Mothers Of School Children Research Articles

Barriers to healthy eating practices among school-aged children in Armenia: A qualitative study

The aim of this study was to use diverse perspectives of stakeholders to explore barriers to healthy eating, and attitudes, norms, and practices contributing to unhealthy food choices among school-aged children in Armenia. A qualitative study was carried out through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, using the Theory of Planned Behavior. The study was conducted in 21 public schools located in three provinces (marzes) of Armenia: Shirak, Lori, and Tavush, and the capital city Yerevan. These study areas were chosen purposefully to target more vulnerable regions and have a geographically diverse sample. Purposive sampling techniques were used to choose the study participants. Five groups were targeted: high school students, school principals, teachers, school cafeteria staff members, and mothers of school children. Overall, 10 focus group discussions, and 51 in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 94 participants. The study explored two main themes underlying unhealthy eating behaviors among school-aged children in Armenia – suboptimal preferences and restricted opportunities. Three subthemes were identified within the theme of suboptimal preferences: preferences/tastes, attitudes, and role models/normative referent, and another three subthemes within the theme of restricted opportunities: choice restrictions, time constraints, and financial barriers. The study found that most of the constructs of theory of planned behavior, such as general attitudes, preferences, perceived norms and perceived behavioral control, impacted unhealthy eating behaviors of school-aged children in Armenia. The recommendations for practice included enhancing the appeal of healthy foods, highlighting the significance of breakfast and healthy eating in educational activities utilizing role models, expanding and empowering school canteens, including higher grade students in school feeding programs, and extending school breaks to provide sufficient time for healthy eating.

It’s the “Generic School System That Is Expected on All the kids”: Dysgraphia Through the Lens of Australian Mothers

ABSTRACT Qualitative research was undertaken to explore the parental experiences of developmental dysgraphia, or specific learning disorder in written expression, through semi-structured interviews to elicit in-depth accounts. Using a phenomenological methodology, five mothers of school-aged children (aged 10–12 diagnosed with dysgraphia) were recruited. The results indicated that children with dysgraphia were enveloped by both protections and vulnerabilities at the individual, family, and community (school) levels. Mothers described their children with a range of writing difficulties, comorbidities, and heightened emotional and behavioural responses at home and school. This placed substantial pressure on parents, particularly mothers, to circumvent challenges. Parents found navigating school communications largely cumbersome with teachers having little or no knowledge of dysgraphia in many instances. The outcomes suggest there may be an ineffective transference of inclusion policies within classrooms. Further research may be warranted to gain an educator’s perspective to better understand the success and challenges of supporting children with writing disabilities.

Designing a new physical activity calorie equivalent food label and comparing its effect on caloric choices to that of the traffic light label among mothers: a mixed-method study.

We designed a new type of 'physical activity calorie equivalent' (PACE) food label in Iran to compare its effect with that of the traffic light food label (TLL) on caloric choices. Mixed-method study. Mothers of school children between the ages of 6-12 years. In the qualitative phase, 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with various groups of mothers, and two FGDs were conducted with food science and nutrition experts to design a new PACE label. In the quantitative phase, 496 mothers were randomly assigned to five groups: (1) no nutrition label, (2) current TLL, (3) current TLL + educational brochure, (4) PACE label, and (5) PACE label + brochure. Samples of dairy products, beverages, cakes, and biscuits were presented. ANOVA and multiple linear regressions were applied to examine the association between label types and calories of the selected products as our main outcome. The mothers' perspectives were classified into two sub-themes, the PACE label's facilitators and barriers. The new PACE label's characteristics were divided into two subcategories: (a) appearance, and (b) nutritional information, including 14 codes. In the quantitative section, mean calories of the selected foods were lowest in the TLL + brochure group (831.77 kcal; 95% CI: 794.23-869.32), and highest in the PACE label group (971.61; 95% CI: 926.37-1016.84). The new PACE label was a combination of PACE, TLL, and warning labels. It did not significantly affect lower caloric choice, however, the TLL + brochure option was effective in choosing foods with fewer calories.Clinical trial registration: The study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials 23 (IRCT20181002041201N1).

