Mothers Of Small Children Research Articles

Negative Aspects of Self-Imposed Evacuation among Mothers of Small Children Following Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident.

This study clarified the negative aspects of the self-imposed evacuation of mothers of small children seeking to avoid radiation exposure from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident on 11 March 2011. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 mothers, employing open-ended inquiries based on an interview guide. Our analysis of their responses using the Ka-Wakita-Jiro (KJ) method categorized the results into eight distinct groups comprising 142 labels. These categories included continued anxiety about the health effects of radiation, differences in risk perception, changes in spousal relationships, the inability to make friends and find support, living as a single parent, financial concerns, the unfamiliar feel of the area to which they evacuated, and uncertainty about the future. Despite their hardships, the mothers continued their self-imposed evacuation to avoid radioactivity. Our findings underscore that their anxieties about radiation exposure persisted even after self-imposed evacuation, leading to deteriorated relationships with key individuals who would have been involved in raising their children. These results offer valuable insights into the challenges experienced by the indirect victims of the nuclear accident, such as the mothers of small children.

Factors Associated With The Occurrence Of Sectio Caesarea Delivery In The Hospital Dr. Agoesdjam Ketapang, 2022

Usually, doctors recommend vaginal or cesarean delivery if the pregnancy is at risk. causes of a cesarean section carried out for indications of the mother or fetus, including: history of cesarean section if the distance between pregnancy and birth is less than 2 years, the birth process is not progressing, the fetal position is flat, the size of the baby's head or body is too large for normal delivery, the mother has other problems. health problems that put you at risk, such as high blood pressure, diabetes or heart disease, mothers with health conditions that put you at risk, such as genital herpes or HIV, quoted from the NHS website, mothers of small children because they often have a small pelvis, have had surgery past cesarean delivery, had problems with the placenta, such as placenta previa or placenta previa, baby's umbilical cord problems, babies with birth defects, twin pregnancies, triplets or more, babies in the womb with health problems, such as hydrocephalus or uterine fibroids, mother with uterine problems or fibroids blocking the cervix (cervix). This research is a descriptive study and the data used in this study is secondary data from the medical records of patients who underwent caesarean sections at Dr Agoesdjam Ketapang Hospital in 2022.Based on the results of multivariable analysis, it is known that the factor most related to the number of caesarean sections is the number of births with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value <0.05), with a standard deviation of 14.05. In other words, it can be concluded that the more negative the birth history, the higher the caesarean section rate.

The more diverse the better: Identifying with a diverse neighbourhood mother community predicts greater intergroup contact

AbstractAlthough it has been shown that identification with a neighbourhood community can support intergroup relations within the community by providing resources to cope with intergroup contact, previous research has not investigated how the perceived diversity of the neighbourhood identity influences this process. This study extends research on neighbourhood identification by focusing on a specific group (mothers of small children), examining how and when identification with other mothers living in the same neighbourhood is related to intergroup contact with local outgroup mothers. We examined this in a survey study, for which we collected data from both Finnish majority and immigrant mothers at public maternal and child healthcare centres (N = 733). Our study showed that identification with the neighbourhood mother community was positively associated with intergroup contact, partly via perceived social support from other neighbourhood mothers for both Finnish majority and immigrant mothers. Our study additionally revealed that the perceived proportion of outgroup mothers in the local mother community moderated the relationship between identification and intergroup contact for both groups. Our findings highlight the significance of considering perceived diversity for determining when identification will support intergroup contact. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

The roles of community nutrition scholars in changing mothers' child feeding, food preparation, and hygiene practices in southern Bangladesh.

This qualitative study evaluates a nutrition and hygiene education program led by trained community nutrition scholars for 5,000 mothers of small children in the Khulna and Satkhira districts in southern Bangladesh. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) understanding the processes and reasonings behind mothers' improvement in child feeding, food preparation, hygiene, and homestead garden production, (2) understanding men's roles in facilitating women's behavioral changes, and (3) assessing the degree of changes in subjective notions of self-confidence, decision-making, and recognition among mothers and nutrition scholars. Data were collected through 14 focus group discussions with 80 participants and in-depth interviews with 6 women community nutrition scholars. Data was then analysed qualitatively by drawing on direct quotes from focus group discussions and interviews with detailed interpretation and account for respondents' behaviors and perceptions. Overall findings confirm behavior changes by women, their spouses, and other family members. Many women were able to independently decide to change food allocation and child feeding practices after gaining self-confidence through the training. Men performed vital roles, such as purchasing nutritious food in local markets, providing labor for land preparation of homestead gardens, and defending the women from the resistance to change by their mothers-in-law. While the study supports the literature that women's bargaining power in food/resource allocation is critical in child health and nutrition, the evaluation found that this process involves negotiations among family members. Engaging men and mothers-in-law in nutrition interventions have great potential to make nutrition interventions more effective.

