Coping Perceptions and Anxiety Among Elite Young Ice Hockey Players

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sports motivation and several sports psychological variables (Perceived Motivational Climate, Coping Perceptions and Anxiety). The data were collected from Hungarian ice hockey players (n = 293) playing in the Hungarian hockey academy system, using the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) of Smith et al. (1995) and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) of Martens et al. (1990). The analysis revealed four significantly different individual sports motivation profiles, and these differed significantly in terms of athletes’ anxiety, coping, and perceived motivational climate. In addition, the research highlighted the importance of diagnosing and addressing amotivation to improve overall sports performance, self-confidence, and coping skills when facing adversity. Limitations and further research directions are also considered.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN COACHING BEHAVIOR, MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN CADET BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Aim:The aim of this research is the empirical study of coach’s social contribution to intrinsic motivation of cadet basketball players. The research included the pertinent sample (N = 114) of participants from five basketball clubs from Valjevo. The average age of participants was 15,36 years. Methods: The following measuring instruments were used: The Leadership Scale for Sports questionnaire (LSS), Negative Coaching Behavior Questionnaire (UNPT), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMSCQ), and The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Results: The obtained results indicate that there are 2/3 of bivariate correlations between the examined variables in adolescent basketball population. The applied hierarchical analysis included the variables coach’s positive and negative actions in the first predictor group, and mastery-oriented motivational climate in the second. The regression equation accounted for 30% of the variability of the scores on the criterion variable intrinsic motivation, where coach’s negative actions are revealed as significant negative predictor variable, while the mastery-oriented motivational climate was a positive predictor of the criterion. Conclusion: The possible explanations and implications were discussed in this research. The obtained results indicate that the examined variables are relevant for understanding and predicting intrinsic motivation in adolescent basketball players. Key words: leadership in sport, young basketball players, subscale interests, coaching behavior

Beyond physical ability-predicting women's football performance from psychological factors.

Even though there is a clear agreement among researchers that psychological factors are a vital part of a football player's performance, the topic has not been investigated thoroughly. The present study aimed to examine the predictive value of psychological factors on female football players' match performance. A sample of 156 players from the top two leagues in Norway completed the following questionnaires: Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2 (PMCSQ-2), Big Five Inventory (BFI-20), Self-Regulated Learning questionnaire, and Grit-S and Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). Match performance data were collected from the online database of the performance analysis company InStat. Results from a linear mixed model analysis showed that perceived mastery climate and extraversion were the only significant predictors of performance. Other relevant indicators, such as mental toughness, self-regulated learning, and grit, did not predict performance. These findings suggest that the team climate facilitated by coaches may be more important for predicting match performance than individual psychological factors.

The Relationship of Coach-Created Motivational Climate to Teamwork Behaviors in Female Collegiate Athletes

Although teamwork behaviors would be expected to emerge from coach-created task-involving climates, no study has focused on this connection. Thus, we surveyed female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes (N = 536) on their perceptions of motivational climates created by their head coaches (i.e., 33-item Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire) and their beliefs about their team’s teamwork behaviors (i.e., 19-item Multidimensional Assessment of Teamwork in Sport—Short Form). Cluster analyses revealed three groupings of coach-created climates: low task/high ego (n = 125), moderate task/moderate ego (n = 286), and high task/low ego (n = 125). Through a series of multivariate analyses of variance, with post hoc discriminant descriptive analysis, we found a significant main effect for the motivational climate clusters on teamwork behaviors. Athletes in the high-task/low-ego motivational climate cluster endorsed more teamwork behaviors (e.g., preparation, execution) than those in the moderate-task/moderate-ego and low-task/high-ego climate clusters. These findings suggest the importance of coach-created motivational climates in teamwork behaviors.

Explanatory Model Based on the Type of Physical Activity, Motivational Climate and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet of Anxiety among Physical Education Trainee Teachers

It has now been shown that an active and healthy lifestyle among university students helps to channel disruptive states arising from the academic environment. The objectives of this research are to describe the levels of anxiety, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and motivational climate as a function of the type of physical activity, and to establish the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, motivational climate, and anxiety in university students. This objective is broken down into: (a) developing an explanatory model of the motivational climate towards sport and adherence to the Mediterranean diet on anxiety, and (b) contrasting the structural model by means of a multi-group analysis as a function of the type of physical activity. A descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional, and non-experimental study was proposed in a sample of 569 trainee teachers (M = 25.09; SD = 6.22). A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the PREDIMED Questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) were used for data collection. The data show that subjects with higher weekly physical activity time show lower levels of anxiety, better adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and demonstrate task-oriented sport motivation.