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOOD PARENTING AND SNACKING HABITS WITH THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

School-age children are the second fastest growing period after toddlers. Where optimal health will produce optimal growth as well. Nutritional intake is needed to meet the physical and mental health of children. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal eating patterns and children's snack habits with the nutritional status of school-age children. This type of research is correlational analytic with cross sectional time approach. The population is all mothers of school-age children at SDN Ngrandu 1 Kedungadem Bojonegoro in 2022 a total of 88 people, with a sample selected by proportionate stratified random sampling technique obtained 42 respondents. The independent variables in this study were the food parenting in the child and the child's snack habits. The dependent variable is the nutritional status of children. The results obtained after being analyzed using SPSS version 25 with the results of the Spearman test on the relationship between food parenting and the nutritional status of school-age children obtained significant results = 0.000; r = 0.694. The results of the Spearman test on the relationship between children's snack habits and the nutritional status of school-age children obtained significant results = 0.001; r = 0.493. From the description above, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between maternal eating patterns and children's snack habits with the nutritional status of school-age children (6-12 years) at SDN Ngrandu 1 Kedungadem. Keywords: School Age Children, Parenting, Snacking Habits, Nutritional Status

A University-Church-Community Look at Community Health Using Community-Based-Participatory Research

The purpose of this sequential explanatory mixed-method approach using quantitative methods followed by qualitative inquiry was to assess a Southern California community’s perception of its health and of barriers to improving health. The qualitative aspects of this mixed-method CBPR project by a church-university-community partnership further describe member perceptions of their community and contributors/barriers to community health. Four focus group interviews were conducted over eight months at two elementary schools with the mothers of school children (N = 21) in the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 school years, including one Spanish-only group. Four themes emerged, describing the contributors and barriers to community health and well-being: lack of connection, poor communication, fear/anxiety, and lack of access to affordable healthcare. The findings highlight how small anchor institutions, those whose primary mission is not health (church, school, trailer park, local businesses, etc.), can be facilitators of health and address these disruptions of connectivity, communication, and care present within the healthcare system itself, and its disappointed community recipients of “care”. The church as a community of care, in collaboration with educational institutions, is suited to invite community participation, affirm humanness, build trust, and offer increased access to care in the neighborhoods surrounding its location.

Effectiveness of VATP on Prevention of Pediculosis through the Use of Natural Remedies among Mothers of School-Age Children

Effectiveness of VATP on Prevention of Pediculosis through the Use of Natural Remedies among Mothers of School-Age Children

CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS IN THE STRESS SITUATION OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC (RESULTS OF A COHORT STUDY IN THE VOLOGDA REGION)

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF warned that the mental well-being of children and adolescents could be severely affected. And their parents are also, according to scientists, a group of increased risk of adverse outcomes of the outbreak of a new coronavirus infection. This study presents selective results of the cohort monitoring “Studying the conditions for the formation of a healthy generation in the Vologda Oblast”, conducted by the Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The information base is the results of a survey of 364 mothers of children from three cohorts born in 2004, 2014 and 2020. (aged 1, 7 and 17). The problems and experiences faced by the families of children and adolescents during the pandemic are considered. Results: children, according to parents, most easily endured the situation of the spread of a new coronavirus infection. However, schoolchildren's mothers note in their children an increase in the level of fear for the health of loved ones, the emergence of problems with distance learning, a decrease in physical activity, excessive passion for gadgets, an increase in body weight, and a deterioration in physical and mental health. Parents of first-graders became the group at increased risk of developing adverse psychological outcomes of the pandemic. They were more likely than other parents to face economic problems, experienced anxiety and depressive symptoms, feelings of guilt towards children due to insufficient time and attention, their family members began to quarrel more often. Despite the severity of the condition, their behavior was dominated by constructive coping actions in a difficult life situation. The most protected in psycho-emotional and economic terms were the parents of children of the first year of life. Health, education and social policy professionals, governmental and non-governmental organizations have an important role to play in mitigating the psychosocial negative impacts of COVID-19 on children and adolescents and their parents.

Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Among Mothers of School-Aged Children: Differences in Accelerometer-Derived Pattern Metrics by Demographic, Employment, and Household Factors.