Parenthood and labour market outcomes in Serbia

Using the Labour Force Survey data for the period 2014 to 2018 for Serbia, this paper explores the effect of parenthood on the labour market trajectories of parents, the so-called ?parenthood penalty?. We find that mothers are less likely than non-mothers to be active in the labour market when their children are very young, but this effect is transitory, and mothers of older children are actually more likely to be active than non-mothers. Similarly, we observe that mothers of small children are less likely to work overtime than non-mothers, but also that both parents of older children are more likely to engage in overtime work than men and women without children. We find a motherhood penalty in terms of hourly wages for mothers with younger children, but the penalty is not significant as children become older. By contrast, fathers are more likely to be active than non-fathers. We do not find an effect of fatherhood on hours worked or hourly wages. Overall, our results suggest that the motherhood penalty is present in Serbia in the early stages when children are young, but motherhood does not seem to have lasting effects on the labour market participation, hours worked, or wage rates of mothers. We do not find evidence of a fatherhood bonus, but we find that fathers are more likely to be active than non-fathers.

Mothering Practices in Cambodia

The physical disciplining of children is widespread globally. To work towards ending physical disciplining, we need to understand this practice’s local and contextual justifications. In this article, we explore Cambodian mothers’ rationale for the physical disciplining of their children, as we seek to address two questions: 1) How do Cambodian mothers perceive physical discipline?, and 2) How do they negotiate and justify physical disciplining practices? Based on 10 group interviews with mothers of small children, and in different communities in Cambodia, we found that the physical disciplining is a common practice used to correct behaviours considered unhelpful, impolite or disrespectful. However, there are ambivalent attitudes toward this. This suggests that physical discipline is not a static practice, but rather one that is constantly negotiated. We argue that Barbara Rogoff’s concept of cultural scripts for parenting is well suited for making sense of how physical discipline is justified among Cambodian mothers.

The Sporting Bubble as Gilded Cage

The Sporting Bubble as Gilded Cage

Decisiones laborales de las mujeres casadas o cohabitantes en España

The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of employment decisions (entry and exit from employment) of married or cohabiting women in Spain. We use the Fertility, Family and Values Survey of 2006, conducted by the Sociological Research Centre in 2006. The econometric technique deployed consists in different discrete-time duration models using Meyer’s application (Meyer, 1990) to Prentice-Gloeckler model (1978) that enables control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results show, among other things, that highly educated women and women from more recent cohorts are more likely to (re-)enter the labour market after marriage. Mothers of small children are more likely to exit employment than non-mothers.

The consumer attitude towards the third-party organization (TPO) endorsement – an empirical investigation in the child products category

<p><strong>Theoretical background</strong>: The issue of recommendations provided by institutions (third-party organisations) is rarely addressed in the literature. The market practice observation provides, however, numerous examples of the use of such recommendations. This is particularly visible in the recommendations given by scientific medical institutions in the form of a symbol – usually a logo and the name of the recommending organisation, used on packaging or in advertising campaigns. German Stiftung Warentest (test.de) and Austrian Verein für Konsumenteninformation (vki.at) provide a good benchmark because these institutions are established by the state’s authority to provide an independent assessment of products and to consequently protect the consumers’ interests. Polish scientific research institutions, such as the Institute of Mother and Child or the Institute of Food and Nutrition, have similar goals but they are operated and fianced disparately.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article</strong>: In this article, the aim is to present the concept of measuring the attitude towards the TPO endorsement and determining the antecedents of this phenomenon in the context of purchasing products for children by their mothers.</p><p><strong>Research methods</strong>: To develop the scale measuring the attitude towards TPO endorsement and to determine the antecedents of this occurrence, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) research was conducted using a random sample of 1,001 women aged 25–45 having children up to age 6. Mothers of small children were chosen due to the character of products recommended by the analysed TPO (scientific medical institutions) in Poland. These are mainly products for children and purchasing decisions are made mostly by their mothers. The measurement scale was constructed on the basis of the ABC (affective, behavioural, cognitive) attitude, taking the expertise level and the source’s trustworthiness into account. A set of four statements measured by a four-point scale was adopted. The middle value was excluded on purpose to make respondents clearly declare whether or not they agree with a given statement.</p><p><strong>Main findings</strong>: The purchase of products for children is a prudent decision, often involving the entire family. Mothers willingly spend more on products for their children if they only have the option of paying for safer and better-quality products. From the results, 79% of the respondents are usually satisfied with the products recommended by a well-known medical research institution. For 71%, such institutions use their expert knowledge when recommending products for children. More than half of the respondents (54%) seek recommendations of medical research institutions when buying products for their children. The TPO endorsement in the form of a “seal” has the greatest importance in case of products for children in the following categories: food and beverages (81%), cosmetics (68%), hygienic products (51%), accessories (47%), toys (31%), clothes and shoes (16%).</p>