Perceived Motivational Climate Determines Self-Confidence and Precompetitive Anxiety in Young Soccer Players: Analysis by Gender

The main objective of this study was to analyze whether the perception of the motivational climate in young soccer players determines the level of competitive anxiety and self-confidence. In addition, the results were explored according to gender, in order to observe if there were differences between the female and male categories. A total of 113 cadet and youth soccer players from six soccer teams in the provinces of Malaga and Granada, aged between 14 and 19 years, who competed in regional leagues, participated in the study. Of these, 50 were female and 63 were male. The Competitive Sport Anxiety (CSAI-2), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), and Self-Confidence in Sport Competition Questionnaire (CACD) were used to collect the information. Correlation, linear regression and cluster analyses were performed. The data analyses carried out affirmed the relationship between the study variables, observing that the perception of ego climate was positively related to cognitive anxiety (p < 0.05) and insecurity (p < 0.01), and inversely to self-confidence (p < 0.05). By gender, boys showed a higher perception of an ego-oriented (p < 0.001) and lower perception of a task-oriented climate (p < 0.05) than girls. However, girls showed a greater intensity in the relationships related to ego climate and lower scores in self-confidence (p < 0.01), as well as higher scores in insecurity (p < 0.001). The results have shown positive relationships between self-confidence and a task-oriented climate, as well as negative ones with an ego-oriented climate. It is also observed that ego orientation generates more insecurity and anxiety, which is more evident in girls.

Testing the Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2): Online Assessment

Athletes’ perception of competence and success can be influenced by the motivational climate created by the coach. The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2) assesses this. Although its reliability and validity have been analyzed in previous studies, this has never been done for the online version. This type of evaluation can be beneficial for data collection, sustainability, speed, and generating larger samples. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the PMCSQ-2 in its online version. The sample consisted of 1637 participants (37.8% men and 62.2% women) from 18 to 68 years of age (M = 24.39, SD = 6.51) who practiced physical-sport activities regularly. A second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model and its invariance for gender were studied from a 24-item version obtained from the MenPas 1.0 platform. The analyses provided an adequate fit for the CFA (CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.07, df = 224, B-S p = 0.02–0.07) when an alternative model was realized (χ2 = 1858.89, χ2/df = 8.30), as they also did for the women (χ2 = 1356.90, χ2/df = 6.06), men (χ2 = 883.58, χ2/df = 3.95) individual sports (χ2 = 1153.55, χ2/df = 5.15), and team sports (χ2 = 1008.92, χ2/df = 4.05) items. The data were also suitable for invariance analysis. Similarly, appropriate values were obtained for convergent and discriminant validity and for composite reliability. Therefore, the results obtained show appropriate psychometric properties for the online version of the PMCSQ-2 using an alternative model, suggesting that its use is suitable for research and showing the importance of the subscales.

The Influence of the Motivational Climate on Rehabilitation Behaviors and Patient Satisfaction.

Athletic trainers influence the motivational climate in rehabilitation, but little is known about the role of the motivational climate on patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the motivational climate in rehabilitation on athletes' behaviors in rehabilitation (eg,effort and energy) and overall satisfaction with rehabilitation. Cross-sectional, descriptive research. A total of 78 male and female, NCAA Division II injured athletes receiving rehabilitation services, and 7 certified athletic trainers, and 8 athletic training students providing rehabilitation health care participated. All injured athletes completed an adapted version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2 to measure perceptions of the motivational climate in rehabilitation, along with the Overall Satisfaction with Rehabilitation Scale. Athletic trainers and athletic training students completed a training behaviors assessment to rate the athletes' energy, effort, and persistence in rehabilitation. Injured athletes' perceptions of the motivational climate predicted rehabilitation behaviors and patient satisfaction. Higher perceptions of having an important role in rehabilitation predicted higher rehabilitation behaviors (F3,74 = 4.45, P < .01), while higher perceptions of unequal recognition during rehabilitation predicted lower desirable behaviors (F3,74 = 4.90, P < .01). Higher perceptions of a mastery climate in rehabilitation predicted greater patient satisfaction (F3,74 = 7.41, P < .001) and lower perceptions of being punished for mistakes predicted greater satisfaction (F3,74 = 5.92, P < .001). Productive athlete behaviors during rehabilitation and greater patient satisfaction with rehabilitation can be expected when athletes perceive a mastery motivational climate during rehabilitation. Athletic trainers can facilitate creating a mastery motivational climate by focusing on individual improvement, putting forth high effort, and evaluating success based on personal improvement.