Dynamic patterns of how physical activity and sedentary time are accumulated across the day are associated with health outcomes, independent of total activity levels. Individual factors may influence activity patterns in mothers, but these associations are unknown. This study examined multivariable associations between demographic, employment, and household factors and day-level pattern metrics. Mothers (N=200) of school-aged children (ages 8-12years) participated in 6 semi-annual 7-day assessments. Waist-worn Actigraph GT3X accelerometers assessed daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; minutes, number of short bouts [<10minutes], proportion of long bouts [≥20minutes]) and sedentary time (minutes, number of breaks, proportion of long bouts [≥60minutes], temporal dispersion). Multilevel models examined associations between individual characteristics and activity metrics. There were 4,930 day-level observations. Having a college degree was associated with fewer short MVPA bouts (B=-2.67), more sedentary minutes (B=21.66), greater long sedentary bouts (odds ratio=1.50), and having sedentary time less evenly distributed across the day (B=0.01). Working full-time was associated with more short MVPA bouts (B=1.39) and breaks in sedentary time (B=2.08). Having at least 1 infant (<6months old) in the same household was associated with fewer MVPA minutes (B=-0.11) and short MVPA bouts (B=-4.46), whereas having at least 1 young child (6 months-5 years old) in the same household was associated with fewer sedentary minutes (B=-11.85) and fewer long sedentary bouts (odds ratio=0.70). Day-level pattern metrics show differences not captured when examining total volume alone. Results provide more nuanced information as to how activity is accumulated in terms of bouts and breaks, which can inform programs to increase MVPA and reduce sedentary time by elucidating subpopulations that should be targeted by health behavior interventions.

Parental burnout and sleep problems in Iranian mothers of primary school-aged children: Exploring the mediation effect of emotional schemas.

ObjectivesSleep is crucial for mental well‐being. Evidence suggests sleep problems in mothers can result from parental burnout. The possible mediators that link parental burnout to sleep problems have not been investigated. This study seeks to explore the mediational role of emotional schemas as psychological constructs, which relate parental burnout to sleep problems in mothers of school‐aged children.MethodA total of 224 mothers participated voluntarily in this cross‐sectional study. Data were collected online. The participants completed Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale, Mini Sleep Questionnaire‐Persian Version (MSQ‐P), and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS II). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using the bootstrap method to assess the mediation model.ResultsThe findings of this research indicate a positive correlation exists between parental burnout, emotional schemas, and insomnia/hypersomnia. The mediation analysis confirmed parental burnout and insomnia/ hypersomnia are related indirectly through emotional schemas.ConclusionImplications of the findings is that when parental burnout is present, the psychological treatment of sleep problems may benefit from targeting emotional schemas. However, further research is needed to determine whether similar mediational effects are replicated.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge on Habitual problems of School Age Children among their Mothers in A Selected Rural Community at Bangalore with A View to Develop an Information Booklet on Mangement of Habitual Problems of School Age Children

The future of our country depends on positive mental health of our young people. However, nearly one in five children and adolescents has emotional and habitual Disorders at some point of time in their young lives. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge on habitual problems of school age children among their mothers in a selected rural community at Bangalore with a view to develop an information booklet on management of habitual. Problems of school age children. The objectives of the present study were to assess the existing knowledge on habitual problems of school age children among their mothers, to find the association of habitual problems of school age children and demographic variables, to develop an informational booklet of habitual problems of school age children. Descriptive research design was adopted for the present study. The pilot study was conducted with 10 mothers of Heganahalli community. The reliability of the tool (r = 0.986) was confirmed by the Split Half method. The Structured Knowledge Questionnaire was developed to collect the data. The final study was conducted at Kengeri uppanagra among 100 mothers of school age children who were selected by using simple random sampling technique and the data collected was analyzed and interpreted based on descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the results showed that the overall mean knowledge score is 63% regarding habitual problems. The overall knowledge level of the subjects showed that 87(87%) subjects had inadequate knowledge, whereas 13(13%) of mothers of school children had moderate knowledge. Interpretation of the study was there is no significant association between knowledge regarding habitual problems and selected socio demographic variables of mothers.

EDUKASI DAN PENDAMPINGAN GIZI PADA IBU ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DI DESA INDRODELIK KECAMATAN BUNGAH

Nutritional problems in Indonesia are still often encountered, such as malnutrition and poor breakfast habits. This activity aims to improve and increase the knowledge of schoolchildren's mothers and maintain normal nutritional status in schoolchildren in Indrodelik Village, Bungah District, Gresik Regency. This activity uses a combination research method (mixed method research) with primary data obtained directly from respondents through the implementation of baselines (interviews and filling out questionnaires) in Indro Hamlet, Indrodelik Village. Sampling of activities using purposive sampling method which is carried out when taking baseline data and samples taken are included in the inclusion criteria, namely aged 6 to 12 years. The results of this activity are that there is an increase in the level of knowledge before and after counseling and an increase in respondents' understanding regarding the intake consumed must be nutritionally balanced, although the results of the recall analysis are still not stable from day to day. But it has shown an increase and change in the intake of respondents from before counseling to after counseling.