Child passengers and driver culpability in fatal crashes by driver gender

ABSTRACTObjective: Studies based on accident statistics generally suggest that the presence of a passenger reduces adult drivers' accident risk. However, passengers have been reported to be a source of distraction in a remarkable portion of distraction-related crashes. Although the effect of passengers on driving performance has been studied extensively, few studies have focused on how a child passenger affects the driver. A child in a car is a potential distractor for parents, especially for mothers of small children, who often suffer from sleep deficit. The aim of this study was to examine how the presence of child passengers of different ages is associated with a higher driver culpability, which was expected due to child-related distraction and fatigue.Methods: The analysis was based on the comprehensive data of fatal crashes studied in-depth by multidisciplinary road accident investigation teams in Finland during 1988–2012. Teams determine the primary party who had the most crucial effect on the origin of the event. We define the primary party as culpable and the others involved as nonculpable drivers. The culpability rate was defined as the percentage of culpable drivers and rates were compared for drivers with a child/teen passenger aged 0–17 years (N = 348), with an adult passenger without children (N = 324), and when driving alone (N = 579), grouped by child age and driver gender. Drivers with specific risk-related behavior (substantial speeding, driving when intoxicated, unbelted, or without a license) were excluded from the analyses, in order to make the drivers with and without children comparable. Only drivers 26–47 years old were included, representing parents with children 0–9 years of age.Results: Male drivers were less often culpable with 0- to 17-year-old passengers in the car than alone or with adults. This was not the case with female drivers. The gender difference in culpability was most marked with small children age 0–4 years. Female drivers' culpability rate with a 0- to 4-year-old child passenger was higher and male drivers' culpability rate was lower compared to drivers without passengers or with only adult passengers.Conclusion: The results indicate that female drivers are at higher risk of crashes than male drivers when driving with small children. Further research is needed to replicate this finding and to determine causal mechanisms.

The gender gap in sickness absence: long-term trends in eight European countries.

Most studies show that women have considerably higher rates of sickness absence than men, but little is known on how the gender gap has developed over time. Data are taken from the EU Labour Force Surveys. The dependent variable is whether the respondent reports being away from work the entire reference week or not. Trends are shown from 1980 onwards. Poisson regression is used to estimate relative risks for women vs. men, with various sets of control variables. Increasing gross differences in sickness absence between women and men are found in five countries: Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium and the UK. No trend in the gender gap is found in Netherlands and Portugal, and probably even in Italy. The trends in the gender gap have been largely the same for men and women without children at home as in the population as a whole. The trends are little affected by control for detailed occupation and industry. The gender gap in sickness absence has increased in five out of eight countries. This is not due to increased labour force participation by mothers of small children, and neither can it be explained as a result of changes in how women and men are distributed across occupations or industries.

On the safety of persons accompanying nuclear medicine patients

The presence of caretakers/comforters during nuclear medicine examinations is relatively common. These caretakers receive higher doses than the general public, who receive only environmental/background exposure. The aim of this research was to know about the doses received by two significant groups of caretakers: comforters of cancer patients (Group I) and mothers of small children (Group II). The patients were scheduled to undergo two different diagnostic studies: Inmuno-Scintigraphy using a monoclonal antibody bound to (99m)Tc (for adults) and Renal Scintigraphy using (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (for children). The average effective doses were 0.27 and 0.29 mSv for Groups I and II, respectively. Additionally, environmental monitoring was performed in the waiting room for injected patients (Room I) and inside the procedure room (Room II). Equivalent environmental doses of 0.28 and 0.24 mSv for Rooms 1 and II, respectively, were found, which are similar to values reported by other authors.