An Explanatory Model of Sport Motivation, Physical Self-Concept and Anxiety as a Function of the Degree of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Future Physical Education Teachers.

The present research has the objectives of establishing the relationship between motivational climate towards sport, anxiety, and physical self-concept, and identifying the existing relationships between anxiety, motivational climate, and physical self-concept, broken down into (a) developing an explanatory model of the motivational climate towards sport and its relationship with anxiety and physical self-concept, and (b) contrasting the structural model by means of a multi-group analysis according to the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. A quantitative, comparative, non-experimental (ex post facto), cross-sectional study was carried out with a total sample of 556 participants (23.06 ± 6.23). The instruments used were an ad hoc questionnaire and the Spanish versions of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Self-Concept Form-5, and the PREDIMED questionnaire. The data reveal that participants who show high adherence to the Mediterranean diet attain higher scores on physical self-concept and anxiety, as well as ego-climate. As a conclusion, it is observed that participants who show a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet show higher scores in physical self-concept and anxiety, as well as in all the variables that make up the ego-climate.

Motivational climate and attitudes towards doping among Kenyan endurance runners

Doping is a worldwide problem that harms athletes' health and undermines the spirit of sport. Studies have shown that male athletes are more prone to doping than female athletes. Athletes with mastery climate have been associated with anti-doping attitudes, while those with performance climate have pro-doping attitudes. However, it is unclear whether motivational climate is equally important to attitude towards doping for males and females. Data were collected from 323 runners in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya, using cross-sectional survey design. Runners self-reported their motivational climate using Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire and attitudes towards doping using Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale. Correlational analysis indicated significant inverse relationship between mastery climate and doping attitude (rho = -.242; p &lt; .001) and significant positive correlation between performance climate and doping attitude, (rho = .362; p &lt; .001). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed performance and mastery climate were significant predictors of attitudes towards doping (F (3, 319) = 28.24, p = .001), and gender did not moderate the relations between motivational climate and doping attitudes (β = -.028, p = .621). MANOVA results showed male athletes were significantly lower in performance climate scores (p = .045) and non-significantly low in mastery climate scores (p =.075) and doping attitude scores (p = .595) than females. In conclusion, performance climate was associated with doping attitudes in females- but not in males. Therefore, policy frameworks that buttresses the aspects of mastery climate as opposed to performance climate in females is likely to promote anti-doping attitudes.

Mindful Engagement Mediates the Relationship Between Motivational Climate Perceptions and Coachability for Male High School Athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of mindful engagement in the relationship between male high school athletes’ motivational climate perceptions on their teams (i.e., caring, task-, and ego-involving climate) to athlete coachability. Athletes (N = 164, Mage = 15.58 years) from multiple sports completed measures assessing mindful engagement in sport (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale—Revised), Caring Climate Scale, task- and ego-involving climate perceptions (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire), and coachability (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory). Initial bivariate correlations linked mindful engagement and coachability positively with perceptions of a caring and task-involving climate and negatively with ego-involving climate perceptions. Structural equation modeling analyses then revealed mindful engagement mediated the relationship between climate and coachability. Encouraging coaches and players to foster a caring/task-involving climate might assist in enhancing athletes’ mindful engagement in sport, which may positively influence the degree to which they are coachable.

Sport motivation, adherence to the mediterranean diet and digital leisure. An explanatory model for gender in education students

The motivation developed towards sport plays a key role in the adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, however, it also plays an important role towards digital entertainment. Taking this into account, the present study aims to develop an explanatory model of the incidence of sport motivation on adherence to a healthy dietary pattern and adherence to video games and to contrast the structural model by means of a multi-group analysis according to gender. To this end, a cross-sectional descriptive comparative study was carried out with 1112 participants (25.09±6.22). The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Predimed questionnaire, the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2) and the Video Game Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERV). Finally, the results reveal that the female sex obtains a negative relationship between sport motivation and digital leisure, while the male sex reflects a negative relationship between task climate and adherence to the Mediterranean diet.