Cortisol Reactivity and Observed Parenting among Mothers of Children with and without ADHD

Objective: Neurobiological models suggest links between maternal cortisol reactivity and parenting; however, no studies have examined cortisol reactivity and parenting in mothers of school-age children with ADHD. Method: We examined the relationship between observed parenting and maternal cortisol reactivity in two laboratory contexts: the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST) and parenting-child interaction (PCI). Mothers of children with (N = 24) and without (N = 36) ADHD participated. Results: During the TSST, greater cortisol output and increase were associated with decreased positive and increased negative parenting. However, during the PCI, cortisol output was associated with increased self-reported and observed positive parenting, and decreased observed negative parenting. Cortisol change during the PCI was associated with decreased observed positive parenting and increased self-reported negative parenting. Among mothers of children with ADHD, cortisol output during the PCI was negatively associated with negative, inconsistent parenting. Change in cortisol predicted more inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment. Conclusion: Findings contribute to an integrative biological, psychological, and cognitive process model of parenting in families of children with ADHD.

Cross-sectional associations between number and ages of children and maternal physical activity

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) has many health benefits, but parenthood is often associated with reduced PA in mothers. Determinants of adult PA are diverse, but ages and number of children may be key factors linked to maternal PA. Few studies have compared PA levels of mothers of school-aged children with those who have younger children, which is vital considering that maternal PA patterns may change at transition to formal schooling. Studies using device-assessment to investigate this association are also sparse. We aimed to investigate the association between number and ages of children and maternal device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using data from 848 mothers from the Southampton Women's Survey when the index child was 4 or 6-7 years old. Two-level random intercept linear models were run to investigate associations between self-reported number (1, 2, 3+) and ages (4y and under, 5y and over, both age groups) of children, and their potential interaction, and accelerometer-assessed log-transformed minutes of maternal MVPA. Results are presented as % difference in minutes of MVPA. Results 41% of mothers met PA guidelines (150 minutes of MVPA/week). Women who had any children 5y and over engaged in more MVPA than those with only children 4y and under (e.g. % difference in minutes of MVPA: 42.2, 95% CI 18.7 to 70.4 for mothers with only children 5y and over vs those with only children 4y and under). Mothers with 2 or 3+ children did less MVPA than those with 1 child (e.g. 13.9, 1.0 to 25.2 less MVPA for women with 2 children vs those with 1 child). Conclusions Mothers with multiple children or any children 4y and under do less MVPA than those with 1 child or only school-aged children. Interventions and policies are needed to support these mothers to increase their time spent doing MVPA, especially considering the additional health benefits associated with this level of intensity of PA. Key messages Most mothers are insufficiently physically active to gain the associated health benefits. Interventions to increase MVPA particularly need to target mothers of younger children and those with multiple children.

A positive-negative bifactor model for the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire-Short Form.

The Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire (SEFQ) assesses an individual's emotional expressivity in the family context. However, neither the factor structure of the instrument, invariance by age and socioeconomic status (SES), nor substantial evidence for the construct validity of its short form (Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire-Short Form [SEFQ-SF]) has been established. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to: Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the SEFQ-SF, by testing five competing factorial models; ascertain the invariance of the measurement model across age groups and socioeconomic levels; and examine its convergent validity with a parenting-specific measure. A sociodemographic form, a Portuguese translation of the SEFQ-SF, and the Parent Emotion Regulation Scale (PERS) were administered online to 506 Portuguese mothers of children aged between 1 and 12 years old. The positive-negative bifactor model showed the best fit to the data, supporting the uncorrelated two-factor structure. In multigroup analyses, the measurement model was invariant across two age groups (mothers of toddlers/preschoolers vs. mothers of school-aged children) and socioeconomic levels (low-medium vs. high). Weak to strong correlations were observed between the SEFQ-SF positive-negative dimensions and the PERS subscales in the expected direction. The SEFQ-SF appears to be a reliable and valid measure, comprising two independent factors (positive and negative self-expressiveness within the family) that should be used as distinct subscales and eventually tested for their interaction effects. The invariance of this measurement model across age groups and socioeconomic levels is suggestive of the instrument's developmental suitability and cross-contextual applicability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Increased maternal mental health burden in a representative longitudinal community cohort coinciding with COVID-19 lockdown