Diverging opinions of supplementation programmes between mothers of small children and staff at primary health clinics in the Western Cape Province of South Africa

Nutritional status has remained inadequate among disadvantaged mothers and small children in South Africa. Several supplementation programmes are administered through primary health clinics (PHC). The present study examined the perceptions of mothers who attend PHC and of the PHC staff on the purpose, management and eligibility of the vitamin A and nutritional supplementation components of the Nutrition Supplementation Programme (NSP). Observational study based on anthropometry and questionnaires. Random selection of ten urban and ten rural PHC from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Mothers (n 176) and their children (n 179) aged <5 years, and various PHC staff categories. Half (56 %) of the households were classified as food insecure and about one-third of the children were malnourished, as evidenced by stunting, wasting or underweight. A majority of mothers complained about poor information related to the programmes. More than half of the children who were eligible for NSP were not included. In contrast, the staff felt that they managed both programmes well and problems with implementation were mostly attributed to clients. In general, the mothers expressed more dissatisfaction and ignorance about the vitamin A programme and the NSP than was perceived by the staff. This apparent discrepancy might, at least in part, explain why these programmes do not work optimally.

Effect of Depression and Psychosocial Stressors on Cessation Self-Efficacy in Mothers who Smoke

Motherhood offers factors that may contribute to or confound attempts to quit smoking, including social cues around pregnancy, post partum depression, financial and other pressures of child rearing, being a role model and concern that secondhand smoke might affect their child's health. We sought to characterize a population of tobacco-using mothers in order to identify barriers to quitting that both mirror the general population and are unique to motherhood. A cross-sectional survey collected information in two urban emergency departments from women who smoked and were mothers of small children. The survey asked about tobacco use, including levels of addiction, attempts to quit, readiness and self efficacy for quitting, and other psychosocial risks. We hypothesized that mothers reporting psychosocial stressors and depression would be less motivated to quit and less likely to have attempted quitting. One hundred ninety-two smoking mothers enrolled, representing 433 children exposed to secondhand smoke. Nicotine addiction was moderate. Women reporting at least one form of stress (relationship, financial, work, emotional, family-related) had similar levels of addiction (Fagerstrom score 2.8 vs. 2.9, p=0.63) and motivation to quit (Ladder of Contemplation 6.4 vs. 6.1, p=0.26), but reported feeling less confident in their ability to quit than non-stressed counterparts (6.6 vs. 7.6, p=0.04). Over half (51.3%) of smoking mothers reported symptoms of depression for more than 2 weeks in a row in the last year. Depressed mothers had similar levels of addiction (Fagerstrom score 2.9 vs. 2.8, p=0.63), and readiness to quit (6.6 vs. 6.5, p=0.89), and had attempted to quit at similar rates (78% vs. 82%, p=0.58). However, depressed mothers were less confident in their ability to quit (6.4 vs. 7.4, p=0.02) and were more than twice as likely to report they are "not at all confident" (22% vs. 9%, p=0.03). Providers who encourage mothers to quit smoking must identify and be prepared to address psychosocial stressors and co-morbid depression.

Cultural representations about anaemia and supplement with iron

In Argentina, one third of pregnant women and infants suffer from anemia. However, the adherence to the treatment is very low. This study, that is qualitative in nature, tries to show the social representations regarding notions of anemia and the acceptance and reject of iron supplementation among health teams, mothers and pregnant women. Semi-structured and open interviews were applied to professionals and non professionals that worked in health centers, as well as mothers of small children and pregnant users. The 8 health centres that were visited are placed in the City of Buenos Aires and Great Buenos Aires, the provinces of Jujuy and Misiones. Information gathering took place between June 2007 and March 2008; 49 members of health teams and 40 mothers were interviewed. Data analysis was made with the software NUD*IST. The opposing attitudes of the professionals were emphasized. There was a group that did not visualize the anemia problem and that did not consider iron supplementation as necessary, there was another group that, even when considering it as problematic, found that the intake of food was the solution. Finally, there was a third group that had absolutely incorporated fighting and preventing the anemia, for whom iron supplementation had an important place. To follow-up the regulation for iron supplementation depends on the beliefs and the private wishes of health teams members.