An explanatory model of the relationships between sport motivation, anxiety and physical and social self-concept in educational sciences students

Motivation plays a key role in the physical-sports field, in the control of disruptive states and in the mental image that people have of themselves. In view of the above, the present study reflects the objectives of identifying and establishing the relationship between sport motivation, anxiety, physical self-concept and social self-concept, broken down into (a) developing an explanatory model of sport motivation and its relationship with anxiety and social and physical self-concept and (b) contrasting the structural model by means of a multi-group analysis according to sex. To this end, a quantitative, non-experimental (ex post facto), comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 556 students (23.06 ± 6.23). The instruments used were an ad hoc questionnaire, the Spanish version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Self-Concept Form-5. The results show that the male sex orients sport motivation towards climate, obtaining higher levels of anxiety, however, the female sex, anxiety has a negative impact on the development of social self-concept. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that gender is a fundamental factor in the orientation of sport practice, as well as the development of anxiety and physical and social self-concept.

Orientation and motivational climate in elite handball players: Multivariate modeling of performance

This study's objectives were to analyse goal orientation and motivational climate in elite handball players as functions of age and gender; and construct a multivariate model explaining handball performance from a motivational perspective (orientation and climate). The participants were 174 national team handball players. They were categorized in accordance with the official age groups. Two questionnaires were used: Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2. A one-way ANOVA (Bonferroni post-hoc correction) was used to examine differences between teams for each gender. Discriminant analyses were performed to classify the participants of each team into two groups according to their performance level (starters and non-starters). There were no age or gender differences found in goal orientation, and very few differences in motivational climate. Except for the women's U19, U17, and U15 teams, it was possible to predict the performance level (starters and non-starters) in the different age and gender groups, achieving correct classification (55% to 93%). The two variables that were repeated most often (thrice) in the models were ego orientation and task cooperative learning. Coaches might focus on looking for handball players with ego orientation, while a climate of task-oriented motivation should predominate in training sessions.

Psychological Profile and Competitive Performance in Group Aesthetic Gymnastics

The objective of the research was to evaluate the perceptions about the psychological variables of cohesion and motivational climate that AGG gymnasts have about the context created by the coaches in their teams and to analyze in the different categories the optimism and competitive anxiety they face in competitive situations. In an attempt to clarify the psychosocial training patterns in this sport and the influence they have on the well-being of its practitioners, competitive anxiety, motivational climate, team cohesion and level of optimism were taken as dependent variables. The sample was made up of 98 national and international junior and senior athletes in the aesthetic gymnastics group aged 13 to 27 (M = 17.1; SD = 2.8). The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire for motivational climate, the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for competitive anxiety, the Group Environment Questionnaire for cohesion and the Revised Life Orientation Test for optimism were used in the evaluation. The results obtained show a positive and statistically significant correlation between anxiety and ego involvement, while, for task involvement, high levels of cohesion are associated with high levels of optimism (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the data confirm that high levels of cohesion are associated with high levels of optimism, in addition high scores on task involvement show high scores on cohesion and optimism, however high scores on ego involvement are associated with low scores on cohesion and optimism.

학생선수들의 스포츠인성 모형 검증: 구조발달론적 관점

Purpose: This study (a) examined the model of sport character and (b) identified effects of influences on sport character model reflecting cognitive processes in student-athletes. Methods: Participants were 350 student-athletes (male = 295, female=55) in 12 sports and this study used four measures such as Sport Character Scale, the Caring Climate Scale, the Perceived motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Data were analysed by using descriptive analysis, reliability, correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: First, the basic path model of sport character indicated significant causal effects. Model fit indices were acceptable (CFI=.916, TLI=.881, RMSEA=.087, SRMR=.056). Second, the conditional model with influences factors including motivational climate, caring climate, and achievement goal orientation was examined. Mastery climate showed positive relationship with sportspersonship and performance climate was positively related to antisocial attitude. Caring climate positively influenced on antisocial attitude while it revealed non-significant relationship with sportspersonship. Goal orientations with task and ego orientation indicated non-significant effects with sport character. Model fit indices with the conditional model were good (CFI=.918, TLI=.898, RMSEA=.072, SRMR=.053). Conclusion: This study not only verified structural developmental processes of the sport character model, but also extended the basic structural path model into the conditional model with situational and personal influences in student-athletes of middle and high school. This would contribute to giving useful information and extending the research regarding sport character.