ABSTRACT Measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted social networks and employment security worldwide. Longitudinal data in representative samples are required to understand the corresponding mental health impacts. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Australian women raising young families during the first Victorian lockdown and to identify risk factors. Participants comprise 347 mothers of children aged 7 (mean age: 32·11 years [4·27]), from the Barwon Infant Study (BIS). Mothers had previously completed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at child ages zero, two, four. Following the lock down, mothers again completed EPDS along with questions regarding current household and employment demographics. Depressive symptoms were substantially more prevalent in the lockdown sample than at any prior assessment (EPDS10+; 30·6%); and were particularly high in women with previous poor mental health. Anticipated and actual job loss were twice as common relative to previous assessment (5% to 13%, p = 0 006) and (4% to 10%, p = 0 001) and were associated with depressive symptoms. While further studies are required to confirm causal associations, these findings highlight the need to support mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the context of employment insecurity and previous mental illness. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Emerging reports from convenience samples demonstrate elevated depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Maternal mental health is important for child mental health. Representative, longitudinal data are needed to further improve targeting of policy and health service delivery to prevent a post-COVID-19 mental health crisis. What this topic adds: This early report from a population-derived cohort demonstrates high rates of depression symptomatology in mothers of school aged children following the first COVID-19 lockdown. A past history of depression and current threats to employment are identified as key risk factors for adverse mental health. Our findings are consistent with concerns regarding an increase in mental health burden in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic but further studies are required to assess causality. Interventions and broader community resources to support the mental health of women of school aged children are required, and should target those with a history of depression and current threats to employment.

Effectiveness of structured teaching program regarding child abuse on knowledge among mothers of school-age children at selected rural areas

Background: Child abuse is a significant global problem with a serious impact on the victims throughout their lives. According to WHO (2013) which estimates that the international level of prevalence in child abuse and neglect was approximately 50500 children were at the risk of abuse right now. Objectives of the study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program regarding child abuse.Methods: Research design was quasi experimental one group pre-test-post-test design used &amp; setting was selected rural areas of Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, UP. Samples 73 mothers were selected by purposive sampling technique. Tools were used as self-structured knowledge questionnaire.Results: Revealed that the mean score of the pre-test knowledge was 10.42 with SD of 1.95 whereas the mean score of the post-test knowledge score was 17.61 and SD was 1.7. Based on the findings researcher compared the calculated t value i.e. 21.05 and the tabulated value i.e.1.99 on 72 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level of significance. Since the calculated value was higher than the tabulated value the researcher rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis. Which revealed that there was a significant increase in the level of knowledge.Conclusions: Thus the structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding child abuse was effective.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Control of Childhood Obesity among Mothers of School-Age Children at Maraimalai Nagar, Kancheepuram District

In today's global scenario, there is an increasing incidence of childhood obesity due to the lifestyle changes in personal and eating behaviour which is the primary root cause of various childhood chronic diseases. The main aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of the control of childhood obesity among mothers of school-age children of 6-15years in Maraimalai Nagar. The non-experimental descriptive research design was adopted to assess the level of knowledge on the control of childhood obesity among mothers. One hundred mothers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected by using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables and awareness regarding childhood obesity among mothers. The study was conducted at Maraimalai Nagar. Reliability of the tool was established by a split-half method. The results reveal 17.5 % of subjects had inadequate knowledge, 81.4% had moderate knowledge, and only 1 % had adequate knowledge on childhood obesity. The study concludes that the mothers ignore to take preventive measures where their children could be a victim of child obesity. Thus, we affirmed the need for making mothers aware of the control of child obesity and how it can be prevented.

Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge on Worm Infestation among Urban and Rural Mothers of School Going Children (3-12 Yrs) at Karaikal District

Background: Helminthes infections are more prevalent among school children aged 5-14 years. Hookwormburden is the major etiology for iron deficiency anemia in young children. One of the major health concernsespecially among children is anemia and malnutrition. This risk has further complicated by lack of awarenesson prevention of worm infestation among children and parents, care givers especially mothers. Increasingchildren’s and their Parents awareness of the problem can help to fight the disease.Objectives: To assess the knowledge on worm infestation among urban and rural mothers of School goingchildren.Materials and Method: Non-experimental Comparative study was conducted to assess the knowledgeamong mothers in urban and rural area at Karaikal. Sample size comprised of 150 mothers of school goingchildren were selected through non-probability or non-randomized convenience sampling. Out of 150mothers 75 mothers from urban area and 75 mothers from rural area. The data was collected by using pretestedstructured knowledge questionnaire. Data was analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: This study revealed that in urban area the majority of the mothers of school going children 37%(28)had adequate knowledge, 40%(30) had moderately adequate knowledge and 23%(17) had inadequateknowledge regarding worm infestation. Also revealed that in rural area the majority of the mothers of schoolgoing children 35%(26) had inadequate knowledge, 36%(27) had moderately adequate knowledge and29%(22) had adequate knowledge regarding worm infestation. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of theurban and rural area mothers of school going children respectively 16.8±4.77, 15.01±5.16.Conclusion: The researcher concluded that the need for more research to improve not only the knowledgealso attitude and practices among mothers of school age children on worm infestations.

Health literacy as a predictor of road traffic injury prevention

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries impose a substantial health burden among children. Health literacy is one of the most important determinants of non-communicable disease prevention. Parent health literacy is connected with their knowledge and behaviors regarding children road traffic injuries (CRTI) prevention. The aim of this study was to explore health literacy, knowledge and behaviors of mothers' in Croatia regarding CRTI prevention. Methods This population based cross-sectional questionnaire study was done during 2019 in convenient sample of mothers of school aged children. Sociodemographic data and data about knowledge and behaviors of mothers regarding CRTI prevention were collected by the use of specially designed questionnaire. Croatian version of the Newest Vital Sign screening test (NVS-HR) was used for heath literacy determination. Results There were 814 mothers' median age 36.0 (interquartile range 32.0. - 39.0). According to NVS-HR there were 17.7%, 26.5% and 55.8% of mothers with low, intermediate and adequate health literacy level, respectively. The higher levels of health literacy were connected with younger age of mothers (37 years old or less) (P = 0.027); urban area of settlement (P &amp;lt; 0.001); living with a partner (P = 0.018); higher educational level of mothers (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and with better self-perceived economic status (P = 0.009). The study revealed poor positive correlation between mothers' health literacy and their knowledge regarding CRTI prevention (rho=0.170; P &amp;lt; 0.001). The study further showed that there was no correlation between mothers' health literacy and their behavior regarding CRTI prevention (rho=0.072; P = 0.041). Finally, the study revealed poor positive correlation between mothers' knowledge and behavior regarding CRTI prevention (rho=0.193; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions The level of health literacy affects mothers' knowledge about CRTI prevention. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying reasons for established association. Key messages Low parent health literacy is one of the predictors of poor parent knowledge about children road traffic injuries prevention. It is necessary to identify and to address low parent health literacy in preventive strategies directed towards children road traffic injury prevention.

Deteksi Sederhana Boraks dan Formalin pada Makanan Jajanan Anak dengan Bunga Terompet Ungu (Ruellia Tuberosa)

Abstract&#x0D; Background: Borax and Formalin are often misused by naughty producers as additional preservatives in children's snacks such as cilok, meatballs, noodles and other foods. BPOM data shows that throughout 2012, the incidence of poisoning due to consuming food occupied the highest position, namely 66.7%, one of the causes of food poisoning was the presence of chemical contamination in children's snack foods, such as borax and formalin. The accumulation of these substances in the body can have a negative impact on health. Purple trumpet flower is a simple detection material to find out the presence of borax and formalin in food. The aim of community service is to increase knowledge in mothers of school-age children, how to detect simple borax and formalin in children's snacks with purple trumpet flowers. Methods: The method by means of detection training is how to detect simple borax and formalin in children's snacks with purple trumpet flowers. Results: From the results of community service, that mothers with 90% of school-age children can do a simple way of detecting borax and formalin in children's snacks with purple trumpet flowers. Conclutions: that mothers of school-age children can do a simple way of detecting borax and formalin in children's snacks with purple trumpet flowers.