Neplnohodnotné matky? Imperatív dobrej matky a participácia matiek maloletých detí na trhu práce

Numerous studies have confirmed that caring for small children is still the domain of women in Slovakia. Maternity as such is considered the natural and expected role of women and is part of the construction of femininity in Slovak society. At the same time, it is expected and routine that Slovak women participate in the labour market, and the prevailing form of employment is full-time work. This complicates efforts to harmonise work with the need to care for a small child. It is not just the country’s legislative and institutional framework that shape notions about caring for small children; they are also influenced by the views and attitudes of society towards this issue. The image of a good mother is constructed, and women then try to approximate it when performing their maternal role. The prevailing ideal is of a mother who devotes herself full-time to caring for a child for the first three years of the child’s life. The author of this article focuses on the context surrounding the construction of the image of a good mother as one who cares for her child until the age of three, and examines how the image of the good mother is reflected in the opinions of women on returning to work and on work/life balance. The data in this analysis are drawn from public opinion polls about early childcare and the reality of caring for small children in Slovakia and from in-depth interviews with mothers of small children. The mothers are aware of the views of society, reflect on them, and many try to fulfil them so that they are perceived as ‘good’ and not ‘inadequate’ mothers.

Less help for mother: The decline in coresidential female support for the mothers of young children, 1880–2000

Research on changes in women's parenting has focused primarily on their increased likelihood of combining parenthood with paid employment, exploring the pressures that result from this "second shift" or "double burden." This article complements this approach by focusing instead on the likely reduction in the help that mothers of small children have received as declines both in fertility and the coresidence of nonnuclear adults have reduced the number of other women in the household. Using national census data for the period 1880 to 2000, we show a substantial decline in the presence and availability of other females in the household, as fewer are coresident and more of those who are coresident are employed or in school. Although all mothers experience this decline, it is most acute for mothers working for pay in nonagricultural activities.

Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior of Married Women: 1980-2000

Using March Current Population Survey (CPS) data, we investigate married women's labor supply behavior from 1980 to 2000. We find that their labor supply function for annual hours shifted sharply to the right in the 1980s, with little shift in the 1990s. In an accounting sense, this is the major reason for the more rapid growth of female labor supply observed in the 1980s, with an additional factor being that husbands' real wages fell slightly in the 1980s but rose in the 1990s. Moreover, a major new development was that, during both decades, there was a dramatic reduction in women's own wage elasticity. And, continuing past trends, women's labor supply also became less responsive to their husbands' wages. Between 1980 and 2000, women's own wage elasticity fell by 50 to 56 percent, while their cross wage elasticity fell by 38 to 47 percent in absolute value. These patterns hold up under virtually all alternative specifications correcting for: selectivity bias in observing wage offers; selection into marriage; income taxes and the earned income tax credit; measurement error in wages and work hours; and omitted variables that affect both wage offers and the propensity to work; as well as when education groups and mothers of small children are analyzed separately.

Children younger than 4 years and their substance‐dependent mothers in the child welfare clinic

To explore the prevalence of substance dependency among mothers of small children and to evaluate the value of a routine-style maternal report on social support, child's somatic health history and child caregiving experiences to differentiate the substance-dependent group from the non-dependent group. Mothers (n = 413) of children less than 4 y in the child welfare clinics filled in the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI, Miller 1985) and questionnaires concerning social support, somatic history of the child, difficulties in social environment and in caring for the child. The prevalence of substance dependency was 5.8%. The maternal perceptions of the child's somatic history could not differentiate the dependent from the non-dependent group, while the child caregiving difficulties were more often present in the group of substance-dependent mothers. The combined group of substance dependency and substance use was significantly associated with low social support and difficulties in social environment. The prevalence of substance dependency among mothers of small children is considerable and significantly associated with child caregiving difficulties and low social support, while the perceptions on the somatic health of the child did not differentiate the dependent from the non-dependent group. This suggests the value of considering the maternal experiences in caring for the child and well-being of the mother during check-ups in the child welfare clinic in order to identify the mother-child pairs at risk.

'I could have just done with a little more help': an analysis of women's help-seeking from health visitors in the context of domestic violence.

Domestic violence is a serious issue that adversely affects large numbers of women and children. Despite having an adverse impact upon health and welfare, women experiencing domestic violence face a number of difficulties seeking help about their situation from statutory health and welfare agencies. The present paper is based upon a study of British health visiting in relation to women experiencing domestic violence. Drawing upon interview data from 16 women who experienced domestic violence and were the mothers of small children, this paper explores their accounts of contact with the health visiting service. All of the 16 women who participated in this research described difficulties in seeking help about domestic violence. These included practical concerns such as fears for their own safety, lack of knowledge regarding appropriate sources of support and protection, and concerns about losing custody of their children. Given these concerns, some women concealed their experiences of domestic violence from their health visitors. For those who disclosed the domestic violence to their health visitors, they did not always receive appropriate support or protection. Of particular concern was the absence of information about accessing more specialist services. The research findings suggest that there is considerable scope for practice development in order to ensure that women experiencing domestic violence are able to receive safe and appropriate responses from health visitors.