Effects of Motivational Climate on Fear of Failure and Anxiety in Teen Handball Players.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the motivational climate created by the coach and perceived by a group of young, high-performance handball players on their fear of failure and precompetitive anxiety. The study participants were 479 young handball players. The age range was 16–17 years old. Players were administered a battery composed of a Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, a Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R, to measure the aforementioned theoretical constructs. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), the results showed that the handball players experienced high levels task-involving climate and moderate values of self-confidence. In contrast, players experienced lower levels of ego-involving climate, fear of failure, and cognitive and somatic anxiety. The obtained model shows that fear of failure positively mediates the association between an ego-involving climate with both cognitive and somatic anxiety, and negatively in terms of self-confidence. In contrast, fear of failure does not mediate the associations between a task-involving climate and both somatic and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence.

Opažena motivaciona klima kreirana od strane trenera i fizička samoefikasnost kao prediktori sportskog zadovoljstva kod mladih srpskih sportistkinja

Starting from the Achievement Goal Theory, but also Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and Triadic Reciprocal Causation, this paper considered perceived motivational climate created by the coach and percieved physical self-efficacy as key predictors of young female athletes` satisfaction. The sample consisted from 117 young female athletes aged between 11 to 17 (M=13.62) from Serbia; who train volleyball (N=51), basketball (N=48) and handball (N=18) in different clubs. During 2017, respondents filled out questionnaires Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ (Riemer, &amp; Chelladurai, 1998) - subscale of satisfaction with personal performance and subscale of satisfaction with the level of athlete's skills utilization; Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 - PMCSQ-2 (Newton, Duda &amp; Yin, 2000) - shortened version with three subscales: Task-oriented motivational climate, Unequal recognition and Punishment for mistakes; The Physical Self-Efficacy Scale (Ryckman et al., 1982) - subscale Perceived Physical Ability. Results of regression analysis show that Perceived motivational climate created by coach and Perceived Physical Ability represent significant predictors (F(4,107)= 31.78, p=.00) that explain 55% variance of female athletes satisfaction. Task-oriented motivational climate and Perceived physical ability stood out as significant individual predictors. Coach as well as physical self-perception of young female athletes are related with athlete's satisfaction. Satisfied athletes have greater results in sports, as well as the intention to continue doing sports. Significance of these results lies in the better understanding female athlete's satisfaction in Serbia, and contributes to creating prevention programs in order to help girls stay in sports.

Structural relationship between motivational climate and psychological well-being in ballet majors

Purpose This study identified the influence of perceived motivational climate on psychological well-being in ballet majors. Methods Participants were 211(male=25, female=186) collegiate students enrolled in ballet department. Measures were The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire(PMCSQ) and Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, reliability test, correlation, and structural equation modeling. Results Results were as follows. First, mastery climate who ballet majors perceive significantly influenced on the five subscales of their psychological well-being: Mastery climate was positively related to personal growth, self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, and purpose in life. Second, performance climate who ballet majors perceive significantly influenced on the five subscales of their psychological well-being: Performance climate was negatively related to personal growth, self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, and purpose in life. Model fit indices were acceptable(RMSEA=.070). Conclusion In conclusion, this study indicated that motivational climate who ballet majors perceive was a important situational factor on their psychological well-being.

SPORCULARDA AHLAKTAN UZAKLAŞMANIN GÜDÜSEL İKLİM VE SPORCULARIN ÖNEM VERDİKLERİ ÖZELLİKLER İLE İLİŞKİSİ

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between athletes’ moral disengagement and their perception of motivational climate and to reveal whether athletes’ moral disengagement differ according to their most valued goals in sport (winning, personal development and having fun). For this purpose three hundred and thirty-five athletes voluntarily completed Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire and Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale (Short). The data was analysed by SPSS version 17 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis with enter method and one-way ANOVA. Correlation analysis showed that moral disengagement was significantly correlated with athletes’ perception of mastery (r=-.11) and performance climates (r=.37). Multiple regression analysis revealed that performance climate (β= .223, p < .001) was a significant predictor of moral disengagement, R2=.06, F (2,332) = 10.875, p < .001. Lastly, it was found that there was a significant difference in moral disengagement of athletes with regard to their valued goals, F (2,332) = 7.200, p < .001. Athletes who indicated winning as their most valued goal had significantly higher moral disengagement scores compared to the athletes whose most valued goals were personal development and having fun. To summarize, while ego and mastery climates significantly correlated with moral disengagement, only performance climate contributed to it. Also, it was found that athletes’ moral disengagement significantly differed according to their valued goals.